De Calatrava Research Articles

Tolerance and Coexistence in Early Modern Spain: Old Christians and Moriscos in the Campo de Calatrava

Tolerance and Coexistence in Early Modern Spain: Old Christians and Moriscos in the Campo de Calatrava

Tolerance and Coexistence in Early Modern Spain: Old Christians and Moriscos in the Campo de Calatrava

Tolerance and Coexistence in Early Modern Spain: Old Christians and Moriscos in the Campo de Calatrava

Trevor J. Dadson, Tolerance and Coexistence in Early Modern Spain: Old Christians and Moriscos in the Campo de Calatrava

Trevor J. Dadson, <i>Tolerance and Coexistence in Early Modern Spain: Old Christians and Moriscos in the Campo de Calatrava</i>

Tolerance and Coexistence in Early Modern Spain: Old Christians and Moriscos in the Campo de Calatrava, written by Trevor Dadson

Tolerance and Coexistence in Early Modern Spain: Old Christians and Moriscos in the Campo de Calatrava, written by Trevor Dadson

¿Agua para regar o agua para moler? La explotación del río Azuer durante la encomienda del II marqués de Velada en Manzanares (Ciudad Real) (1596-1616)

El artículo analiza la conflictividad generada en torno a los aprovechamientos hídricos del río Azuer entre 1596 y 1616, años en los que don Gómez Dávila y Toledo —caballero de la Orden de Calatrava y II marqués de Velada— gozó de la encomienda de Manzanares (actual provincia de Ciudad Real, España), una de las más pujantes localidades del Campo de Calatrava.Para su confección se han utilizado materiales procedentes, en su inmensa mayoría, del Archivo Histórico Nacional de Madrid. También se incorpora documentación de los archivos General de Simancas y de la Real Chancillería de Granada, además de las informaciones proporcionadas por las Relaciones Topográficas.Su redacción ha permitido constatar la importancia que las autoridades calatravas concedieron al agua como recurso de primer orden en la economía de la comarca, situada en el área de influencia del alto Guadiana.

Tolerance and Coexistence in Early Modern Spain. Old Christians and Moriscos in the Campo de Calatrava

There has been a widely-held consensus among historians that the Moriscos of Spain made little or no attempt to assimilate to the majority Christian culture around them, and that this apparent obduracy made their expulsion between 1609 and 1614 both necessary and inevitable. This book challenges that view. Assimilation, coexistence, and tolerance between Old and New Christians in early modern Spain were not a fiction or a fantasy, but could be a reality, made possible by the thousands of ordinary individuals who did not subscribe to the negative vision of the Moriscos put around by the propagandists of the government, and who had lived in peace and harmony side by side for generations. For some, this may be a new and surprising vision of early modern Spain, which for too long, and thanks in large part to the Black Legend, has been characterized as a land of intolerance and fanaticism. This book will help to rebalance the picture and show sixteenth- and seventeenth-century Spain in a new, infinitely richer and more rewarding light. Trevor J. Dadson FBA is Professor of Hispanic Studies at Queen Mary, University of London, and is currently President of the Association of Hispanists of Great Britain & Ireland. In 2008 he was elected a Fellow of the British Academy.

Evaluation of the applicability of four different radon measurement techniques for monitoring CO2 storage sites

Four different techniques for measuring radon activity in soil gases were analyzed in the natural analogue of Campo de Calatrava, Spain, to study its application in superficial monitoring of CO2 storage sites. The following methods were applied: (i) alpha spectroscopy monitors (SARAD, model RTM-2100), (ii) pulse ionization chamber detector (RADON v.o.s. model RM-2), (iii) solid-state nuclear track (CR-39) detectors and (iv) Lucas cell detectors (EDA model RD-200). Measurement protocols and selection criteria were defined according to the different phases of a CCS project, i.e., pre-injection, injection and post-injection.Radon measurements and CO2 fluxes were determined at 36 points around a natural CO2 leak. The concentrations of 222Rn in the soil gases by ionization chamber detectors (RM-2) and alpha spectrometry monitors (SARAD RTM-2100) showed consistent data, whereas passive detectors (CR-39) did not produce realistic 222Rn activity values although anomalous concentrations related to the CO2 leak were recognized. This implies that the latter can be used to create a control grid to estimate whether an increase of radon concentration due to a possible CO2 leak occurs. The Lucas cell (EDA RD-200) produced the greatest analytical uncertainty and, in the present configuration, this method appears the least appropriate for monitoring CO2 storage sites.

Tolerance and Coexistence in Early Modern Spain: Old Christians and Moriscos in the Campo de Calatrava

Tolerance and Coexistence in Early Modern Spain: Old Christians and Moriscos in the Campo de Calatrava

Geochemistry and eruptive behaviour of the Finca la Nava maar volcano (Campo de Calatrava, south-central Spain)

Here we present a detailed investigation into the geochemistry and the excavational/depositional processes involved in the maar-diatreme forming Finca la Nava (FlN) eruption in south-central Spain. Bulk rock compositions of hand-picked juvenile fragments indicate derivation of the FIN magma from a garnet-bearing mantle source, which has subsequently been overprinted in bulk rock samples by incorporation of a combination of spinel-bearing peridotites and upper-crustal lithics (i.e. quartzites and slates). The dominating phenocryst assemblage with clinopyroxene, olivine, amphibole and phlogopite points to the classification of the juvenile magma as being olivine melilititic in composition. Ascent through the lithosphere was rapid as indicated by the calculations of settling rates of mantle peridotites (~0.8 m s−1). The original magma fragmentation level in the conduit was probably relatively shallow carrying mainly juvenile pyroclasts (~60 %) intermixed with accidental crustal lithics (~35 %) and mantle xenoliths (<5 %) to the surface. The shapes of individual pyroclasts are sub-rounded to rounded and with highly variable vesicularities (5–45 %). This fact, in combination with abundant fine-grained material in the beginning of the eruption, indicates that both magmatic and phreatomagmatic fragmentation processes may have played important roles in forming the FIN maar. A relatively constant increase in quartzitic fragments from ~35 to <60 % with increasing stratigraphic height in the FIN deposits further indicates that the crater area successively widened during the eruption, which resulted in an increased recycling of quartzitic fragments. This eruption scenario, with the formation of a diatreme at depth, is also consistent with the absence of layers dipping inwards into the crater area.

Tolerance and Coexistence in Early Modern Spain. Old Christians and Moriscos in the Campo de Calatrava by Trevor J. Dadson (review)

Tolerance and Coexistence in Early Modern Spain. Old Christians and Moriscos in the Campo de Calatrava by Trevor J. Dadson (review)

Quality and Composition of Virgin Olive Oil from Varietties Grown in Castilla-La Mancha (Spain).

The regulated physicochemical quality parameters (free acidity, peroxide value and UV absorption characteristics), sensory parameters (median of fruity, median of defect, panel classification, bitterness and pungency), stability parameters (total phenols and oxidative stability at 100°C) and chemical composition (fatty acids, sterols and triterpenic dialcohols) of virgin olive oils obtained from 12 olive varieties cultivated in 6 of the most representative zones of Castilla-La Mancha (La Alcarria, Campos de Calatrava, Campos de Hellín, Campos de Montiel, Montes de Toledo and Sierra de Alcaraz) were evaluated. The varieties Cornicabra and Picual showed remarkable total polyphenols content and high stability, in contrast with Arbequina. The other less common varieties were in-between these two groups. Cornicabra and Picual showed also high oleic and low linoleic acids content, while Arbequina showed low oleic, high linoleic high palmitic and high palimitoleic acid content. The varieties Benizal and Cornicabra showed very high campesterol content. Benizal stood out by its high stigmasterol, low apparent β-sitosterol and low total sterols content, and the latter was below the established limit for olive oil. Triterpenic dialcohol content was significantly lower for Arbequina than for Cornicabra.

CO2 and Rn degassing from the natural analog of Campo de Calatrava (Spain): Implications for monitoring of CO2 storage sites

Natural analogs offer a valuable opportunity to investigate the long-term impacts associated with the potential leakage in geological storage of CO2.Degassing of CO2 and radon isotopes (222Rn–220Rn) from soil, gas vents and thermal water discharges was investigated in the natural analog of Campo de Calatrava Volcanic Field (CCVF; Central Spain) to determine the CO2–Rn relationships and to assess the role of CO2 as carrier gas for radon. Furthermore, radon measurements to discriminate between shallow and deep gas sources were evaluated under the perspective of their applicability in monitoring programs of carbon storage projects.CO2 flux as high as 5000gm−2d−1 and 222Rn activities up to 430kBqm−3 were measured; 220Rn activities were one order of magnitude lower than those of 222Rn. The 222Rn/220Rn ratios were used to constrain the source of the Campo de Calatrava soil gases since a positive correlation between radon isotopic ratios and CO2 fluxes was observed. Thus, in agreement with previous studies, our results indicate a deep mantle-related origin of CO2 for both free and soil gases, suggesting that carbon dioxide is an efficient carrier for Rn. Furthermore, it was ascertained that the increase of 222Rn in the soil gases was likely produced by two main processes: (i) direct transport by a carrier gas, i.e., CO2 and (ii) generation at shallow level due to the presence of relatively high concentrations of dissolved U and Ra in the thermal aquifer of Campo de Calatrava.The diffuse CO2 soil flux and radon isotopic surveys carried out in the Campo de Calatrava Volcanic Fields can also be applicable to geochemical monitoring programs in CCS (Carbon Capture and Storage) areas as these parameters are useful to: (i) constrain CO2 leakages once detected and (ii) monitor both the evolution of the leakages and the effectiveness of subsequent remediation activities. These measurements can also conveniently be used to detect diffuse leakages.

Tolerance and coexistence in early modern Spain: the Moriscos of the Campo De Calatrava

There has been a widely-held consensus among historians that the Moriscos of Spain made little or no attempt to assimilate to the majority Christian culture around them, and that this apparent obduracy made their expulsion between1609 and 1614 both necessary and inevitable. This book challenges that view. Assimilation, coexistence, and tolerance between Old and New Christians in early modern Spain were not a fiction or a fantasy, but could be a reality, made possible by the thousands of ordinary individuals who did not subscribe to the negative vision of the Moriscos put around by the propagandists of the government, and who had lived in peace and harmony side by side for generations. For some, this may be a new and surprising vision of early modern Spain, which for too long, and thanks in large part to the Black Legend, has been characterized as a land of intolerance and fanaticism. This book will help to rebalance the picture and show sixteenth- and seventeenth-century Spain in a new, infinitely richer and more rewarding light. Trevor J. Dadson FBA is Professor of Hispanic Studies at Queen Mary, University of London, andis currently President of the Association of Hispanists of Great Britain & Ireland. In 2008 he was elected a Fellow of the British Academy.

High-throughput sequencing of 16S RNA genes of soil bacterial communities from a naturally occurring CO2 gas vent

High-throughput sequencing was used to investigate the effects of CO2 emissions on the composition and structure of soil bacterial communities. Soil from an area (La Sima, Campo de Calatrava) where CO2 is released to the atmosphere from a naturally occurring gas vent venting structure. Soil samples were taken was sampled along a CO2 gradient. Bacterial community richness and diversity notably decreased with increasing CO2 flux. Bacterial community composition varied along the CO2 gradient: as CO2 flux increased, the relative abundance of Chloroflexi phylum increased, whereas the relative abundance of Acidobacteria, Verrucomicrobia and Gemmatiomonadetes phyla decreased. Within the Chloroflexi phylum, OTUs related to the genera Thermogemmatispora, Ktedonobacter and Thermomicrobium dominated bacterial communities sampled in sites with the highest CO2 flux. Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) revealed that differences in bacterial communities were best explained by CO2 flux. The geological storage of CO2 has been proposed as a viable option for reducing anthropogenic CO2 contributions to atmospheric pools in order to mitigate the climatic change. These results are useful to evaluate the risk of potential CO2 leakages on ecosystems associated to geological storage of CO2.

Caracterización geoquímica de los depósitos alimentados por fuentes de lava del volcán Las Herrerías (Región Volcánica del Campo de Calatrava, Ciudad Real)

The Las Herrerias volcano (Bolanos de Calatrava, Campo de Calatrava Volcanic Field) is characterized by the great amount and variety of fire-fountain fed deposits. All these deposits are compositionally similar, being constituted by magnesium-rich (MgO = 11.58–4.19%), aluminium-poor (Al₂O₃ = 9.64–10.99%) highly sodic (Na₂O = 2.24–3.81%) melanephelinites, with high contents in rare earth-elements (10x–200x chondrite), particularly in light-rare earth elements with respect to the heavy ones [(La/Lu) N = 32–35]. Contrary to the equivalent melanephelinites of this volcanic field, the relatively low contents in Ni (233–286 ppm), Cr (393–520 ppm) and magnesium number (Mg* = 45–54) indicate that these rocks do not correspond with primary melts. On the other hand, the variable distribution of clinopyroxene in the magma during eruption would be responsible for the slight compositional differences observed in the studied samples. Finally, we argue that these fire fountains were developed in a continental intraplate setting.

Volcanism–sedimentation interaction in the Campo de Calatrava Volcanic Field (Spain): a magnetostratigraphic and geochronological study

This work focuses on the influence of Cenozoic volcanism of the Campo de Calatrava volcanic field on the sedimentation of two small continental basins in Spain (Argamasilla and Calzada-Moral basins). The volcanism in this area was mainly monogenetic, according to the small-volume volcanic edifices of scoria cones that were generated and the occurrence of tuff rings and maars. A sedimentological analysis of the volcaniclastic deposits led to the identification of facies close to the vents, low-density (dilute) pyroclastic surges, secondary volcanic deposits and typical maar deposits. Whole-rock K/Ar dating, together with palaeomagnetic constraints, yielded an age of 3.11–3.22 Ma for the onset of maar formation, the deposition finished in the Late Gauss–Early Matuyana. Using both techniques and previous paleontological data allowed it to be inferred that the maar formation and the re-sedimentation stage that occurred in Argamasilla and Calzada-Moral basins were roughly coeval. The occurrence of syn-eruption volcaniclastic deposits with small thicknesses that were separated by longer inter-eruption periods, where fluvial and lacustrine sedimentation was prevalent, together with the presence of small-volume volcanic edifices indicated that there were short periods of volcanic activity in this area. The volcanic activity was strongly controlled by previous basement faults that favoured magma feeding, and the faults also controlled the location of volcanoes themselves. The occurrence of the volcanoes in the continental basins led to the creation of shallow lakes that were related to the maar formation and the modification of sedimentological intra-basinal features, specifically, valley slope and sediment load.

Gas monitoring methodology and application to CCS projects as defined by atmospheric and remote sensing survey in the natural analogue of Campo de Calatrava

&lt;p&gt;CO&lt;sub&gt;2 &lt;/sub&gt;capture and storage (CCS) projects are presently developed to reduce the emission of anthropogenic CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; into the atmosphere. CCS technologies are expected to account for the 20% of the CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; reduction by 2050. Geophysical, ground deformation and geochemical monitoring have been carried out to detect potential leakage, and, in the event that this occurs, identify and quantify it. This monitoring needs to be developed prior, during and after the injection stage. For a correct interpretation and quantification of the leakage, it is essential to establish a pre-injection characterization (baseline) of the area affected by the CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; storage at reservoir level as well as at shallow depth, surface and atmosphere, via soil gas measurements. Therefore, the methodological approach is important because it can affect the spatial and temporal variability of this flux and even jeopardize the total value of CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; in a given area.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;div&gt; &lt;p&gt;In this sense, measurements of CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; flux were done using portable infrared analyzers (i.e., accumulation chambers) adapted to monitoring the geological storage of CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;, and other measurements of trace gases, e.g. radon isotopes and remote sensing imagery were tested in the natural analogue of Campo de Calatrava (Ciudad Real, Spain) with the aim to apply in CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; leakage detection; thus, observing a high correlation between CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; and radon (r=0,858) and detecting some vegetation indices that may be successfully applied for the leakage detection.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;

Acheulean Large Flake Technology in Campo De Calatrava (Ciudad Real, Spain)

Acheulean assemblages with a preferential use of large flakes for biface blanks are common in Africa as well as in other areas such as the Levant and India. At Campo de Calatrava (central Spain), Middle Pleistocene sites from river terrace contexts also contain bifaces made on large flakes. To gain a detailed technological knowledge of these large tools, two open-air sites (Albalá and El Sotillo) are described and compared: Albalá represents an example of a cobble-based technology; at El Sotillo, the focus is on the production of large flakes, similar to those documented in Africa, the Levant, and India.

Use of diffusive gradients in thin films (DGT) as an early detection tool of low‐intensity leakage from CO2 storage

AbstractDiffusive gradients in thin films (DGT) have been tested in CO2‐rich, metal‐bearing fluids from springs in the Campo de Calatrava region in Central Spain, to assess their applicability as a monitoring tool in onshore CO2 storage projects. These films are capable of adsorbing metals and recording changes in their concentration in water, sediments, and soils. Considering that CO2 dissolution promotes metal solubilization and transport, the use of these films could be valuable as a monitoring tool of early leakage.A number of DGT have been deployed in selected springs with constant metal concentration. The studied waters show high concentrations of Fe, as high as 1 × 104 μg·L−1, Ni, Co, Zn, Cu, and Mn. Comparing re‐calculated metal concentration in DGT with metal water concentration, two different metal behaviors are observed: (i) metals with sorption consistent with the metal concentration (i.e. plotting close to the 1:1 line in a [Me]DGT: [Me]water plot), and (ii) metals with non−linear sorption, with some data showing metal enrichment in DGT compared with the concentration in water. Metals in the first group include Fe, Mn, Co, Ni, and U, and metals in the second group are Zn, Pb, Cr, Cu, and Al. From this research, it is concluded that the metals in the first group can be used to monitor potential leakage by using DGT, providing effective leakage detection even considering low variations of concentrations, episodic metal release, and reducing costs compared with conventional, periodic water sampling.

Variations in mercury and other trace elements contents in soil and in vine leaves from the Almadén Hg-mining district

PurposeVines (Vitis vinifera, L.) are a very important agricultural resource for Spain in general and for the Castilla-La Mancha region in particular, providing important productions of wines. Grapes and raisins are used for direct consumption too. In this work, we study analytical constraints regarding metallic trace elements uptake, focusing on Hg, from vines growing in the Almadén mercury mining district, the world's largest producer of this element, inactive nowadays.Materials and methodsThe study started with the analysis of these metals in soils and sets of vines leaves from seven sites located at different distances from the Almadén Hg mine. The samples of soils were dried at ambient temperature for 1 week. They were then sifted (<2 mm) and were stored for subsequent analysis. The leaves were dried and the leaf blade and petiole were separated. About 2 g of each sample were hand milled and analyzed using the same fluorescence spectrometer. Total mercury in soils and vine leaves were determined using a Lumex RA-915+ device, an atomic absorption spectrometer with a pyrolysis unit (RP-91c).Results and discussionResults show significant correlations between soil and leaves contents for total and organic mercury (R = 0.934 and 0.984, respectively). Hg contents range in soil from 2,376 to 0.04 mg/kg in non-polluted places. For the organic fraction, the range varies between 197.49 and 3.15 mg/kg. Total Hg contents measured in leaves were from 5.14 mg/kg (close to dump zone of the mine) to 0.03 mg/kg in the proximity of Carrión de Calatrava, located some 100 km away from Almadén. Mercury reaches maximum in the proximity of known sources of the element: the mining and/or metallurgical areas of Almadén and Almadenejos.ConclusionsSoils from the study area contain normal contents in trace metals, and these are conditioned by the local geology or urban locations of the area. Trace metals contents in leaves do not show a relationship with soil contents, possibly due to the low bioavailability of these elements in the soils investigated. Mercury is, as expected for this area, an exception to this trend, with very high concentrations that reach maximum values in the proximity of the known sources of the element: the proximity of mining and/or metallurgical areas in Almadén and Almadenejos.