Day In Young Adults Research Articles

2245. Urinary tract infections in the elderly population in Japan; long hospital stay, high medical costs, and decline in the activities of daily living scores

Abstract Background Japan has one of the most aging societies in the world. Urinary tract infection (UTI) is a common disease in the elderly, and the incidence of hospitalization owing to UTI is increasing with the aging population. Here, we examined the length of hospital stay, differences in the Barthel index (BI), activities of daily living score (ADLs) at admission and discharge, and medical costs of UTI in elderly patients. Methods We retrospectively included hospitalized UTI patients in our center between January 1, 2013 and March 31, 2019. The inclusion criteria were as follows: (1) urine culture positive for Escherichia coli (over 104 colony forming units/mL) within 48 h of admission, and (2) the presence of at least one of the following: fever ≥ 38°C, costovertebral angle tenderness, suprapubic tenderness, and dysuria at the time of admission. We classified the enrolled patients into four groups according to age: young adults (20–64 years), pre-old (65–74 years), old (75–84 years), and super-old (≥ 85 years). Patient characteristics were compared across groups using the Mann–Whitney U test, Fisher’s exact test, and Kruskal-Wallis test. The Bonferroni corrected P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results This study enrolled 393 cases, including 112 (28.4%) young adults, 72 (18.3%) pre-old, 130 (33.2%) old, and 79 (20.1%) super-old. The lengths of hospital stay were 10.8, 17.9, 17.2, and 21.6 days in young adults, pre-old, old, and super-old, respectively (P < 0.05). Differences in the BI were 1.2, 4.2, 5.2, and 5.2 in young adults, pre-old, old, and super-old, respectively (P < 0.05). However, no significant differences in these values were noted among the pre-old, old, and super-old groups. The medical costs were 6,054, 8,310, 10,129, and 12,577-USD (1USD = 128 yen) in young adults, pre-old, old, and super-old, respectively (P < 0.05). Nevertheless, a comparison of the medical costs per day showed no significant differences among the groups. Conclusion UTI in elderly patients were associated with ADLs decline, longer hospital stays, and higher medical costs than those in younger patients; however, no significant differences were found among those aged ≥ 65 years. Disclosures Sho Saito, MD, PhD, DAIICHI SANKYO: Grant/Research Support|EVEC: Grant/Research Support|EVEC: Patents obtained through collaborative research|SHIONOGI: Grant/Research Support|Takeda: Advisor/Consultant.

The Intracerebral Hemorrhage Score Overestimates Mortality in Young Adults

ObjectiveTo determine whether the intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) score is accurate in predicting 30-day mortality in young adults, we calculated the ICH score for 156 young adults (aged 18-45) with primary spontaneous ICH and compared predicted to observed 30-day mortality rates. MethodsWe retrospectively reviewed all patients aged 18-45 consecutively presenting to the University of Iowa from 2009 to 2019 with ICH. We calculated the ICH score and recorded its individual subcomponents for each patient. Poisson regression was used to test the association of ICH score components with 30-day mortality. ResultsWe identified 156 patients who met the inclusion criteria; mean± standard deviation (SD) age was 35±8 years. The 30-day mortality rate was 15% (n=24). The ICH score was predictive of 30-day mortality for each unit increase (p= 0.04 for trend), but the observed mortality rates for each ICH score varied considerably from the original ICH score predictions. Most notably, the 30-day mortality rates for ICH scores of 1, 2, and 3 are predicted to be 13%, 26%, and 72% respectively, but were observed in our population to be 0%, 3%, and 41%. An ICH volume of >30cc [relative risk (RR) 28, 95% confidence intervals (CI) 3-315, p=0.01] and a GCS score of <5 (RR 13, 95% CI 0.1-1176, p=0.01) were independently associated with 30-day mortality. ConclusionsThe ICH score tends to overestimate mortality in young adults. ICH volume and GCS score are the most relevant items in predicting mortality at 30 days in young adults.

THE IMPACT OF INTERNET-ENABLED PHONES ON PHYSICAL ACTIVITY AMONG STUDENTS OF TERTIARY INSTITUTIONS

BACKGROUND AND AIMS Smart phones usage is rapidly progressing day by day in young adults’ lives who have become habituated and less indulged in physical activities. Thus, this study is aimed to measure the impact of internet-enabled smart phones on physical activity of students. METHODOLOGY An online cross-sectional survey was conducted among students aged 18-30 years studying in tertiary institutions. Internet-Connectedness Index and International Physical Activity Questionnaire-Short Form were formulated in the Google Docs and distributed to participants via email or social media applications. RESULTS A total number of 252 students participated in study revealed that majority of users have own computer for prolonged time with broadband and 3G internet. Only (4.4%) participants have performed vigorous and (5.6%) moderate activities 7 days a week. Whereas (27.8%) participants spent their time sitting at desk, visiting friends, reading, sitting or lying down to watch TV for &lt;2 hours (27.8%), &lt;4 hours (21.8%) while &gt;8 hours (23%) respectively. This showed that with the increased use of internet, young adults performed low physical activity. CONCLUSION It was concluded that majority of young adults have used internet for prolonged time on computer/laptop/cell phones whereas limited participants reported to have regular physical activity however, no significant association was found between the impacts of internet-connectedness with physical activity.

Objectively measured physical activity according to the periods of the day in the Pelotas Cohort

This study aims to describe objectively measured physical activity (PA) in different periods of the day in young adults according to sex, socioeconomic position and during weekdays and weekends. This is a cross-sectional analysis carried out with the participants of the 1993 Pelotas Birth Cohort at 22 years. PA was assessed by triaxial accelerometer. Descriptive analyses were performed presenting the time spent on light PA (LPA) and bouted moderate to vigorous PA (MVPA) in different periods of the day (morning - 6am to 11:59 am, afternoon – 12pm to 7:59 pm and night – 8pm to 11:59pm). The present study included 2,766 individuals (48.2% male and 51.8% female). LPA was higher among women, while bouted MVPA levels were higher among men. The median of PA was higher on weekdays compared to weekends for all intensities. The bouted MVPA medians in the morning and at night were zero minutes for all days and both sexes. The richest group presented a higher percentage of individuals with zero minutes. PA may vary according to different periods of the day and intensity. The absence of PA practice was markedly influenced by sex and socioeconomic position.

Association Between Free-living Weekday 24-hour Urinary Hydration Markers And Weekend Sleep Measures

PURPOSE: Inadequate sleep and underhydration have been independently associated with adverse health outcomes. However, the relation between hydration status and sleep has yet to be investigated over the course of several days in young adults. Thus, the purpose of this study was to assess the association between 24h urinary hydration markers and both perceived and objective sleep quality. METHODS: Eighteen participants (female, n=7; age, 23±3; height, 174.6±15.3cm; body mass, 73.5±15.9kg; body fat, 19.4± 9.4%) provided a 24h urine sample on seven consecutive days for measures of urine volume (UVOL), urine osmolality (UOSMO), urine specific gravity (USG) and urine color (UCOL). Objective sleep metrics (wrist-worn actigraphy) and subjective sleep assessments (Karolinska Sleep Diary) were recorded each day. Actigraph measures included periods of wakefulness after defined sleep onset (WASO), sleep time, wake time, and sleep efficiency. The Karolinska Sleep Diary included nine questions used to assess perceived sleep quality from the previous night. Mean values were calculated for each participant for all variables on weekdays (Monday-Friday) and weekend days (Saturday/Sunday). RESULTS: Higher weekday USG and darker UCOL were both associated with greater weekend time spent sleeping (USG, adj R2 = 0.203, p = 0.024; UCOL, adj R2 = 0.274, p = 0.015). Decreased weekday UVOL was associated with increased weekend time spent sleeping (adj R2 = 0.220, p = 0.028). Higher weekday UOSMO was associated with greater weekend WASO actigraph measures (adj R2 = 0.205, p = 0.045). CONCLUSIONS: Mean 24-hour urinary hydration markers depicting a state of underhydration (elevated USG and reduced UVOL) across weekdays were associated with an increased number of awakenings during the weekend nights, albeit, having a longer sleep time. Determining how day-to-day variations in hydration status and other general health behaviors influence sleep has yet to be explained.

Menu Labels Displaying the Kilocalorie Content or the Exercise Equivalent: Effects on Energy Ordered and Consumed in Young Adults

Determine the effect of menu labels displaying the energy content of food items or the exercise equivalent on energy ordered and consumed at lunch and energy intake for the remainder of the day in young adults. Subjects were randomized to a menu with no labels (no-labels), menu with kilocalorie labels displaying the energy content of the food items (kcal-labels), or menu with exercise labels displaying the minutes of brisk walking needed to burn the food energy (exercise-labels). The study was conducted in one dining area located in a metabolic kitchen at the Texas Christian University and another located in a residence occupied by graduate students. Of the 300 subjects, 55.7% were female, 77.3% were college students, 88% were white, and 88% were non-Hispanic. Mean body mass index and age were 24.2 ± 4.5 kg/m(2) and 21.9 ± 2.3 years, respectively. All menus contained the same food/beverage choices. Subjects ordered and consumed foods/beverages for lunch from the menu to which they were assigned. Subjects were blinded to study purpose. Energy ordered and consumed at lunch were assessed from the weight of the food ordered and consumed, respectively, and the energy content of the same foods available on the restaurant Web site. Postlunch energy intake was assessed by food recall. Analysis of covariance, adjusted for premeal hunger levels and gender, determined the effect of menu type on energy ordered and consumed and postlunch energy intake. Significant menu effect was observed for energy ordered (p = .008) and consumed (p = .04) at lunch. The exercise-labels group ordered significantly (p = .002) less energy (adjusted mean [confidence intervals]: 763 [703, 824] kcal) at lunch, compared to the no-labels group (902 [840, 963] kcal) but not compared to the kcal-labels group (827 [766, 888] kcal). The exercise-labels group also consumed significantly (p = .01) less energy (673 [620, 725] kcal) at lunch, compared to the no-labels group (770 (717, 823) kcal) but not compared to the kcal-labels group (722 [669, 776] kcal). Energy ordered and consumed were not different between kcal-labels and no-labels groups. There was no difference in postlunch energy intake by menu type. The menu with exercise-labels resulted in less energy ordered and consumed and this did not lead to greater energy consumption post lunch, compared to the menu with no-labels in young adults largely made up of normal-weight, non-Hispanic white college students.

Circadian Macular Volume Changes in the Healthy Human Choroid

To investigate a potential circadian fluctuation of the choroidal volume in healthy adults by enhanced depth imaging (EDI) via spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD OCT). Prospective observational case series. Thirty healthy eyes of 15 healthy subjects with a median age of 26 years (range 22-55) underwent EDI SD OCT scans for macular choroidal volume measurement every 3 hours within a 24-hour period at a single tertiary center. The mean ocular perfusion pressure was calculated for each eye at each of the 8 time points as 2/3(mean arterial pressure-intraocular pressure [IOP]). The circadian fluctuation of the macular choroidal volume as well as the association with axial length, mean ocular perfusion pressure, or IOP was assessed using a linear mixed model. Macular choroidal volume showed a significant circadian fluctuation (P < .05) and was lowest at midday (mean ± SD, 10.14 ± 2.62 mm(3)) and highest at 3 AM (mean ± SD, 10.66 ± 2.70 mm(3)). Of all factors tested, only mean ocular perfusion pressure showed a significant association with macular choroidal volume fluctuation (P = .016). Macular choroidal volume shows a significant circadian pattern with higher values at night and lower values during the day in young adults. Besides time, mean ocular perfusion pressure is significantly associated with this fluctuation.

Ramifications of adolescent menstrual cycles ≥42 days in young adults

To determine to what degree annual reports from ages 14 to 19 years of menstrual cycles ≥42 days would be associated with increased body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, glucose, insulin, and homeostasis model assessment insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) at ages 14-25 years. Prospective 11-year follow-up from ages 14 to 25 years. Urban-suburban schools, post-high school. A total of 370 schoolgirls. None. BMI, waist, insulin, glucose, HOMA-IR. From ages 14 to 19 years, 269 girls had 0/6 annual reports of menstrual cycles ≥42 days, 74 had 1, 19 had 2, and 8 had ≥3. Among these four categories, girls with ≥3 annual reports had highest free T and DHEAS at age 14, highest BMI and waist at ages 14, 19, and 25, highest insulin at age 25, and highest glucose and HOMA-IR at age 24 years. The number of annual reports of menstrual cycles ≥42 days was positively related to change in BMI and waist and inversely with change in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol from ages 14 to 25 years. Three or more annual reports of menstrual cycles ≥42 days during ages 14-19 are associated with high BMI, waist circumference, insulin, glucose, and HOMA-IR at ages 14-25 years.

Masseter muscule activity during the whole day in young adults

This study was conducted to evaluate the biting function during the entire day in young adults by measuring the masseter muscle activity with a 24-hour electromyography (EMG) system. With this system, the masseter muscle activity for 24 hours was recorded in 20 male and 10 female young adult subjects with acceptable occlusion. For the male subjects, means of the number and total duration of bursts over level 2, which is one-fourth of the maximum discharge voltage during maximum clenching, were 1938 times and 357 seconds. For the female subjects, the values were 2356 times and 419 seconds. A large percentage of such high amplitude bursts as level 3 or 4 was observed during meals in both groups. These results indicated that most of the strong bursts of the masseter muscle appeared only during meals and a number of low amplitude bursts were observed during the entire day, although masseter muscle activity during the entire day in young adults was less than expected. It is anticipated that the nature of masticatory muscle activity revealed in this study might provide valuable information about the association between the biting function and the craniofacial structure or malocclusion. (Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop 1996;110:394-8.)

Grafting of Larval and Adult Eyes in Amblystoma Punctatum

Replanted and transplanted eyes of Amblystoma punctatum were studied daily for many months in 193 larval grafts on larval hosts around 21 mm. in length and in 102 adult grafts on adult hosts varying in age from 1 to 2 years and in length from 6 to 18 cm. Since no striking differences exist based merely on replantation and transplantation, a comparison is given based on the age of the graft. Return of circulation after operation was obtained in 40% of old adults, where sloughing or partial resorption was high, against 80% of young adults. Its earliest appearance was on the first day in young adults and on the third day in old adults. The earliest in larvae was 18 hours. Although in adults it had occurred earlier in the younger specimens than in older ones it was present in half of the cases in 10 days. By the fourth day it was observed in one-half of the larvae. About one-third of adult grafts and most of the larval eyes showed no corneal or lenticular opacity. In a few cases of adult and larval grafts the opacity was transient but in any case of excessive trauma sloughing of the bulb was subsequent to a corneal change. In the black pigmented iris of adult grafts changes were dependent upon early return of circulation. When they took place a subcorneal hemorrhage involving a segment of the iris appeared during the first 2 weeks. If limited in area regeneration was complete within a month in which a new capillary network was formed. If extensive, but not involving sloughing, it was accompanied by a delay in retinal regeneration. In the yellow pigmented larval eye a slight temporary dulling of the luster of the iris sometimes occurred during the first 2 or 3 weeks. A slight postoperative reduction in the size of adult and larval grafts is usually found during degenerative changes in the retina. In the growing larval eye it is more marked until circulation returns and by the twentieth day a size equal to that of the normal control is usually obtained. In adult grafts the size reduction is usually permanently established by about a month as in Triturus or slightly longer depending upon the age of the host and the amount of degeneration. In adult grafts miosis was noted in some cases immediately after operation—a condition which persisted only about a week. In larval grafts immediately after operation miosis was observed in some and mydriasis in others, but the condition lasted only a few days. In many the pupil did not change. The pupillary reflex persisted uninterruptedly until death at 57 days in one young adult transplant. Usually the pupillary reflex was interrupted during the first week. This was followed by a recovery within 2 to 4 weeks. A few young adults showed an immediate postoperative absence of pupillary response lasting over several weeks before recovery. In larval grafts the pupillary reflex always occurred at metamorphosis and continued uninterruptedly.,