Electric Generator Research Articles

Multi-obective performance analysis of a wind power plant equipped with a PAT system

In conventional wind power plants, the wind turbine drives an electrical generator equipped with an AC/DC converter for battery charging purposes and with an inverter inverter to supply power to the grid / AC load. This approach exhibits some drawbacks like the energy losses associated to the power electronics and the cost and the waste management of the battery storage systems.To overcome such drawbacks, this work proposes a new plant scheme, where the battery system has been removed (or strongly reduced) and the storage task is accomplished by a pumping system equipped with a reversible hydraulic machinery which can operate both as centrifugal pump and a hydraulic turbine (called Pump as Turbine). In this scenario, when the wind velocity is quite high, the reversible hydraulic machinery, working as centrifugal pump, will store energy in the form of potential energy pumping fluid to an elevated water reservoir. On the contrary, in low wind conditions, the Pump as Turbine will operate as a hydraulic turbine, helping the wind turbine to overcome the external mechanical load. This solution results in a number of advantages: lower plant costs, longer Pump as Turbine life with lesser maintenance and reduced waste costs.The present work focuses on a multi-objective performance analysis of the proposed wind system power scheme. Specifically, this multi-objective sensitivity analysis will be addressed to the net potential energy stored by the reversible hydraulic machinery, the extracted wind energy and the torque supplied by the Pump as Turbine in hydraulic turbine mode. Such an analysis will considered as design variables the Pump as Turbine (centrifugal pump mode) specific speed (pump geometry), the gear box transmission ratio between the centrifugal pump and the wind turbine and the pump head. The aim of this analysis is to evaluate the design variables range which could lead to determine the set of the multi-objective wind systems optimal design.

Exploration of a Model Thermoacoustic Turbogenerator with a Bidirectional Turbine

Abstract The utilisation of the thermal emissions of modern ship power plants requires the development and implementation of essentially new methods of using low-temperature waste heat. Thermoacoustic technologies are able to effectively use low-temperature and cryogenic heat resources with a potential difference of 500–111 K. Thermoacoustic heat machines (TAHMs) are characterised by high reliability, simplicity and environmental safety. The wide implementation of thermoacoustic energy-saving systems is hampered by the low specific power and the difficulties of directly producing mechanical work. An efficient approach to converting acoustic energy into mechanical work entails the utilisation of axial pulse bidirectional turbines within thermoacoustic heat engines. These thermoacoustic turbogenerators represent comprehensive systems that consist of thermoacoustic primary movers with an electric generator actuated by an axial-pulse bidirectional turbine. The development of such a thermoacoustic turbogenerator requires several fundamental issues to be solved. For this purpose, a suitable experimental setup and a 3D computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model of a thermoacoustic engine (TAE) with bidirectional turbines were created. The research program involved conducting physical experiments and the CFD modelling of processes in a TAE resonator with an installed bidirectional turbine. The boundary and initial conditions for CFD calculations were based on empirical data. The adequacy of the developed numerical model was substantiated by the results of physical experiments. The CFD results showed that the most significant energy losses in bidirectional turbines are manifested in the output grid of the turbine.

Battery–integrated combined cooling, heating and power plant (CCHP) through NH3 – H2O absorption system in a hospital facility

Combined heat and power (CHP) systems have been employed in various applications for years. They are gaining increasing attention in the residential and small industrial sectors for their primary energy saving potential and CO 2 emissions reduction. Additionally, in specific applications such as the hospital sector, CHP plants can play a critical role in replacing fossil-fueled electric generators to supply electricity during local grid outages, thus enhancing hospital facilities’ energy efficiency, while also securing reliability and efficiency of operation. Hospitals have unique energy demand profiles, with high and constant demand (particularly heating and cooling demands), making them an ideal use-case for trigeneration systems. Combined, cooling, heating and power plants (CCHP) are capable to provide not only heating and electricity, but also cooling through the efficient exploitation of a single energy source, reducing Hospitals’ reliance on the local grid. In this context, this work aims at evaluating the potential of a battery-integrated CCHP plant through an innovative ammonia-water absorption system, whose energy analysis is based on data acquired from an Italian Hospital facility. The potential of integrating an experimental combined cooling and power production ammonia-water absorption system has been investigated starting from an optimized battery energy storage system (BESS) CHP plant configuration, studied for the same facility. A proper control strategy has been developed to maximize the cooling production when required from the end-user through CHP plant’s exhaust gases waste heat recovery. The energy analysis demonstrated the advantages of the CCHP-BESS plant over the optimal CHP-BESS configuration, with an 11.22% increase in primary energy saving, a 9.85% reduction in CO 2 emissions, and a 5.03% decrease in electric peak power demand.

Optimizing hydrogen gas concentration using response surface methodology (RSM) with design expert 6.0.9 application

The MQ-8 sensor will be used in this investigation to estimate the maximum hydrogen gas concentration generated during the dry cell generators’ electrolysis procedure. The process of water electrolysis involves breaking down the water molecule H2O using direct electric current, into hydrogen gas and oxygen gas. Utilizing DC generators with 4/4 plate electodes (Cu/Al) as the cathodes and NaNO3 solutions as the electrolytes, hydrogen gas production by electrolysis is achieved. 0.6 amps and 2 volts are employed in this electrolysis procedure for a duration of 1 hour. The ideal conditions for hydrogen gas concentration are NaNO3 1 M concentration and 60 minutes with a maximum hydrogen concentration of 143.393 ppm generated. The hydrogen gas concentration verification result value is 144 ppm.

PENGUJIAN FILTER PARTIKULAT ASAP ROKOK ELECTROSTATIC PRECIPITATOR DENGAN ELEKTRODA TEMBAGA DAN ALUMUNIUM

Cigarette smoke is a source of air pollution, especially indoors. The smoke from burning cigarettes doesn't just evaporate into the air, but there is nicotine residue that sticks to the dust or items around the smoker, such as clothes, carpets, walls. A smoke filter or smoke particulate filter is something that is really needed to reduce pollutants in the room. Research on "Testing Electrostatic Precipitator (ESP) Cigarette Smoke Particulate Filters with Copper and Aluminum Electrodes" aims to analyze the comparison of the use of copper and aluminum electrodes as filters on ESP. In this research, a high voltage DC generator was used using the full-wave cascade method, for the high voltage that was successfully generated by this full-wave cascade method was 2.25 kV to 5.46 kV. From the test results, it was found that the difference in (∆ levels between the inlet and outlet containers (∆ using a copper plate was higher than using an aluminum plate. In addition, it can be concluded that increasing the voltage causes more (∆ levels to be filtered.

Asymmetrical Schottky Junction Built by Metal/Conducting Polymer Targeting Efficient Flexible Direct Current Tribovoltaic Generator

Direct current (DC) from mechanical energy built on the tribovoltaic effect is promising for the development of self‐powered flexible electronics. A semiconductor triboelectric generator is one of the optimized solutions for DC output. However, it remains underutilized because of its low output power and insufficient insight into the fundamental principles of charge generation and transport at dynamic interfaces. Herein, a flexible fabric‐based DC generator that relies on a metal–semiconducting polymer interface constructed by an asymmetric Schottky junction between a poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonic acid) (PEDOT:PSS)‐coated fabric and an aluminum (Al) foil is reported. The dependence of the electrical output performance of the device on the doping carrier concentration using different types of PEDOT:PSS to modulate the Schottky barrier height, validating both the work function and conductivity of the triboelectric material, which plays a fundamental role in DC generation, is explored. A large work function difference is required to create a high built‐in electric field for efficient separation of electron–hole pairs. Decent conductivity also fulfills an integral role in the innate carrier‐transport capability. Accordingly, an open‐circuit voltage (Voc) of 800 mV, a short‐circuit current (Isc) of 80 μA, and a power density of 6.7 mW cm−2 are yielded simultaneously.

Wireless Electric Cues Mediate Autologous DPSC-Loaded Conductive Hydrogel Microspheres to Engineer the Immuno-Angiogenic Niche for Homologous Maxillofacial Bone Regeneration.

Stem cell therapy serves as an effective treatment for bone regeneration. Nevertheless, stem cells from bone marrow and peripheral blood are still lacking homologous properties. Dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) are derived from neural crest, in coincidence with maxillofacial tissues, thus attracting great interest in in situ maxillofacial regenerative medicine. However, insufficient number and heterogenous alteration of seed cells retard further exploration of DPSC-based tissue engineering. Electric stimulation has recently attracted great interest in tissue regeneration. In this study, a novel DPSC-loaded conductive hydrogel microspheres integrated with wireless electric generator is fabricated. Application of exogenous electric cues can promote stemness maintaining and heterogeneity suppression for unpredictable differentiation of encapsulated DPSCs. Further investigations observe that electric signal fine-tunes regenerative niche by improvement on DPSC-mediated paracrine pattern, evidenced by enhanced angiogenic behavior and upregulated anti-inflammatory macrophage polarization. By wireless electric stimulation on implanted conductive hydrogel microspheres, loaded DPSCs facilitates the construction of immuno-angiogenic niche at early stage of tissue repair, and further contributes to advanced autologous mandibular bone defect regeneration. This novel strategy of DPSC-based tissue engineering exhibits promising translational and therapeutic potential for autologous maxillofacial tissue regeneration.

Development of a sunlight-driven thermoacoustic engine for solar energy harvesting

Solar-powered thermoacoustic engine (TAE) is a promising technology for harvesting solar energy. In this study, a prototype of triple quarter-wavelength standing-wave TAEs with different total lengths (0.195 m, 0.235 m, and 0.275 m) driven by sunlight collected by three Fresnel lenses (diameter 0.36 m) is constructed and tested. Experimental results show that when the ceramic honeycomb is heated by the sunlight, the triple TAEs resonate at steady state at the fundamental frequencies of 312 Hz, 366 Hz and 435 Hz, respectively. These values are in reasonable agreement with those predicted by the reduced-order network model. For the TAE operating at 366 Hz, acoustic oscillations with a sound pressure level of 140 dB are measured at the TAE outlet, and the acoustic power generation in the ceramic honeycomb is estimated to be 0.135 W. The potential applications of the proposed sunlight-driven TAEs are then envisaged. This work demonstrates the feasibility of converting solar energy into acoustic power using thermoacoustic technology, providing great guidance for prospective studies on the development of solar-driven thermoacoustic electric generators and refrigerators.

High output power moist-electric generator based on synergistic nanoarchitectonics for effective ion regulation

Moisture is ubiquitous in nature and life processes and contains huge amounts of energy. Moist-electric generation is an emerging energy technology that collects energy from the environment and converts it into electrical energy through the interaction of moisture with materials. However, the low power density of moist electric generators (MEG) hinders their further application, and improving the performance of MEG devices remains a challenge. Herein, we propose a synergistic nanoarchitectonics strategy to fabricate MEG by optimizing the paths of the ion generation, transmission and interception processes to obtain excellent power output performance. Highly hydrophilic poly (4-styrensulfonic acid) nano film was used to cover the surface of the porous polyurethane foam framework to form PU@PSS active composite with abundant movable ions, which also aided in water diffusion and provided evaporation channels. Gridded aluminum and PEDOT:PSS nano layer were used as the top electrode and interception layer because of their metallic activities and hydrogen ion adsorption capacities, respectively. Due to its effective water circulation and ion regulation properties, the MEG worked in an all-weather environment and converted energy from air moisture into high-power electrical energy. In addition, the MEG converted ambient heat energy to increase the efficiency of ion transport, thereby increasing the output power. A single MEG spontaneously produced a maximum open-circuit voltage of 1.25 V·cm−2 and a short-circuit current of 150 μA·cm−2 in a heated condition, and provided an ultra-high output power of 1.875 W·m−2 which is an order of magnitude higher than the output power provided by similar MEG devices. Thus, the strategy adopted achieved an ultra-high power output of moist-electric generation, which will inspire the development of next-generation MEG.

ANALISA PERAWATAN INTAKE PUMP DENGAN MENGGUNAKAN METODE RISK BASED MAINTENANCE (RBM)

Intake Pump is one of the important equipment in the steam power plant of 3x10 MW electrical generator which functions to supply raw water to production of demin water, domestic water and service water. In the process of producing water through the intake pump there are several components of the intake pump that often experience damage, this can be a loss for the company, therefore requiring additional processing. In this study, the Risk Based Maintenance (RBM) method was carried out to achieve optimal maintenance by knowing the impact and risk of failure according to important intake pump components, namely impeller, bearing and shaft. Based on the analysis results of the RBM calculation, the consequences of risks accepted is low to 0.05% by the company that achieved to 221,498,196.507 Indonesian rupiah it’s to 0.13% of production capacity per year. This value exceeds the acceptance risk tolerance of 0.13% which has become a company provision. Therefore, it is necessary to plan the proposed maintenance period from the existing policy, which is carried out 48 times a year for each critical component such to reducing the number of consequences and risks to 198,002,597 Indonesian Rupiah or equal to 0.01%.

Підвищення енергоефективності та економічності когенераційної енергоустановки з повітряною турбіною

The use of renewable fuel and energy resources as fuel makes it possible to reduce the cost of a unit of electrical and thermal energy, reduce the load on the main energy system of the state, and improve the overall environmental impact on the environment. When using a pyrolysis pre-furnace, it is possible to use as a primary fuel: waste wood, pellets, sunflower husks, buckwheat, etc., and the use of an air turbine avoids contamination of its working surface. The aim of the work is to increase the efficiency and economy of a cogeneration power plant with an air turbine, which includes the following main elements: a fuel bunker, a pyrolysis pre-furnace, a combustion chamber-mixer, an air heater, a compressor, an air turbine, electric generator, water heater, smoke exhauster and chimney. To achieve this aim, three options for the scheme of a cogeneration plant with an air turbine with an electric power of 300 kW and with and without different connection variants of a water heater are considered and analyzed in terms of energy and economic indicators. A thermodynamic analysis of the circuit solutions of a cogeneration plant and their comparison in terms of capital costs for the creation of the plant showed that with almost the same cost for the main elements, compared with the circuit where the water is heated by air after the turbine and with the circuit where there is no water heater, the circuit of a cogeneration plant with water heating by flue gas has the highest overall efficiency. This scheme was chosen as rational. As a result of replacing the source fuel with the heat of the air turbine exhaust, the overall efficiency of the cogeneration plant according to this scheme is 73.9 %, and the electrical efficiency is 36.2 %, which corresponds to the level of a gas turbine plant according to the Brayton cycle with regeneration of the working fluid heat, at a moderate value of the degree of air compression in the compressor πk=3. The latter causes the low specific capital cost of the main equipment of the cogeneration plant – 134.6 USD/kW (excluding inflation). Keywords: pyrolysis pre-furnace, air turbine, thermodynamic analysis, capital costs, overall efficiency, electrical efficiency.

Speed regulation of electric vehicle motor based on PID control

Electric vehicles, as a new technological advancement in the automotive industry for addressing energy and environmental issues, have become a hot topic in both domestic and international car development. The electric vehicle generator, which plays a crucial role, is a key component of electric vehicles. The Alternating Current (AC) motor in electric vehicles is highly efficient and widely used in various fields. Therefore, studying AC motors holds significant theoretical and practical significance. This article first explains the car model and the principle of the electric motor, followed by an analysis of the ProportionalIntegralDerivative (PID) principle. Finally, through PID control, the simulation of the electric vehicle's speed is conducted to achieve better stability and economy. The experiments demonstrate that by improving the phase margin and stability of the lag compensator and feedback loop system, the driving comfort and practicality of electric vehicles can be effectively enhanced.

Mapping Capillary Infiltration-Induced Potential in Water-Triggered Electric Generator Using an Electrical Probe Integrated Microscope.

Power generation from water-triggered capillary action in porous structures has recently geared extensive attention, offering the potential for generating electricity from ubiquitous water evaporation. However, conclusively establishing the nature of electrical generation and charge transfer is extremely challenging arising from the complicated aqueous solid-liquid interfacial phenomenon. Here, an electric probe-integrated microscope is developed to on-line monitor the correlation between water capillary action and potential values at any desired position of an active layer. With a probe spatial resolution reaching up to fifty micrometers, the internal factors prevailing over the potential distribution across the whole wet and dry regions are comprehensively identified. Further, the self-powered sensing capabilities of this integrated system are also demonstrated, including real-time monitoring of wind speed, environmental humidity, ionic strength, and inclination angle of generators. The combination of electric potential and chemical color indicator suggests that charge generation is likely correlated with ion-selective transport in the nanoporous channel during the water infiltration process. And unipolar ions (for instance protons) should be the dominant charge-transfer species. The work reveals the fundamental principles regulating charge generation/transfer during the water-triggered electric generation process.

12 Tools for Climate-Smart Decision Making for the Stocker/Feedlot Sector

Abstract There is an increased interest in the use of climate-smart practices and technologies to be more effective in climate change mitigation. These practices include grazing management, pasture management, animal and herd management, animal disease and health, animal breeding, and supplemental feeding during the stocker phase. In the feedlot sector, climate-smart practices range from supply chain challenges including climate smart adaptation by crop producers, cattle type, manure management, health management, and use of growth promoting technologies. There are certainly other technologies not mentioned and are not meant to be marginalized. During the stocker phase, grazing management is highly variable and dependent on climatic conditions and variability, plant species and plant health, water management, soil health, and cattle type. A correct balance among the different land managers, government agencies, and recommendations from university researchers and Extension personnel should optimize these practices. For instance, there is a focus on rotational grazing to increase the efficiency of grazing management. However, in the southwestern U.S. this practice may not be practical given the vast area and landscape used in production. In certain geographical areas, pasture management is becoming increasingly important as decreasing water sources (particularly aquafer levels) are apparent. Some data suggests that now is the time to change from cereal crop production to perennial forages while water is still available to establish the forages. This, in turn, may improve soil health and carbon sequestration. However, as with all mitigation strategies, this may decrease supply of cereal grains available to small feedlot producers, albeit a significant amount of cereals are transported to the cattle feeding sector. Animal breeding programs to improved production, heat tolerance, disease resistance, and improved reproduction is important. As with any production practice, supplementation programs may become necessary under certain situations. It is well known that cattle treated for respiratory disease have poorer performance and carcass characteristics than cattle not treated. Use of growth promoting technologies improve animal performance and decreases total methane produced. No doubt manure production from feeding operations produce methane. Dairy and swine operations can harvest the methane and with use of biogas collectors flare off the methane or produce energy for electric generators, however, this is not practical under feedlot situations; however, application of manure to land may improve soil organic matter. Building resilience in evaluating climate-smart practices will satisfy multiple objectives including impacting food security without many constraints to adoption.

Efficiency Improvement of Energy Harvesting Device Using Light Pressure Through Plasmon Coupling at the Interface Between Grained Ag Layer and Au Nanoparticles

AbstractElectricity generation using the piezoelectric effect is an important energy harvesting method. In this study, a solar radiation pressure‐driven crater‐shaped light pressure electric generator (LPEG) device with a Pb(Zr0.52, Ti0.48)O3 (PZT) piezoelectric layer and grained Ag layer is fabricated on GaAs(100) wafer. The electrical output of the device is improved by adsorbing Au nanoparticles (AuNPs) on the Ag layer with the surface of closely connected Ag nanoparticles (AgNPs). By controlling the size and concentration of the AuNPs, a maximum power density of 867.5 µW cm−2 is obtained under a solar simulator (AM 1.5G), which represents a 151.7% improvement over the case without AuNP adsorption. The results of Raman spectra, finite‐difference time‐domain (FDTD) simulations, and COMSOL Multiphysics demonstrate that the newly formed hotspots between AgNPs─AuNPs and AuNPs─AuNPs enhance the electric field of the incident light significantly and extend the region where the electric field is maximally amplified to 600–800 nm, resulting in increased solar radiation pressure on the PZT piezoelectric layer.

Numerical and experimental investigation of a combustor-coupled free-piston Stirling electric generator

In this paper, a novel gas combustor with multiple nozzles is proposed to couple with a free-piston Stirling electric generator (FPSG) for distributed power application. Due to the simple layout of the combustor and intrinsic external combustion of the FPSG, the system is highly adaptive to gas fuels, such as butane, natural gas and liquefied petroleum (LPG). In order to unravel the heat transfer characteristics of external combustion with internal oscillating flow, a rigorous numerical simulation was conducted, and a series of experiments were carried out to verify the calculations. Initially, an in-depth analysis was performed in terms of the flow field, temperature distribution and heat flux density within the combustor. The effects of the combustor inlet flow rate, nozzle structure, and preheating temperature on the flow heat transfer characteristics were explored. Numerical calculations reveal that, at a fuel flow rate of 0.55 Nm3/h and an air-fuel ratio of 24, the high-temperature heat exchanger (HHX) absorbs 6.41 kW heating power, with convective heat occupying approximately 73.5 %. Moreover, the simulations unveil the significant influence of optimizing the air–fuel ratio, nozzle structure, and preheating temperature on enhancing the overall heat transfer performance and achieving fuel and air consumption reductions. Subsequently, we meticulously conducted experimental investigations to comprehensively evaluate the performance of the novel combustor-coupled FPSG. The experimental results demonstrate that, under a fuel flow rate of 0.55 Nm3/h, the system achieves an output electric power of 1531 W, corresponding to a net thermal-to-electric efficiency and fuel-to-electric efficiency of 30.9 % and 9.6 %, respectively.

Modified Efficient Energy Conversion System Based on PMSG with Magnetic Flux Modulation

The article presents the solution of a power rectifier system dedicated to cooperating with an electric generator based on a special synchronous generator, which can be used in wind or water energy systems. In this generator, a pair of three-phase windings in a stator is utilized. One of the windings is connected in a star, and the second one is connected in a delta configuration. Two six-pulse uncontrolled (diode) rectifiers are included at the outputs of the windings. The rectifiers are coupled by a pulse transformer. The primary windings of this transformer are supplied by a power-electronics current source called a current modulator. With the help of this current modulator, the quasi-sinusoidal magnetomotive force (mmf) in the stator of the machine can be obtained. Additionally, to improve the efficiency of the described system, the low-power transistor rectifier, which is connected to the DC bus of the current modulator, has been used. With the help of this converter, it is possible to control and stabilize the voltage level in a DC circuit. It works, in this case, in inverter mode. The principle of working and elaborated control methods of the current modulator and the additional rectifier are presented. Selected results of simulation and experimental tests are also presented.

Distributed Predictive Secondary Control With Soft Constraints for Optimal Dispatch in Hybrid AC/DC Microgrids

Hybrid AC/DC microgrids (H-MGs) are a prominent solution for integrating distributed generation and modern AC and DC loads. However, controlling these systems is challenging as multiple electrical variables need to be controlled and coordinated. To provide flexibility to the control system, these variables can be regulated to specific values or within secure bands. This paper proposes a set of distributed model predictive control schemes for the secondary control level to control certain variables to specific values and other variables within secure pre-defined bands into H-MGs. Specifically, optimal dispatch of active and reactive power is achieved while frequency and voltages are regulated within secure bands in H-MGs. Dynamic models of AC generators, DC generators and interlinking converters along with their novel multi-objective cost functions are developed in constrained distributed predictive optimisation problems to simultaneously achieve the aforementioned objectives via information sharing. Extensive simulation work validates the performance of this proposal.

The discharge characteristics and benzene degradation performance of a three-electrode DBD reactor powered by dual AC power generators

A three-electrode hybrid volume/surface dielectric barrier discharge (V-SDBD) configuration with two plane electrodes and six grounded strips electrode was designed for enhancing the generation of discharge plasma to degrade gaseous benzene. Two plane electrodes were separately powered by a 5 kHz AC generator and a 50 Hz AC generator, respectively. Compared with the typical two-electrode volume DBD (VDBD) reactor excited by 50 Hz AC generator, the hybrid V-SDBD reactor has lower onset discharge voltage and better discharge homogeneity, and the benzene degradation efficiency of V-SDBD was 1.12 times higher than that of VDBD at a similar energy efficiency. Moreover, an increase in the voltage on HVE-II promoted benzene degradation, but decreased the energy efficiency of benzene degradation.

High-precision and flexible magnetoelectric sensor operated at 25–330 °C

It is a big challenge to in situ monitor the health status of high-temperature magnetic equipment such as electric motors and generators since it is difficult to achieve a high-temperature magnetoelectric sensor. Here, the Pb(Zr0.52Ti0.48)O3 film with a ferroelectric Curie temperature of 400 °C and the Metglas alloy slice with a magnetic Curie temperature of 430 °C were combined by using a high-temperature inorganic glue to achieve a high-temperature magnetoelectric sensor. The magnetoelectric coefficient αE of the flexible sensor is as high as 104 V/(cm Oe) at 25 °C, 63.6 V/(cm Oe) at 200 °C, and 39.7 V/(cm Oe) at 330 °C. Besides, the magnetic sensor has a detection accuracy of ∼0.3 nT at 25–330 °C. Most importantly, the high-temperature sensor is flexible, high precision, low cost, light weight, and low power consumption simultaneously.