De-oiled Cake Research Articles

Maximization of Micractinium sp., biomass and use of Dual-Purpose reduced graphene supported vanadium oxide nanoparticles for harvesting and subsequent biodiesel production

A sustainable media composition comprising of nanourea (NU), groundnut de-oiled cake (GDOC), and seaweed Extract (SE) was formulated using a mixture design for the cultivation of Micractinium sp. Maximum biomass yield and productivity of 5.52 ± 0.09 g L−1 and 0.72 ± 0.03 g L−1 d−1 were observed at 1.67 mM NU, 0.134 g L−1 GDOC and 0.250 mL L−1 SE, respectively. The highest lipid yield of 2.73 ± 0.24 g L−1 was also observed, respectively. The reduced graphene-supported vanadium oxide nanoparticles (RGO-VNPs) with a net surface charge of + 34.10 mV were developed, which acted as a flocculant as well as a catalyst for transesterification. A maximum flocculation efficiency of 98 % was observed with 200 ppm of RGO-VNPs. The Fatty Acid Methyl Ester (FAME) yield of 96.81 ± 1.61 % was observed. Thus, the present study could provide a plausible solution for one-pot harvesting and synthesis of biodiesel utilizing microalgal lipids.

Integrating ANSYS Fluent Simulation and Aspen Plus for efficient heavy metal ion removal with de-oiled cake

In this study bio-flocculant extracted from the de-oiled cake, a common waste generated while producing oil was used to treat an electroplating industrial effluent. A comprehensive analysis of flocculation efficiency in a simulated reactor using ANSYS Workbench - Fluent, with a focus on optimizing impeller position was carried out. The findings reveal that the optimal impeller position is 2 cm from the tank base, where maximum turbulent kinetic energy (0.02577 m2/s2) and dissipation rate (22.19 m2/s3) were achieved at 200 RPM, enhancing flocculation efficacy. Furthermore, the study identifies 0.5 g L−1 as the optimal flocculant dosage, resulting in 72.70 % and 89.38 % removal of Ni(II) and Cr(VI), respectively. The flocculation process was determined to follow second-order kinetics, with significant improvements in collision efficiency and particle aggregation at the optimized dosage. Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy analysis confirmed chemical interactions leading to flocculation, while zeta potential and particle size distribution studies corroborated the stability and effectiveness of the process. A techno-economic analysis was conducted, estimating the total capital investment required for pilot and industrial-scale implementations, highlighting the feasibility and scalability of the proposed treatment method. A holistic framework for enhancing industrial effluent treatment processes by integrated computational fluid dynamics, kinetic studies, and economic evaluation, is the novelty of this research.

Eco-Design of Thermopressing through Induction of 100% Coriander-Based Fiberboards: Optimization of Molding Conditions.

The hot pressing process for 100% coriander-based fiberboards was optimized using an induction RocTool system, which offers rapid mold heating and cooling. The fiberboards were made using deoiled press cake as a protein binder and extrusion-refined straw as reinforcement. Doehlert's experimental design was used to evaluate the influence of pressure (10-50 MPa), molding time (60-300 s), and mold temperature (155-205 °C) on fiberboard properties, energy consumption, cost, and environmental impact. The results showed that the RocTool device allows for better temperature control during shaping throughout the mold, resulting in mechanical properties that are both more homogeneous across the entire surface of the panel and, more importantly, substantially improved. Using the isoresponse curves, the optimal hot pressing conditions were 35 MPa, 300 s, and 205 °C, corresponding to a 40.6 MPa flexural strength. However, it was observed that to achieve an MDF-like fiberboard with minimal production costs, much less restrictive molding conditions were sufficient, i.e., 32.5 MPa, 170 s, and 160 °C. The study revealed that maximum thermopressing conditions emitted 3.87 kg of CO2 eq., while conditions leading to the MDF-like board reduced emissions to 1.45 kg CO2 eq., resulting in a more environmentally friendly material.

An integrated biorefinery of Madhuca indica for co-production of biodiesel, bio-oil, and biochar: Towards a sustainable circular bioeconomy

The advancement of non-waste biorefinery technology has proved beneficial in effectively using waste biomass resources. The potential of various biorefinery designs to transform biomass into a range of commercially viable products and bioenergies has piqued attention worldwide among the several scenarios proposed to commercialize biofuels. This paper describes the biorefinery of Madhuca indica (M. indica) seeds to generate biochar, bio-oil, and biodiesel. Pyrolization was used on the de-oiled cake to produce charcoal and bio-oil. The M. indica seed's biochar was utilized as a useful supporting particle to immobilize the enzyme. Through transesterification, the immobilized enzyme transformed the oil extracted from the seed into biodiesel. Using an optimum methanol-to-oil ratio of 7.5:1, 3 % (w/w) of catalyst, and 16 % (v/v) of water content, the method yielded a maximum fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) conversion of 93.4 %. Diesel and 20 % biodiesel have been assessed in terms of performance and emissions analysis. Comparing a 20 % blend of biodiesel to commercial diesel at full load, the emissions of carbon monoxide (CO) were reduced by 21.2 %, hydrocarbon (HC) emissions by 18.02 %, and nitric oxide (NO) emissions by 4.33 %. In addition, the capital flow of the suggested biorefinery was assessed using a techno-economic analysis. The biorefinery process payback period for the biodiesel, bio-oil, and charcoal made from M. indica was determined to be 3.1358 years using the Aspen Plus Economic Analyzer. Techno-economic studies reveal that the biorefinery process is highly lucrative and practical. The current study therefore shows methods to use the Madhuca indica seed biorefinery to produce sustainable energy and byproducts with no net emissions of carbon.

RESEARCH ON THE PERFORMANCE OF WASTE HEAT RECOVERY FOR THE THERMOELECTRIC POWER GENERATION

Non-renewable energy resources, which account for about 85% of worlds’ energy (68% fossil fuels are used for electric power generation), are getting exhausted rapidly. As predicted by the Institute of Sustainable Energy Policies, by the year 2050, only 33% of non-renewable energy resources will be available for electric power generation. Hence, to meet the required demand, the remaining 67% has to be replaced by renewable energy sources. This demand in electric power generation has to be met by a pollution free, low-cost, clean energy resource, which is the need of the hour. The present research targets towards two main applications for generating power using the biomass energy based resources. They are domestic based application – burning biomass wood and utilizing the heat for generating power, industrial based application – combustion of gasified de-oiled Pongamia cake and utilizing the heat energy for generating power. Key Words: TEG, SEEBECK EFFECT, ENERGY CONVERSION

ANALYSIS THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THERMOELECTRIC POWER GENERATION USING WASTE HEAT RECOVERY

Non-renewable energy resources, which account for about 85% of worlds’ energy (68% fossil fuels are used for electric power generation), are getting exhausted rapidly. As predicted by the Institute of Sustainable Energy Policies, by the year 2050, only 33% of non-renewable energy resources will be available for electric power generation. Hence, to meet the required demand, the remaining 67% has to be replaced by renewable energy sources. This demand in electric power generation has to be met by a pollution free, low-cost, clean energy resource, which is the need of the hour. The present research targets towards two main applications for generating power using the biomass energy based resources. They are domestic based application – burning biomass wood and utilizing the heat for generating power, industrial based application – combustion of gasified de-oiled Pongamia cake and utilizing the heat energy for generating power In order to achieve the proposed target, initially, the theoretical modeling on the performance of (Bi2Te3-PbTe) hybrid thermoelectric generator (TEG) composed of n-type Bismuth Telluride - p-type Lead Telluride semiconductor materials has been done. The effect of different performance parameters on the maximum conversion and power efficiencies have been theoretically analyzed by varying the hot side temperature. Key Words: Hybrid Thermoelectric Generator, Electric Power Generation, Graphene Nanoparticles.

Biodiesel production from the Scenedesmus sp. and utilization of pigment from de-oiled biomass as sensitizer in the dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC) for performance enhancement

Dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC) using algal photosynthetic pigments has got rampant attention as it converts sunlight into electricity. Therefore, in this present research, the neutral lipid extracted from the green alga Scenedesmus sp. was used for biodiesel production, and concurrently, pigments extracted from the de-oiled biomass cake were used as a sensitizer in DSSC to evaluate its performance efficacy with and without PVDF (Polyvinylidene fluoride). Initially, neutral lipids extracted from the Scenedesmus sp. were converted to biodiesel with a yield of 72.9%, and the de-oiled biomass was subjected to pigment extraction (17.65 mg/g) to use as a sensitizer in DSSC. This study proposes two DSSC test models, i.e., PVDF (Polyvinylidene fluoride) - bound cell and cell without any PVDF binder. For the PVDF-coated DSSC, the average energy conversion efficiency reached about 14.3%, the open circuit voltage was 0.55 V, and the short circuit current was 144.5 mA. The unbound cells showed a reduction in efficiency, voltage, and current, and notably, efficiency of 10.44% on day 1 was decreased to 3.32%, and the open circuit voltage and short circuit current of 0.38V and 144 mA were decreased to 0.24V and 130 mA after 10 days, under 40 mW/cm2 input power. The PVDF-coated solar cell has maintained its efficiency range of 16.32%–11.22%, which is higher than the PVDF-unbound cell for a tested timeline of 30 days. The fill factor of 0.47 was observed in PVDF- unbound DSSC under 40 mW/cm2 as input power, while it was increased to 0.577 when PVDF was used as a binder. The PVDF-coated cell has low degradation compared with the PVDF-uncoated cell. These results offer dual benefits as the production of biodiesel from microalgal lipids and electricity generation from the DSSC using the pigments of biodiesel-extracted algal biomass.

Comparing Quality and Functional Properties of Protein Isolates from Soybean Cakes: Effect of De-Oiling Technologies

Driven by growing concerns about food supply and the environment, research on alternative protein sources has become increasingly important. In this context, de-oiled seed cakes, particularly soybean cakes, have emerged as a promising option. However, the conventional methods, such as organic solvent extraction, from which these cakes are obtained present several limitations. This study aims to evaluate the efficiency of supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) as an alternative method for de-oiling soybean seeds and obtaining related protein isolates. By using SFE for de-oiling, it was possible to achieve 19% more protein isolates from soybean cakes than the conventional de-oiling method using hexane. Moreover, protein isolates from the SFE de-oiled cake reported significantly improved (p < 0.05) emulsifying abilities and water absorption capacity. Gel electrophoresis and differential scanning calorimetry indicated the presence of a higher concentration of proteins in their native state in the SFE de-oiled flour. Finally, results from the sulfhydryl group content, surface hydrophobicity, and protein dispersibility index also supported these conclusions. The SFE process produced de-oiled soybean cakes with superior functional characteristics and lower environmental impact. Thus, this study provided important information for the food industry to develop more sustainable and healthier production methods.

Synergistic impact of natural gums and crosslinkers on the properties of oilseed meals based biopolymeric films

The waste material utilization from available agricultural resources can be beneficial in the field of economic, social, and environmental well-being. One of the main industrial crops used to manufacture oil from oilseeds worldwide is agricultural waste, such as the cake made from oilseeds. In this study, de-oiled cakes are used to create biopolymeric films. Three widely accessible oilseed meals viz. flaxseed, soybean, and mustard were gathered, ground, and sieved. A film forming suspension of defatted meals along with natural gums (acacia and xanthan gum) and crosslinkers (citric acid and glutaraldehyde) were formed. The suspension was cast into petri dishes and dried to produce smooth and even films. The physical, functional, color, thermal and morphological properties of the oilseed meals-gums crosslinked biopolymeric film were evaluated and statistical analysis was performed. The solubility was found to be decreased and tensile strength was increased with the addition of citric acid and increase in tensile strength. There was significant difference observed in the values of elongation at break after addition of citric acid as crosslinker. The research shows how oilseed meals enriched with natural gum and crosslinkers may be converted into biopolymeric films, which can then be used in food packaging to lessen reliance on petroleum-based, non-biodegradable plastics.

Thermal decomposition of crude and de-oiled shea almond cakes: kinetic and thermodynamic characteristics study using thermogravimetric analysis

Thermal decomposition of crude and de-oiled shea almond cakes: kinetic and thermodynamic characteristics study using thermogravimetric analysis

Chemico-nutritional characterization and anti-inflammatory potential of Chirabilva (Holoptelea integrifolia Roxb.) seed: alternate source of protein supplement and fatty acids.

Exploring unconventional protein sources can be an alternative strategy to meet the deficiency. The seeds of Chirabilva (Holoptelea integrifolia Roxb., Family- Ulmaceae) are eaten raw by the ethnic communities of Southeast Asian countries. The present study assessed the chemical, nutritional, and biological potential of the seeds (HIS) and pericarp (HISP) of H. integrifolia. The seeds contain mainly fixed and very few essential oils. The fixed oil of HIS is composed primarily of unsaturated oleic (47%) and saturated palmitic (37%) acids. The HIS are exceptional due to a high content of lipid (50%), protein (24%), carbohydrates (19%), fiber (4%), and anti-nutritional components within permissible limits. The high content (in mg/Kg) of phosphorus (6000), magnesium (422), Calcium (279), and essential nutrients (Ni, Co, Zn, Fe, Cu, Mn, and Cr) in the range of (0.04-6.69) were observed. The moderate anti-oxidant potential of HISP was evident in single electron transfer in-vitro assays. Moreover, HISP extract and HIS solvent-extracted fixed oil showed anti-inflammatory action in lipopolysaccharide-induced HaCaT cells by significantly attenuating pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α) without causing cytotoxicity. Results support de-oiled HIS cake as an alternative source of a high-protein diet and its oil with anti-inflammatory attributes for topical applications.

Slow Pyrolysis of De-Oiled Rapeseed Cake: Influence of Pyrolysis Parameters on the Yield and Characteristics of the Liquid Obtained

Pyrolysis of biomass converts all components into liquid, gaseous, and solid products without the need for component separation. However, the composition of liquid products from lignocellulosic biomass is usually complex and difficult to upgrade. Slow pyrolysis of de-oiled rapeseed cake, an agricultural waste from the rapeseed pressing process, was carried out for liquid and solid fuel production. The maximum yield of bio-oil obtained was 51.6 wt.% under the optimized conditions. The HHV of the bio-oil, containing mainly acids, hydrocarbons, esters, and alcohols, was 32.82 MJ·kg−1, similar to that of bio-diesel, to be promising in downstream upgrading because the fuel properties such as higher caloric value, limited moisture content, as well as neutral pH value, were close to commercial bio-diesel. The gaseous fraction mainly consisted of CO, C1, C2 hydrocarbons, H2, and CO2, and the corresponding LHV reached 7.63 MJ·Nm−3. The yield of bio-chars declined from 41.8 wt.% at 400 °C to 28.8 wt.% at 800 °C, whereas the corresponding HHV varied from 29.03 MJ·kg−1 to 30.14 MJ·kg−1, comparative to coal, indicating a promising candidate for solid fuels or functional carbon. The liquid product shows promise as feedstock for producing high-quality fuel.

Relevant mycotoxins in oil crops, vegetable oils, de-oiled cakeand meals: Occurrence, control, and recent advances in elimination.

Mycotoxins in agricultural commodities have always been a concern due to their negative impacts on human and livestock health. Issues associated with quality control, hot and humid climate, improper storage, and inappropriate production can support the development of fungus, causing oil crops to suffer from mycotoxin contamination, which in turn migrates to the resulting oil, de-oiled cake and meals during the oil processing. Related research which supports the development of multi-mycotoxin prevention programs has resulted in satisfactory mitigation effects, mainly in the pre-harvest stage. Nevertheless, preventive actions are unlikely to avoid the occurrence of mycotoxins completely, so removal strategies may still be necessary to protect consumers. Elimination of mycotoxin has been achieved broadly through the physical, biological, or chemical course. In view of the steadily increasing volume of scientific literature regarding mycotoxins, there is a need for ongoing integrated knowledge systems. This work revisited the knowledge of mycotoxins affecting oilseeds, food oils, cake, and meals, focusing more on their varieties, toxicity, and preventive strategies, including the methods adopted in the decontamination, which supplement the available information.

Extraction of protein from de-oiled ground nut cake for the preparation of edible film for food packing

Extraction of protein from de-oiled ground nut cake for the preparation of edible film for food packing

Catalytic Co-Pyrolysis of Mesua ferrea L. De-Oiled Cake and Garlic Husk in the Presence of Red-Mud-Based Catalysts

Utilizing lignocellulosic biomass as a renewable energy source for the production of sustainable fuel is of paramount importance. This study focuses on the catalytic co-pyrolysis of Mesua ferrea L. de-oiled cake (MDC) and Garlic husk (GH) as potential feedstocks for bio-fuel production. The pyrolysis experiments were conducted using a semi-batch reactor under inert conditions at temperatures of 500, 550, and 600 °C, with a heating rate of 10 °C min−1, a particle size below 1 mm, and an inert gas flow rate of 80 mL min−1. The findings reveal that temperature significantly influences the yield of pyrolytic products. However, GC-MS analysis detected higher oxygenated compounds in the bio-oil, negatively impacting its heating value. To improve fuel quality, co-pyrolysis with and without a catalyst for a feedstock ratio of 1:1 w/w was performed. Red mud, an alkaline waste mainly composed of Fe2O3, Al2O3, and SiO2, is a hazardous environmental concern from aluminum production and is used as a catalyst. The red-mud catalysts reduced oxygen concentration and increased carbon content, acidity, and heating value in the pyrolytic oil. GC-MS analysis of the bio-oil confirmed that using catalysts combined with MDC and GH significantly decreased the concentration of acidic and aromatic compounds, thereby improving the pyrolytic oil’s higher heating value (HHV).

Effect of palm sprout fiber and palm kernal de-oiled cake cellulose on mechanical, fatigue, and DMA properties of toughened vinyl ester composites

Effect of palm sprout fiber and palm kernal de-oiled cake cellulose on mechanical, fatigue, and DMA properties of toughened vinyl ester composites

Waste biomass derived nitrogen-rich carbon dots augmented g-C3N4 photocatalyst for valorization of glycerol

The nitrogen-rich carbon dots (CDs) were successfully synthesized by using soyabean de oiled cake as a biomass waste source. This study explored the effects of two green synthesis techniques viz. hydrothermal and microwave. The optimum synthesis temperature was 240 °C, and biomass concentration was 0.05 g/ml. The optimum residence time depended on the preparation method. The higher quantum yield was observed for CDs prepared by microwave method at 78.7% followed by 62.6% for CDs prepared by hydrothermal. CDs synthesized by hydrothermal and microwave method had band gap of 2.48 and 2.23 eV, while lifetimes were 5.97 and 4.62 ns, respectively. The CDs were utilized to modify g-C3N4 to create metal-free heterojunction photocatalysts for photo-oxidation of glycerol. The major product was observed to be glyceraldehyde with a yield of 15.2% and a selectivity of 48%. The catalysts were also effective for oxidation of other alcohols such as ethylene glycol.

Pretreatment and Bioconversion for Valorization of Residues of Non-Edible Oilseeds

Biodiesel production currently follows a first-generation model using edible oils as raw materials. Such a production model is unsustainable, considering that it is limited by the high cost of edible oils, competes with the food sector, and is linked to deforestation and other environmental threats. Changing the raw material base to non-edible oils provides an opportunity to increase the sustainability of the biodiesel industry and to avoid conflicts with food production. Processing non-edible oilseeds for extracting the oil to be used for producing biodiesel generates large amounts of residues, such as de-oiled cakes, seed husks, and fruit shells and pods as well as plant stems and leaves resulting from pruning and other agronomy practices. Most of those residues are currently disposed of by burning or used in a suboptimal way. Bioconversion following the sugar platform route, anaerobic digestion, or enzyme production provides means for upgrading them to advanced biofuels and high-added value products. Bioconversion of plant biomass, including oilseed residues, requires pretreatment to enhance their susceptibility to enzymes and microorganisms. This review provides an outlook on bioconversion approaches applicable to different residues of oilseed-bearing plant species. Recent reports on the pretreatment of non-edible oilseed residues for enhancing their bioconversion through either the sugar platform route or anaerobic digestion are critically discussed. This review is based on an exhaustive Web of Science search performed in January–May 2023.

IMPACT OF EMPTY PEA SHELL IN FEED ON GROWTH PERFORMANCE OF COMMON CARP (CYPRINUS CARPIO)

The present study was intended to assess the potential of a mature empty pea shell (Pisum sativum) as a feed additive to the common carp (Cyprinus carpio) diet. This study was conducted for 90 days with the inclusion of 15 % pea shells into the feed with one control without pea shells in common carp feed. Pea shell was used as an additive to the feed in three experimental groups (T1, T2, T3) and the control group. In the T1 group, inclusion of pea shell partially replaced the fish meal, in the T2 group − partially replaced the fish meal and de-oiled groundnut cake, in the T3 group − partially replaced the deoiled groundnut cake and fully replaced the de-oiled mustard cake. An increase in the average weight gain was observed in the T3 group (11.17 ± 0.08) with respect to the T1 (10.89 ± 0.11) and T2 (11.05 ± 0.11) groups but lower than that of control (11.84 ± 0.09; at p < 0.05). In the T3 group, the specific growth rate (SGR) was significantly lower (1.04 ± 0.01) than the control (1.08 ± 0.02; at p < 0.05) but not significantly different with T1 (1.01 ± 0.03) and T2 (1.03 ± 0.03) groups. In the T3 group, the feed conversion ratio (FCR) was comparably higher (1.07 ± 0.01) than control (1.01 ± 0.01) but lower than T1 (1.10 ± 0.01) andT2 (1.09 ± 0.01) groups (p < 0.05). The study revealed that the inclusion of pea shells into fish feed can replace plant-based protein sources (mustard cake and groundnut cake).

Optimization of process parameters for degossypolisation of de-oiled cottonseed cake by response surface methodology (RSM)

The goal of this research is optimizing the process variables for removal of toxic compound gossypol from cotton seed meal by employing microwave pretreatment. A Box-Behnken Design (BBD) of response surface methodology (RSM) was employed, considering three process variables: moisture content for pretreatment (24–28 %), microwave power (300–900 W), and microwave time (2–6 min). This resulted in 17 experimental runs to evaluate the free gossypol, total gossypol, and protein content. The numerical optimization resulted in the best combination of process variables for the set of response properties included 26 % moisture content, 900 W microwave power level, and 6 min microwave time. Under the optimized conditions, the experimental values of free gossypol, total gossypol and protein content were found to be 0.047 %, 1.15 %, and 52.54 %, respectively. These values are closely related with the predicted values (free gossypol = 0.05 %, total gossypol = 1.19 % and protein content = 51.67 %) which indicates the models appropriateness. In comparison to traditionally extracted cottonseed meal, the improved microwave aided treatment reduced extraction time and solvent use. This investigation may help to reduce the amount of gossypol present in cottonseed meal, which would facilitate the utilization of cottonseed protein as a sustainable protein source in the future.