Renovatio et Unitas-Nikolaus von Kues als Reformer: Theorie und Praxis der reformatio im 15. Jahrhundert. Edited by Thomas Frank and Norbert Winkler. [Berliner Mittelalter- und Fruhneuzeitforschung, Band 13 ] (Gottingen:V & R unipress, an imprint ofVandenhoeck & Ruprecht. 2012. Pp. 253. ISBN 978-3-89971-962-8.)This volume originated in a February 2011 workshop and a fall 2011 conference at Free University at Berlin. The authors attempted to bridge gap between philosophical and historical perspectives, between vita activa and contemplativa in Nicholas of Cusa and in context of his writings situated between medieval and early-modern eras. The result is ten contributions on various aspects of renovatio, unitas, and reformatio .The emphasis is on concrete reform initiatives with reflection on theoretical implications of reformatio. The introduction points out shift from reformatio as personal improvement in earlier Middle Ages (see Gerhart Ladner's The Idea of Reform, Cambridge, MA, 1959) to later ideas of structural-social change and Janus perspective of looking back to a golden age and forward to wrath of God to come unless reform occurred. For Cusa, there were conceptual reform, personal renewal, and process of ridding institutions of abuses. In last part of his life after collapse of Council of Basel and external reform, Cusa turned more to interior reform.The first study by Hans Gerhard Senger puts Cusa's dilemma in context of controversies with Hussites-the issue of unity versus renewal/reform-and this Bohemian question stayed with Cusa for last thirty years of his life. For him, truth of Church ontologically was rooted in its unity. Interestingly, he wrote on renovation in his sermons but not in his other writings. Renovatio could never be a valid ground for breaking unity, and so reform was not an issue if division then occurred.Isabelle Mandrella treats reform dealings and speculative thought in Cusa, who had been asked for guidance by monks at Tegernsee. It took him thirty years to finish his tract De Beryllo, and his De docta ignorantia presents in a highly theoretical and abstract manner his thoughts on active and contemplative life; freedom; and concepts of new, obedience, and one and while referring to story of Martha and Mary. For Cusa, the many is always unstable, and so unity is norm for thinker and reformer. He looks at striving for knowledge and truth as a dynamic and always renewed process, and so one must be open to new to reach a better understanding. Man is called to go beyond here and now of self-will to true freedom of God's will.Norbert Winkler's discussion of link of Cusa to Meister Eckhart is centered in Christological concerns that arose about Eckhart. In a dense and complex analysis Winkler explores some facets of this story: Eckhart's condemnation in 1329, role of ideas of Albertus Magnus, tension mbetween Aristotelian worldview and neo-Platonist/Hermetic thought, influence ofTauler and Suso, and discussions on formal analogy and idea of participation. He presents seeing and knowing as one and same for Eckhart and Cusa, and it is God's seeing that holds creature in its being, whereas for Cusa, human only sees through a glass darkly. For mankind, Christ is teacher of complete wisdom, for he alone is fully homo divinus. For Eckhart and Cusa, real enemy to be conquered is that self-love that is opposed to love of God and of other.For Thomas Leinkauf, Cusa, unlike later figures, did not see himself as a reformer, since he did not desire to throw out old. He expressed Greek ideas as ones changed by Judeo-Christian thought-in God, possible being and actual being are absolutely in one; God was basic ground of all being. He followed Ss.Thomas Aquinas and Bonaventure in his thoughts on potentia absoluta Dei and potentia ordinata Dei. …
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