Fasting Research Articles

Comparison of Glycemic Excursion Using Flash Continuous Glucose Monitoring in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Before and After Treatment with Voglibose

Purpose: To determine the effect of Voglibose add-on therapy on daily glycemic excursions (using FreeStyle® Libre Pro™, a Flash glucose monitoring system) in Indian patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) receiving a stable dose of metformin (Met) or metformin+sulfonylurea (Met+SU).Patients and Methods: T2DM patients with glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) ≥7.0% and at least two postprandial excursions ≥140 mg/dL (within 2 h of meal) during the screening phase (visit 1/day −14 ± 2) were enrolled in this prospective, multicenter interventional study. The patients were randomized at visit 2 (day 0 ± 2) to receive Voglibose 0.2 or 0.3 mg tablets (BID/TID) as add-on therapy to Met and Met+SU. All the patients were followed at day 14 ± 2 (visit 3), month 3 ± 14 days (visit 4), 14 weeks (i.e., visit 4 + 14 days) ±2 days (visit 5), and month 6 ± 14 days (visit 6). Continuous glucose monitoring was performed to study glycemic excursions at visits 2, 3, and 5. The study outcomes were: change in average number of glycemic excursions per day, percent time spent in glucose fluctuations, mean Postprandial glucose (PPG), Fasting plasma glucose (FPG), day and night time mean glucose levels from baseline to day 14 and week 14; change in mean amplitude of glycemic excursion (MAGE) from baseline to 14 weeks; and mean HbA1c level at 3 and 6 months.Results: Out of 110 patients enrolled, 101 patients (91.8%) (Met+SU+Voglibose: 73 and Met+Voglibose: 28) completed the study. There was a significant decrease in average number of glycemic excursions per day from baseline to day 14 in the Met+Sul+Voglibose group and to week 14 in the Met+Voglibose group. There was also a significant reduction in percent time spent above target glucose range from baseline to day 14 in both treatment groups and to week 14 in the Met+SU+Voglibose group. A significant reduction in mean PPG area under the curve, day and night time mean glucose levels, and mean FPG levels from baseline to day 14 was reported in both treatment groups. A significant reduction in night time glucose, and average MAGE and HbA1c levels was reported from baseline to week 14 in the Met+Voglibose group and the Met+SU+Voglibose group, respectively. At 6 months, body weight, glucose levels, cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, and HbA1c were significantly lower, especially in the Met+SU+Voglibose arm.Conclusion: Voglibose was useful in reducing glycemic variability and improving glycemic control in Asian Indian adults with T2DM. (CTRI/2018/04/013074)

Effect of periodic feed retrictions and refeeding on compensatory growth and blood physiology of of red tilapia (Oreochromis spp.)

Red tilapia is a one of the economically important fish species. In order to increase growth and feed efficiency, feed restriction strategies can be carried out. This study aims to determine the effect of periodic (weekly) restriction of feed on compensatory growth and physiological responses of red tilapia during the enlargement phase. The activity was carried out at the Fish Breeding Research Center for 4 months. The research method used a completely randomized design (CRD) 4 treatments with 3 replications, namely control (fish were fed daily), 1 (1 fasting day a week), 2 (2 fasting days a week), and 3 (3 fasting days a week). Fish rearing was conducted on the concrete tub measuring 2 x 1 x 0.8 m3 with a stocking density of 10 fish m-2. During the maintenance period of 120 days the fish were fed satiation twice a day. The results showed significant differences (P <0.05) in the value of weight growth, specific growth rate, daily growth and feed conversion ratio between control and other treatments, but not significantly different from treatment S1. The highest survival value was indicated by S1 treatment. The blood faal values of fish that were given feed restrictions consisting of red blood cells, white blood cells, hematocrit and hemoglobin showed that there was not significantly different than control fish (P> 0.05), which was at normal values. Restriction of feed to 1 day a week showed partial compensatory growth with better feed efficiency than fish fed daily.

Biometric and metabolic changes in patients with diabetes prior, during and after the holy month of Ramadan (ABCD Study)

Physiological impact of the intermittent or prolonged fasting is known from various studies on healthy subjects. However, data on impact of fasting on biochemical and biometric parameters in people with diabetes is building up. Safety of Ramadan fasting has always been assessed after Ramadan. This study looked into the immediate effect of fasting during the fasting days compared to time before and after the fasting month. Methods: This is an observational study. We looked into people with biometric and biochemical records before Ramadan, and we followed them up during and after Ramadan prospectively. We were aiming for assessing the biochemical and biometric changes for people with diabetes during Ramadan in comparison to pre-and post Ramadan. As well as the differences between these measures according to type and treatment of diabetes in those who fasted as well as in those who did not fast during Ramadan. Results: Total of 342 patients were recruited to the study. All were patients with diabetes at a mild to moderate risk of complications if fasted. Majority were males 52.3% (n = 180), while females were 47.7% (n = 162). Most of the results showed a U shape between Pre-Ramadan, During Ramadan and Post-Ramadan periods. there was a modest but significant reduction in weight but regained after Ramadan. Conclusions: Our study suggests that for many people with diabetes fasting is not associated with an increased risk to their glycemic control, their weight and/or their blood pressure. Indeed, what is seen is marginal benefit or no change in all parameters. This stratifies the ongoing recommendation that allows patients with categorized as low risk to fast Ramadan or non-Ramadan days whenever desired.

Observational Study of Lipid Profile and C-Reactive Protein after a Seven-Day Fast.

Fasting is becoming an increasingly popular practice. Nevertheless, its clinical benefits and possible inconveniences remain limitedly evaluated. We observed the effects of a seven-day fast conducted in a non-medical center located in the Swiss Alps. Clinical parameters were measured on the first and last day of fasting (D1 and D7), and two months later (D60). Among the 40 participants, blood analyses were done on 25 persons with an increased metabolic risk, with the primary goal of assessing the lasting effect on low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol. By comparing D60 with D1, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL) (+0.15 mmol/L) and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) (+2.05 mmol/L) increased (both p < 0.009), all other blood parameters (LDL, glucose, total cholesterol, triglycerides, C-reactive protein (CRP)) did not change; weight (−0.97 kg) and hearth rate (−7.31 min−1) decreased (both p < 0.006). By comparing D7 with D1, total cholesterol (+0.44 mmol/L), triglycerides (+0.37 mmol/L) and CRP (+3.37 mg/L) increased (all p < 0.02). The lack of LDL variation at D60 may be due to the low metabolic risk level of the participants. The increase of total cholesterol, triglycerides and CRP at D7 warrants studies to understand whether such fluctuations represent a stress reaction to the fasting state, which may vary in different fasting types.

Alternate Day Fasting Combined with a Low Carbohydrate Diet: Effect on Sleep Quality, Duration, Insomnia Severity and Risk of Obstructive Sleep Apnea in Adults with Obesity.

Background: Alternate day fasting combined with a low carbohydrate diet (ADF-LC) is an effective weight loss regimen. Whether the weight loss induced by ADF-LC can improve sleep, remains unknown. Objective: This study examined the effect an ADF-LC diet on sleep quality, duration, insomnia severity and the risk of obstructive sleep apnea. Methods: Adults with obesity (n = 31) participated in ADF (600 kcal “fast day”; ad libitum intake “feast day”) with a low-carbohydrate diet (30% carbohydrates, 35% protein, and 35% fat). The 6-month trial consisted of a 3-month weight loss period followed by a 3-month weight maintenance period. Results: Reductions in body weight (−5 ± 1 kg, p < 0.001) and fat mass (−4 ± 1 kg, p < 0.01) were noted during the weight loss period, and these reductions were sustained during the weight maintenance period. Lean mass and visceral fat remained unchanged. The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) score indicated poor sleep quality at baseline (6.4 ± 0.7) with no change by month 3 or 6, versus baseline. ISI score indicated subthreshold insomnia at baseline (8.5 ± 1.0), with no change by month 3 or 6, versus baseline. The percent of subjects with high risk of obstructive sleep apnea at baseline was 45%, with no change by month 3 or 6. Wake time, bedtime, and sleep duration remained unchanged. Conclusion: The ADF-LC diet does not impact sleep quality, duration, insomnia severity or the risk of obstructive sleep apnea in adults with obesity.

Ten days of complete fasting affected subjective sensations but not cognitive abilities in healthy adults.

People may be unable to obtain anything edible for days under some circumstances, but they must maintain their calmness and cognition to navigate solutions. Our aim was to study changes in subjective sensations and cognition in healthy adults during a 10-day complete fasting experiment. Thirteen healthy male volunteers voluntarily participated in the 22-day experiment comprising 4 phases: 3days of baseline consumption, 10days of complete fasting (only water ad libitum), 4days of calorie restriction, and a 5-day recovery period. The volunteers' subjective sensations, cognitive performance, and serum energy substances were measured at 6 time points. Across the 6 time points, the trajectories of subjective sensations in response to fasting were "U"- or " ∩ "-shaped curves instead of progressive discomfort or mood enhancement. A significant fasting time effect was found on depression-dejection (baseline: 16.85 ± 2.88; highest score on the third day of completing fasting: 17.69 ± 3.97, P = 0.04) and self-rated anxiety (baseline: 26.23 ± 4.75; highest score on the sixth day of completing fasting: 30.85 ± 5.58, P = 0.01), and the change curves were consistent with the inflection point of the energy substrates shifting from serum glucose to ketone. In addition, basic cognitive functions appeared to be unaffected during the 10-day fast. Our study showed strong influences on the sensations from the third to sixth days of the prolonged fasting period but no significant effects on basic cognitive abilities associated with the energy substance switch. These findings could contribute to the development and understanding of survival strategies in food-shortage emergencies or of intermittent fasting programmes.

Evaluation of the outcome of laparoscopic one anastomosis gastric bypass among obese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus; a prospective study

Background Laparoscopic one-anastomosis gastric bypass (OAGB) was introduced as a simple (one anastomosis) operation combining both restrictive and malabsorptive functions, thus suitable for obese patients with metabolic derangements like type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The aim of this study was to evaluate the outcome of OAGB among obese patients with T2DM. Patients and methods A sample of 40 individuals with a BMI greater than 35 kg/m2 and T2DM was prospectively recruited from the obesity clinic, Suez Canal University teaching hospital and Suez Canal Authority hospital, city of Ismailia, Egypt. The patients underwent laparoscopic OAGB operation and were offered a follow-up for a period of 12 months. Results The mean;Deg;BM;Deg;I of the patients demonstrated a statistically significant decline from 49.2 kg/m2 preoperatively to 34.2 kg/m2 at the end of the follow-up. Regarding diabetes status, the mean fasting blood sugar decreased significantly from 226 to 104 mg/dl. Moreover, the mean glycosylated hemoglobin decreased from 8.4 to 6.3%. Overall, 42.5% of the patients showed complete diabetic remission at the end of the follow-up, whereas 35% showed partial remission. The rest of the patients (22.5%) did not fulfill the criterion, yet showed improvement in their fasting blood sugar and glycosylated hemoglobin levels from their preoperative values. Conclusion Laparoscopic OAGB had proved to be an effective surgical treatment for both obesity and T2DM.

Effect of 5:2 Intermittent Fasting Diet for Weight Loss among Overweight and obese College Students

Objective: A study was designed to determine whether 5:2 intermittent fating diet intervention (IF 5:2 diet) benefits the weight loss among overweight and obese college students. Methods: Nine subjects with BMI>24 were maintained for 4-week IF 5:2 diet in which they ate restrictedly twice a week, while women or men consuming respectively less than 500 or 700 calories on the fasting days from September 2020 to January 2021. The first four weeks were the control phase, while the last four weeks were the intervention phase, with IF 5:2 diet. Results: All indexes measured were no significant difference during the control phase (P>0.05). In the intervention phase, reductions in body weight (2.678±2.230kg) waist circumference (3.389±2.868cm), hip circumference (2.733±2.560cm), BMI (0.875±0.667) and waist-to-height ratio (0.019±0.015) were observed (P<0.05); change of waist-to-hip ratio was not significant (P>0.05). Change of the average number of exercise steps, heart rate and sleep scores were not significant (P>0.05). The fullness on the light fasting day increased significantly (P<0.05), but there were no significant differences in hunger, satisfaction, mood and persistence confidence (P>0.05). Conclusions: These findings demonstrate that a 4-week IF 5:2 diet has a significant weight loss effect for overweight and obese college students, which effectively improves their body shape, without suffering from hunger for a long time. This diet pattern, with high safety and value, suggests a novel approach for weight loss among overweight and obese college students.

A Day in the Life of Person Who Has Had Type 1, “Juvenile Onset, Insulin Dependent” Diabetes Mellitus (T1DM) for 57 Years

How we manage T1DM has changed dramatically and significantly over the past 57 years. The information I have detailed below is my perspective on how my family and I monitored and treated my T1DM 57 years ago as we were taught by the amazing nursing staff at Resurrection Hospital. Great strides with T1DM have been made since starvation diets and with the discovery of insulin 100 years ago: the discovery of insulin at the Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Canada, in 1921-22 was one of the most dramatic events in the history of therapeutics. Insulin’s impact was so exciting and sensational because of the incredible effect it had on Type 1 patients with diabetes-truly a miracle of medicine in the 20th century. Frederick Banting and Charles Best won the Nobel Prize in 1922: “called one of the greatest achievements of modern medicine”.

Private Synagogues: What They Were Used For?

In the rabbinical literature, synagogues are the typical example of public building. Today it is general accepted in the research that the Second Temple synagogue served mainly for community gatherings, Torah study, as a community centers, and so on. Prayer was of secondary importance, and the synagogue served as a place of prayer only starting in the second or third century. In this article, we are going to discuss that the term “private synagogue” or “synagogue of an individual” or in Hebrew “ביתכנסתשליחיד”, which is mentioned few times in the Jewish sources from the second century Mishnah to the later Talmud. However, on the estate there was no need for such a place for community gatherings. We will show here, with the help of five sites, that archaeological discoveries can shed light on the phenomenon of “private synagogues” during the first century and in the Byzantine period. These synagogues or “assembly rooms” were built in small farmsteads, away from the village, and in private, wealthy mansions in the Byzantine period. We may conclude that during the Second Temple period, the synagogue was used mainly, or also, for prayer. We should recall that: for the Sages “prayer” is the term that describes only what we call the “Shemoneh Esrei prayer”. Nevertheless, at the same time there were other prayers recited by the Jews: Kriyat Shema accompanied by blessings, the Priestly Blessing, the prayer in fast days, and so on. All these were common already in the first century and were performed in a ritual manner and in public - in spite of the fact that the Sages try to downplay the ritual elements. There are also hints for public dinners in the synagogues even that the rabbis opposed it.

The effect of aerobic exercise and pomegranate juice consumption on serum levels of estrogen, progesterone and P53 protein in women with breast cancer

Introduction: Breast cancer is the most common cancer and the leading cause of death due to cancer among women. This study was performed with aim to compare the effect of 8 weeks of aerobic exercise and pomegranate juice supplementation on serum levels of estrogen, progesterone and P53 protein in women with breast cancer. Methods: This quasi-experimental study was performed as pretest and posttest in 2019 on 40 women with breast cancer in Qom province. The subjects were randomly divided into four groups: control, pomegranate juice, aerobic exercise, and aerobic exercise + pomegranate juice consumption (n=10 in each group). The groups of aerobic exercise and aerobic exercise + pomegranate juice consumption performed aerobic exercise for 8 weeks and 3 sessions each week. Also, the groups of pomegranate juice consumption consumed 100 cc of pomegranate juice on the day of the training session fasting. 4 cc blood samples were taken from the participants 48 hours before and after the implementation of the protocol to evaluate the research variables. Data were analyzed by SPSS statistical software (version 20) and independent t-test and one-way analysis of variance. P<0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: The results showed that 8 weeks of aerobic exercise significantly decreased serum levels of estrogen, progesterone (p <0.05) and significantly increased p53 protein levels (p <0.05) in women with breast cancer. According to the results of the study, estrogen and progesterone decreased in pomegranate juice consumption and aerobic exercise groups, but this decrease was not significant (p <0.05). The results also showed that consumption of pomegranate juice for eight weeks caused no significant decrease in estrogen and progesterone levels and a significant increase in p53 levels in women with breast cancer (p <0.05). Conclusion: Aerobic exercise + pomegranate juice consumption reduces the risk factors for breast cancer and increases the protein associated with p53 cell death in women with cancer.

Econometric Assessment of Azerbaijan's Logistics Capabilities in Terms of Relations with Turkic-Speaking States

Modern world grows very fast every day. The main arrow of every state economy is logistics sector, which is increasing very dynamically. The Turkic Speaking States are locating on the Historical Great Silk Road. The total of territory and population of those countries are 4 732 082 km2 and 157 949 505 people. After collapsing the USSR, the five Turkic Speaking States get independence (Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan and Kyrgyzstan), economy and political policy of those states have been changed to the modern market rules. The most of those countries economy base on the raw materials, gas and petroleum. For exporting of all those raw materials the States need strong logistics systems. The article illustrates the economic development of logistics sectors and trade over between Turkic Speaking States. This research will help to open the problems and find out the solution, implementation of the logistics policy for all of them. Using strong and different fundamental databases, such as statistic of those countries, trade balance, logistics relations, import and export dates, different correlation methods and economic models, the international resource and powerful academic literature help to describe the potential of economy relation and real situations, perspectives, problems and logistics power of the Turkic Speaking States.

Myrothamnus flabellifolius attenuates streptozotocin-high energy diet-induced type 2 diabetes in male sprague dawley rats

Several medicinal plants have anti-diabetic properties and can be considered as an alternative therapy because of their actions which are like those of conventional antidiabetic drugs. In this study, we investigated Myrothamnus flabellifolius (MF) ethanol: water (70:30) extract for its possible anti-diabetic potential in streptozotocin-high energy diet (STZ-HED) induced type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) rats and its possible mechanisms of action. Diabetic rats were divided into MF-50, MF-100, MF200, MF-300, MF-400, and Metformin (MET)-500 groups, where the numbers represent doses in mg.kg.bw that were administered to the groups. Normal (NC) and diabetic (DC) controls were administered distilled water. The animals had their fasting blood glucose levels and body weights determined weekly for 21 days. Blood samples, liver, pancreas, and muscle were collected and used for biochemical and histological examination. Our study showed that MF extract lowered glucose levels, body weight, glycated hemoglobin, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase, serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase, Homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance, and alkaline phosphatase (p<0.05; p<0.01) in T2DM. While adiponectin, catalase, leptin, lipid profile, insulin Homeostatic model of assessment of β cell function, and superoxide dismutase levels were elevated (p<0.05; p<0.01). Furthermore, MF extract preserved both the liver and the islets structure of T2DM rats and enhanced muscle glucose transporter 4 (GLUT 4) expression. M. flabellifolius extract normalized blood glucose and body weight in T2DM. Further investigations are needed to explore other possible mechanisms of action and clinical potential of MF extracts. Key words: Myrothamnus flabellifolius, T2DM, Lipid profile, blood glucose, oxidative stress, streptozotocin-high energy diet, Sprague dawley rats.

Dindarlığın Bir Tezahürü Olarak Şüpheli Şeyleri Terk ve Azimetle Amel Etme

Genel olarak bir dine mensup olmayı ifade eden “dindar” kavramı, özel anlamda dinî emir ve yasaklara sıkıca bağlı, din işlerinde titiz ve dikkatli, dinî bilgileri içselleştirerek tecrübe eden bireyler için kullanılmaktadır. Dolayısıyla bu kavram, dine daha çok bağlı olmayı ifade etmektedir. Bu anlamda dini, hayatının merkezine oturtan dindar birey, tercihlerini bu doğrultuda şekillendirmektedir. Dinin toplum üzerindeki etkisini inceleyen sosyologlar dindarlık için bazı tarifler yapıp birtakım kıstaslar tayin etme cihetine gitmişlerdir. Dinin tarifinde olduğu gibi dindarlığın da farklı şekillerde tarif edildiği görülmektedir. Bu anlamda dindarlığın sübjektif yapısı ve aşkın boyutundan ötürü bireylerin dindarlık derecesinin kesin hatlarla idraki pek mümkün gözükmemektedir. Ne var ki kılık-kıyafet, saç-sakal, bazı dinî kavramlar kullanmak ve ibadetlerin ifası gibi zahiri kıstaslar, bireylerin dindarlık dereceleri hakkında fikir verebilmektedir. Ne var ki İslâm’da öze sirayet etmeyip kabukta kalmış görüntülere pek itibar edilmemiştir. Bu bağlamda her şeyi formel ibadetlerden ibaret görerek dindarlığın merkezine bu şekilci anlayışın konulması eleştirilmiştir. Dindarlığın şekilde kalmasında olduğu gibi inancı fiiliyata dökme hususunda gerekli ciddiyeti göstermemek de mühim bir problem olarak görüldüğünden her tür dindarlık tezahürünün “aldatıcı/gösterişçi dindarlık”, “taklidi dindarlık”, “tahkiki dindarlık” ve “zevk alınan dindarlık” şeklinde farklı sıfatlar ile nitelendirilmesi gibi bir ihtiyaç ortaya çıkmıştır. Dolayısıyla dindar birey, imanının gereği olan tasarruflarda bulunur ki Kur’ân ve sünnette buna dair pek çok örnek mevcuttur. Allah ve Rasûlüne itaat, kesinlik derecesinde iman, ürperen kalp, ibadetleri yerine getirme ve elinden ve dilinden emin olunma gibi hususlar bunlardan bazılarıdır. Tabi her şeyde olduğu gibi ibadetlerde de aşırılığa kaçılması yasaklanmıştır. Bu anlamda Hz. Peygamberin ashabı arasında her gün oruç tutmayı, evlenmemeyi ve ibadetlerle meşgul olup uyumamayı planlayanları uyarması ve güçleri oranında ibadet hayatlarını yaşamaları yönünde tavsiyelerde bulunması manidardır. Fıkhî açıdan bakıldığında ibadetlerin, dindarlığının en önemli göstergeleri arasında yer aldığı anlaşılmaktadır. Ayrıca fıkıhta, dindarlığın tezahürü olabilecek başka durumlar da söz konusu olabilmektedir. Örneğin inanan birinin şüpheli şeyleri terk edip azîmet ile amel etmesi bu kıstaslar arasında gösterilebilir. Şöyle ki fıkhi açıdan yeterli delil bulunamadığı için kesin bilgi ve kanaate varamamaktan kaynaklanan tereddüt ve kararsızlığı ifade eden şüphe durumunda ilgili hususun helal mi haram mı olduğu net değildir. Bu durum, müçtehidin mezkûr hususlarda kesin hüküm vermesine mani olurken mükellefin de haram mı helal mi haram mı olduğunu kesin olarak bilmediği meselelerde mütereddit olmasına sebep olmaktadır. Burada mükellefin önüne şüpheli olanı yapma veya terk etme şeklinde iki yol çıkmaktadır. Şüpheli şeylere bulaşıp harama düşme tehlikesi karşısında Hz. Peygamber’in haramlar ve helaller arasında bulunan şüpheli durumlardan sakınılması yönündeki tavsiyesini esas alarak şüpheli şeylerden uzaklaşması, kişinin dindarlığının farklı bir tezahürü olarak karşımıza çıkmaktadır. Normal, yani herhangi bir özrün bulunmadığı durumlarda her bir mükelleften ayrı ayrı yapılması istenen ve azîmet diye ifade edilen asli hükümlere gelince, ruhsatla amel etmediği zaman günahkâr olacağı durumlar hariç, kişinin daha çok meşakkatli olan azîmet ile amel etmesi, onun dindarlığının farklı bir tezahürü olacaktır. Böyle durumlarda seferi iken ruhsat olduğu halde oruç tutulmasının daha hayırlı olduğu ve dolayısıyla failinin daha dindar olacağı yönünde naslar varken azimet ile ruhsattan hangisinin daha üstün olduğunun bilinmediği durumlar da vardır. Hal böyleyken bu gibi durumlarda da kişinin azimetle amel etmesi de onun dindarlığının farklı bir boyutu olarak karşımıza çıkmaktadır. Bu çalışmada her iki husus, yani şüpheli şeyleri terk etmenin yanı sıra azimet ile amel etme ile ilgili teknik detay ve ihtilaflardan kaçınılarak sadece mezkûr hususların dindarlık üzerindeki etkileri ve bunların İslâm hukukundaki yansımaları izah edilmiştir. Ayrıca azîmet ile amelin mutlak olarak dindarlık göstergesi sayılıp sayılmayacağı sorgulanmıştır.

Food restriction in Nile tilapia juveniles (Oreochromis niloticus)

Aim of study: To evaluate if dietary restriction influence muscle and intestinal morphology as well as the production performance of juvenile Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus).Area of study: State University of Western Paraná (Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná – Unioeste), Toledo Campus, Brazil.Material and methods: The experimental design was completely randomized with four treatments and five replicates. The treatments were: 7:0 (fed daily; control); 6:1 (fed 6 consecutive days followed by 1 day of fasting); 5:2 (fed 5 consecutive days followed by 2 days of fasting); and 1:1 (fed 1 day followed by 1 day of fasting). A commercial ration with 33.70% crude protein and 4.60% lipid was used, and fish were fed four times daily until apparent satiety for 60 days.Main results: The following parameters were found to have differences among treatments (p&lt;0.05): final weight, weight gain, final length, hepatosomatic index, visceral fat, intestinal quotient, protein efficiency rate, protein retention, ash, and frequency of muscle fiber diameters within the classes of&lt;20 μm and between 20 and 50 μm. The intestinal villi height and hepatic glycogen content did not differ (p&gt;0.05) among treatments. The cost of food and partial net revenue were higher in the 7:0 treatment compared to the experimental treatments.Research highlights: Dietary restriction for Nile tilapia in the juvenile phase negatively influences productive performance, centesimal composition, and muscle growth, which demonstrates that this practice is economically unfeasible for commercial production.

Modulation of neural fMRI responses to visual food cues by overeating and fasting interventions: A preliminary study.

Neural processing of visual food stimuli is perturbated at extremes of weight. Human fMRI studies investigating diet effects on neural processing of food cues could aid in understanding altered brain activation in conditions of under‐ and overnutrition. In this preliminary study, we examined brain activity changes in response to 10 days of high‐calorie‐diet (HCD), followed by 10 days of fasting, hypothesizing that HCD would decrease activation in homeostatic and reward regions, while fasting would increase activation in homeostatic/reward regions and decrease activation of self‐control regions. Seven adults completed fMRI scanning during a food‐cue paradigm (high‐ and low‐calorie food images and nonfood objects), pre‐ and post‐10‐day HCD. Six adults completed fMRI scanning pre‐ and post‐10‐day fasting. BOLD response changes for contrasts of interest pre‐ versus post‐intervention in regions of interest were examined (peak‐level significance set at p(FWE)<0.05). BMI increased by 6.8% and decreased by 8.1% following HCD and fasting, respectively. Following HCD, BOLD response in the hypothalamus (homeostatic control), was attenuated at trend level in response to high‐ versus low‐calorie foods. Following fasting, BOLD response to food versus objects in inhibitory‐control areas (dorsolateral prefrontal cortex) was reduced, whereas the activation of homeostatic (hypothalamus), gustatory, and reward brain areas (anterior insula and orbitofrontal cortex) increased. Overfeeding and fasting for 10 days modulate brain activity in response to food stimuli, suggesting that in healthy adults, changes in energy balance affect saliency and reward value of food cues. Future studies are required to understand this interaction in states of unhealthy weight.

Obezitenin kadınlarda sebep olduğu hormonal bozukluklar ve yol açtığı sorunlar

Dünya Sağlık Örgütü’ne göre obezite, sağlık için vücutta risk oluşturan anormal veya aşırı yağ birikimidir. 1980’li yıllardan bu yana dünyada her kesimi etkisi altına alan obezitenin prevelansı da hızla artmaktadır. Obezitenin oluşumunda bireylerde enerji alımının fazla olması ve fiziksel aktivitenin az olması ana etmenler olarak yer almakla birlikte; genetik yatkınlık, psikolojik ve sosyoekonomik etkenler, yaş, cinsiyet gibi durumlar da obezite gelişimini arttırmaktadır. Ayrıca obezite bütün yaş grupları için risk oluşturmanın yanında birçok hastalığa da yol açmaktadır. Özellikle kadınlarda daha çok görülmekle beraber, yapılan birçok çalışmada artmış adipoz dokunun vücut içerisinde değişikliklere sebep olarak polikistik over ve infertilite, gebelikle oluşan komplikasyonlar, bazı kanser türleri gibi birçok hastalığa ve soruna yol açtığı belirtilmektedir. Bu derlemede, obezitenin kadınlar üzerindeki etkileri ve sonucunda oluşan problemler üzerinde durulmaktadır.

Acute toxicity of an insecticidal little containing ivermectin and fipronil for white mice

Toxicological assessment is a mandatory research step in the development of new insecticidal drugs. At the All-Russian Research Institute of Veterinary Entomology and Arachnology, a prototype of the insecticidal bait Mukhnet IF was obtained with an active ingredient content of 0.06% ivermectin and 0.015% fipronil, which showed a highly effective effect against houseflies. This work presents the results of the study of acute oral toxicity of the above agent. For this, male white mice with a live weight of 16-26 g were selected. They were kept on a starvation diet for one day in individual houses with water. The drug was given in mg/kg body weight the next day. A total of 33 doses have been tested, ranging from 100 mg/kg to 40,000 mg/kg. The animals were observed for 14 days. According to the research results, it was revealed that at doses up to 20,000 mg/kg there were no signs of intoxication, but when tested at 25,000 mg/kg in some mice, these signs were noted, and at 30,000, 35,000 and 40,000 mg/kg deaths were recorded 20±10, 45±30 and 60±20%, respectively. It was not possible to test the drug over the last above dose due to incomplete eaten by mice. According to the degree of danger for warm-blooded animals, the drug belongs to the 4th class of low-hazard drugs (average lethal dose of 5000 mg/kg or more) in accordance with the classification of GOST 12.1.007-76. When analyzing the literature data on the toxicological characteristics of preparations containing ivermectin and chlorfenapyr, it was revealed that the insecticidal agent in its acute toxicity for warm-blooded animals is comparable to known analogues.

The role of Rezūm ™ team ablation of the prostate in the treatment of patients with acute urinary retention secondary to benign prostatic hyperplasia. A single center, single surgeon case series and literature review

Objectives Acute urinary retention (AUR) is one of the most significant complication of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). The gold standard surgical treatment for BPH, transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP), is not without significant side effects and a prolonged hospital stay. The aim of this study is to evaluate the role of Rezūm ™ steam ablation in the treatment of patients with AUR secondary to BPH. Methods Patients who developed AUR and failed their trial without a catheter (TWOC) were recruited. They were counselled about the procedure and offered the treatment. Pre-operative, intraoperative and post operate data were collected. Results All patients were followed up for a mean period of 7.2 months. 100% of patients passed their TWOC and stopped taking any BPH medications after. There was an average of 43.8% decrease in TRUS volume and a fall of 52.5% in PSA value after intervention. The mean operation time was 8.8 min and mean duration in hospital was 5.8 h. No deterioration in sexual function was reported. Conclusions Rezūm ™ steam ablation of the prostate is safe, fast and effective day case procedure in treating patients with AUR secondary to BPH. All patients were satisfied with the functional outcomes.

Dinamika Penentuan Awal Ramadan di Sumatera Barat

This paper aims to explore the understanding of the Muslim community of West Sumatra about the determination of the beginning of the month of Ramadan and its implications for implementing the first day of fasting. The people of West Sumatra are always talked about when determining the first day of Ramadan because they are divided into several groups. As a result, they differ in the implementation of the first day of fasting, the implementation of Eid al-Fitr and Eid al-Adha. This type of research is field research. Data obtained through in-depth interviews with people who can provide important information about the determination of the beginning of this month, including the leader of Naqsabandiyah, Satariyah, person in charge of hisab Muhammadiyah, ru'yah NU, astronomy experts, as well as several congregations from each group. The results showed that determining the start of the month is a very old problem but always becomes new every time Ramadan comes. The problem of determining the initial crescent moon in Indonesia in general and West Sumatra in particular is basically the same but the practice depends on the different ways of understanding the context of the initial crescent of the month. In fact, these differences are very difficult to reconcile because each element remains steadfast in maintaining its sectoral ego.