Dawn Of Civilization Research Articles

Complication in buccal space infection: A rare case report

Odontogenic infections have tormented mankind since the dawn of civilization. With the advancement of modern medicine and newer potent antibiotics, one is able to combat this potentially fatal disease. This case report aims to emphasize the importance of timely intervention, role of comorbidities and possible complications of space infection.

Effect Of Lead On The Skin And Health Of Female Dermatitis Patients Through Cosmetics.

Cosmetics have been a part of routine body care not only for the upper classes but also for the middle and lower classes since the dawn of civilization. Cosmetic formulations are in more demand as the public's interest in skin whitening grows. The contamination of cosmetics with heavy metals is a major concern as they containing heavy metals and pose a major risk to human health. This study looks in to the effects of Lead on human skin. In this cross sectional study different products were examined. The matrices (scalp hair, blood, serum and nails) of reference and dermatitis cosmetic female patients (seborrhoeic dermatitis, rosacea, allergic contact dermatitis, and irritant contact dermatitis) and cosmetic samples were used in a 2:1 mixture of HNO3 (65%) and H2O2 (30%), and oxidation was performed using a microwave. The oxidized beauty and biological specimen underwent electrothermal atomic emission spectrophotometry after microwave-assisted acid digestion. The validity and precision of the methodology were verified using certified reference materials. Cosmetic products (lipstick, face powder, Eye Liner and Eye shadow) of different brands contain Pb concentrations in the ranges of 50.5-120 μg/g, 14.6-30.7 μg/g, 2.87-4.25 μg/g and 15.3-21.6 μg/g, respectively. In the present study, cosmetic products (lipstick (N=15), face powder (N=13), eye liner (N=11), eye shadow (N=15) and female patients with dermatitis (N=252) residing in Hyderabad city, Sindh, Pakistan, was investigated. The outcome of this investigation showed significantly higher levels of Pb in biological samples (blood and scalp hair) of different types of female dermatitis patients than in reference subjects (p<0.001). The cosmetic products, especially with regard to heavy metals adulteration, are in use by the female population.

NATURAL BUILDING STONE IN THE CONSTRUCTION AND RENOVATION OF THE ZAGREB CATHEDRAL

Natural stone has been used since the dawn of civilization as a construction material for buildings that are historical and cultural buildings and monuments. The Zagreb Cathedral is an example of such a historical and cultural building and data regarding the extraction of stone for its construction and reconstruction is scientifically underestimated. Based on a review of previously published literature and an investigation on the current state of the sites where stone for construction was previously quarried, this paper presents a systematic overview of challenges regarding stone material that will be faced in the restoration of the Cathedral after the 2020 earthquakes. The autochthonous stone varieties used for the Cathedral, namely lithothamnium limestone, litavac, calcareous sandstone, and vinicite were determined. The description of the locations where they were quarried was emphasized, and the suitability of these sites for re-quarrying the stone blocks during reconstruction after the 2020 earthquake was investigated. In addition, the Cathedral was renovated in the meantime with travertine imported from Italy, which, although it is not of domestic origin, represents an integral part of the Cathedral and whose characteristics must be taken into account in the planning of the current reconstruction of the Cathedral. To preserve the cultural memory of quarrying in the Zagreb area, emphasis is given to the importance of preserving and showing old visual representations of the quarries.

Evolution of Timekeeping from Water Clock to Quartz Clock - the Curious Case of the Bulova ACCUTRON 214 the First Transistorized Wristwatch

The technological discoveries and developments since dawn of civilization that resulted in the modern wristwatch are linked to the evolution of Science itself. A history of over 6000 years filled with amazing technical prowess since the emergence of the first cities in Mesopotamia established by the \v{S}umer civilization. Usage of gears for timekeeping has its origin in the Islamic Golden Age about 1000 years ago. Although gears have been known for over 2000 years such as found in the Antikythera Mechanism. Only in the seventeenth century springs started to be used in clock making. In the eighteenth century the amazing \textit{Tourbillon} was designed and built to increase clock accuracy. In the nineteenth century the tuning fork was used for the first time as timebase. Wristwatches started to become popular in the beginning of the twentieth century. Later in the second half of the twentieth century the first electronic wristwatch was designed and produced, which brings us to the curious case of the Bulova \textit{ACCUTRON} caliber 214 the first transistorized wristwatch, another marvel of technological innovation and craftsmanship whose operation is frequently misunderstood. In this paper the historical evolution of timekeeping is presented. The goal is to show the early connection between Science and Engineering in the development of timekeeping devices. This linked development only became common along the twentieth century and beyond.

Tinospora Cordifolia (Gurjo) and Its Potential Role to Combat with COVID-19: A Review

Plant-based medicines have been used to maintain health and treat disease since the dawn of civilization. The present review focuses on studies that have been done on the characteristics of T. cordifolia to see if they may be used to combat COVID-19 Pandemic. During the review, various methodological activities were involved from developing the review concept, reviewing the articles, analyzing them, and finally writing the paper. The result shows that herbal medicine is used by 80% of the world’s population for some aspect of basic health care. T. cordifolia is a medicinal plant which is a useful home remedy for chronic fever, as it calms burning sensations and boosts energy and hunger. Glycosides, alkaloids, steroids, diterpenoid lactones, sesquiterpenoid, and aliphatic chemicals are the most common substances found in this herb. Scientific research on this medicine could lead to a novel method as well as knowledge into COVID-19 prevention, management, and the development of a new therapeutic component.

Interactions between Natural Products-A Review.

Plant-based natural products have been used as a source for therapeutics since the dawn of civilization. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), more than 80% of the world's population relies on traditional medicine for their primary healthcare. Numerous natural extracts, widely known in Traditional Chinese Medicine, Indian Ayurveda medicine and other practices, have led to the modern discovery and development of new drugs. Plants continuously interact with their environment, producing new compounds and ever-changing combinations of existing ones. Interestingly, some of the compounds have shown lower therapeutic activity in comparison to the extract they were isolated from. These findings suggest that the higher therapeutic activity of the source extract was due to the synergistic effect of several compounds. In other words, the total therapeutic potential of the extract cannot be explained only by the sum of its parts alone. In traditional medicine, most herbal remedies are based on a mixture of plants, and it is the interaction between different constituents that amplifies their therapeutic potential. Considering the significant influence traditional medicine has on human healthcare, knowing and studying the synergistic effect of compounds is paramount in designing smart therapeutic agents.

Biological Solubilisation of Leather Industry Waste in Anaerobic Conditions: Effect of Chromium (III) Presence, Pre-Treatments and Temperature Strategies.

Collagen-based polymers and their blends have attracted considerable interest for new materials development due to their unique combination of biocompatibility, physical and mechanical properties and durability. Leather, a modified natural biopolymer made from animal rawhide and the first synthetic collagen-based polymer known since the dawn of civilization, combines all these features. Rawhide is transformed into leather by tanning, a process in which the collagen is cross-linked with different agents to make it stronger and more durable and to prevent its decay. Research on the development of environmentally friendly procedures and sustainable materials with higher efficiency and lower costs is a rapidly growing field, and leather industry is not an exemption. Chrome-tanned and vegetable-tanned (chromium-free) shavings from the leather industry present a high content of organic matter, yet they are considered recalcitrant waste to be degraded by microbiological processes like anaerobic digestion (AD), a solid technology to treat organic waste in a circular economy framework. In this technology however, the solubilisation of organic solid substrates is a significant challenge to improving the efficiency of the process. In this context, we have investigated the process of microbial decomposition of leather wastes from the tannery industry to search for the conditions that produce optimal solubilisation of organic matter. Chrome-tanned and chromium-free leather shavings were pre-treated and anaerobically digested under different temperature ranges (thermophilic-55 °C-, intermediate-42 °C- and mesophilic-35 °C) to evaluate the effect on the solubilisation of the organic matter of the wastes. The results showed that the presence of chromium significantly inhibited the solubilization (up to 60%) in the mesophilic and intermediate ranges; this is the fastest and most efficient solubilization reached under thermophilic conditions using the chromium-free leather shaving as substrates. The most suitable temperature for the solubilization was the thermophilic regime (55 °C) for both chromium-free and chrome-tanned shavings. No significant differences were observed in the thermophilic anaerobic digestion of chromium-free shavings when a pre-treatment was applied, since the solubilisation was already high without pre-treatment. However, the pre-treatments significantly improved the solubilisation in the mesophilic and intermediate configurations; the former pre-treatment was better suited in terms of performance and cost-effectiveness compared to the thermophilic range. Thus, the solubilisation of chromium-free tannery solid wastes can be significantly improved by applying appropriate pre-treatments at lower temperature ranges; this is of utter importance when optimizing anaerobic processes of recalcitrant organic wastes, with the added benefit of substantial energy savings in the scaling up of the process in an optimised circular economy scenario.

Assessment of phytochemicals, antioxidants and in-silico molecular dynamic simulation of plant derived potential inhibitory activity of Thalictrum foliolosum DC. and Cordia dichotoma G. Forst. against jaundice

Medicinal plants have been exploited for therapeutic purposes since the dawn of civilization and have long been acknowledged essential to human health. The purpose of this research is to examine the scientific evidence for using the therapeutic herbal plants Thalictrum foliolosum DC. and Cordia dichotoma G. Forst. to treat hepatitis illness. The fundamental explanation for the therapeutic relevance of these plants is phytochemicals, which were evaluated qualitatively and quantitatively in three separate extracts with different solvent properties (methanol-polar, chloroform-non-polar, and aqueous-polar as one of the bases of traditional use). Flavonoids, phenols, tannins, saponins, and alkaloids were all evaluated for their presence in plant extracts, and it was observed that methanolic extract had the highest content of phytochemicals among different extracts whereas, the aqueous extract showed least amount of phytochemicals. Additionally, the antioxidant activity of these plants was also evaluated and methanolic extract was revealed with potential antioxidant activity, as also evidenced by the lowest half inhibitory concentration (IC50) values in the DPPH, ABTS, and high %inhibition in µM Fe equivalent of FRAP assays. Following that, the dominant phytochemicals were investigated using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography from the selected plants. Furthermore, default docking algorithms were used to appraise the dominant phytoconstituents for their in-silico investigation, in which rutin was found with the highest binding affinity (8.2 kcal/mol) and interaction with receptor which is further involved in causing jaundice. The receptor is infact an enzyme that is sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase Leptospira interrogans (PDB: 5EBB) which is holded back in its position by rutin and do not interact with Leptospira inferrogans spp which causes jaundice. Overall, the study suggested that these herbs have significant therapeutic properties, and their in-silico analysis strongly recommends further clinical investigations to get insight into the mechanisms of action in curing variety of diseases.

Effect of Annealing on the Microstructure, Hardness, Electrical Conductivity, and Corrosion of Copper Material before Accumulative Roll Bonding Processes

Copper is one of the first metals to ever be mined and used by humans, and since the dawn of civilization, it has made important contributions to behavioral science. The exploration of copper has provided knowledge of nonfuel minerals and has consequently improved society. The objective of this paper is to investigate the effect of annealing on the microstructure, mechanical properties, and corrosion of copper material before undergoing an accumulative roll bonding process (ARB). The material was heated to 600°C and cooled with water before being rolled by a two-roller rolling machine. The second ARB experiment was conducted on copper material without annealing. The samples were characterized by a light microscope (LM). The ASTM E384 test method was followed during the hardness test. The results show that annealing and applying two passes of the ARB process reduce the grain size by 37%, which is significant. It also increases copper hardness by 65% and increases its electrical conductivity by 2.6%. Additionally, the results show that the open circuit potential during the first pass heated sample was −0.07237 V; this increased by 22.16% with the second pass heated sample.

Cutting Cement Industry CO2 Emissions through Metakaolin Use in Construction

Cement production is one of the most important industries on the planet, and humans have relied on is use dating back to the dawn of civilization. Cement manufacturing has increased at an exponential rate, reaching 3 billion metric tons in 2015, representing a 6.3% annual growth rate and accounting for around 5–8% of global carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. Geopolymer materials, which are inorganic polymers made from a wide range of aluminosilicate powders, such as metakaolin, fly ash, and blast furnace or steel slags, have also been elicited for use due to concerns about the high energy consumption and CO2 emissions connected with cement and concrete manufacturing. This study focused on the mechanical and durability properties of metakaolin in concrete production. X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) analyses were used to confirm the characteristics of kaolin and metakaolin. The results showed that 15 wt.% metakaolin can be used to partially replace cement, and that metakaolin, when synthesized with alkaline activators, can also be utilized as a geopolymer to totally replace cement in concrete production. For predicting the compressive strength of different concrete mixtures, few practical models have been presented. This research has shed light on the possibility of utilizing ecologically friendly materials in the building, construction, and transportation sectors to decrease carbon dioxide emissions.

Nesting and post‐fledging predation risk influence diel patterns of songbird fledging

Among stages of avian ontogeny, the act of nest departure or fledging is an abrupt transition into a new environment and a major leap toward independence for offspring. In altricial birds, the timing (i.e. time of day) of fledging is notable in that many species tend to fledge early in the morning. Past studies have proposed nest predation as a key factor driving birds to fledge earlier in the morning (the ‘survival hypothesis’), whereby offspring avoid peak times of nest predation that occur later in the day. A natural extension of this hypothesis is the predation of offspring post‐fledging, whereby offspring are also timing their fledging with future survival prospects outside of the nest. However, few studies have investigated fledging behaviour in the context of both nesting and post‐fledging predation. To help fill this knowledge gap, we investigated factors driving the timing and duration of fledging across six songbird species in the context of offspring predation: daily nest mortality, post‐fledging mortality and diel patterns of nest predation risk. We found that &gt; 60% of songbirds fledged early in the morning, whereas the peaks in nest predation risk occurred several hours post‐fledging. Furthermore, species under greater risk of nest predation fledged earlier in the day and in closer succession to their siblings. Parameters of post‐fledging mortality were poor predictors of fledging timing, but individuals from broods of species under higher risk of post‐fledging mortality fledged in closer succession to their siblings. These results provide evidence in support of the survival hypothesis, and suggest that songbirds fledge in the morning to avoid peak times of nest predation risk that occur later in the day (~ 8 h after civil dawn). Such results corroborate past research highlighting predation on dependent offspring as a key factor driving variation in life histories across animal taxa; however, estimates of post‐fledging mortality suggest that nest predation alone does not fully explain variation in fledging behaviour among species. Future research is therefore needed to investigate the contribution of other factors, such as energetics, parent–offspring conflict and diel patterns of post‐fledging survival, which may help to mediate diel patterns of fledging within and among songbird species.

The ET mission to search for earth 2.0s

The ET mission to search for earth 2.0s

Road Transport in 19th Century Colonial Odisha

Transport is an important means through which civilization progresses. Since the dawn of civilization, men have consistently tried for the development of transportation to expedite their movement. The invention of wheel in the Stone Age was one of the powerful boosters of the pace of civilization. It made man faster and compelled him to invent vehicles. Road also has been one of the important means of communication. They are the arteries of the body of any nation. No scheme for improving the lot of common man has any chance of success, unless roads are properly developed. Modern wide and all-weather roads are the indicators of the worth of any powerful and rich nation. Before the advent of the British rule, roadways in the modern sense were practically unknown in India. Even long after its establishment, there were few quality roads which indicate the utter backwardness of India under British rule.

Ethnobotanical, phytochemical and antimicrobial activity of Halexylon salicornicum (Ramth) as a graze and promising shrub against selected animal microbes

Folk medicine, including plants, has been utilized for humans and animals since the dawn of civilization. Because of the widespread problem of antimicrobial resistance around the world, one of the mainly significant challenges in microbiological research is to achieve a replacement antibiotic with the fewest adverse effects. Camel and ruminant grazing were provided by the wild shrub Halexylon salicornicum (Ramth). However, despite prior research demonstrating its antimicrobial action against human diseases, no investigations on its antimicrobial activity against animal pathogens have been conducted to far. The goal of this study is to investigate whether Halexylon salicornicum aqueous and solvent extracts have antimicrobial activity on a variety of animal pathogens isolated from cattle and poultry using the agar well diffusion method (Enterococcus faecium, Shigella flexneri, Bacillus Cereus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Streptococcus pyogens, Pseudomonas aerogenes, Salmonella typhimurium, and Candida albicans) moreover it's ethnobotanical and phytochemical. All of the extracts tested had antimicrobial efficacy against tested strains and included bioactive chemicals, particularly the acetone extract, had the highest antibacterial activity. As a result, it can be stated that Halexylon salicornicum is a promising important shrub that might be used as a natural antimicrobial alternative for animals or as a food additive.

Ethnic and scientific reports on medicinally potential rare explored genus - thalictrum of family ranunculaceae

Background: Plants remains a source of food as wells as medicine and healthcare needs since the dawn of civilization. Plants and plants derived products are available in crude form as well as in dosage forms which are widely prescribed by the medical practitioners and believed safe to consume as compared to the synthetic compounds based medicines. Many bioactive compounds derived from the plant sources are utilized in various health problems. A vast research on the medicinal plants has been conducted worldwide but there are many plants species which are still unexplored. Despite having ethnic reports as medicine, a very lesser number of plant species of the genus. Methods: We have been consulting various articles from scientific data available on internet specially, ScienceDirect, Scopus, PubMed, Web of Science. Thalictrum of family Ranunculaceae have been explored scientifically in terms of pharmacology, phytochemistry, bioactivity studies. Results: Thalictrum is the genus of plants bear flowers in the family Ranunculaceae containing about 200 species in the diverse region of the globe.

Would the employment of advanced technology and online presence help museums in the Middle East achieve their organizational goals?

ABSTRACT This research investigates the effect of museums applying advanced technology and employing social media and internet tools to achieve their organizational goals. Qualitative research was conducted focusing on museums in Jordan and Iraq. The findings strongly indicated that the usage of technology and internet tools in the contexts of museums in could increase visits and help curators spark an interest among young people. The findings are important since both Jordan and Iraq have a long and illustrious past dating back to the dawn of civilization, which is why it is particularly important to preserve their national heritage for future generations and reach out to young people. The results of this research demonstrate to curators the value of advanced technologies and a strong online presence in attracting visitors and engaging with the general public.

A STUDY ON CONFLICT OF WOMEN IN THE SOCIETY IN THE SELECTED NOVELS OF SHASHI DESHPANDE

Since the dawn of civilization, there has been a struggle to liberate women from male dominance. Previously, female creators' work has been disparaged due to man-centered thinking. In Indian culture, female clash is a proclamation of animosity toward any woman who has been treated unfairly. It alludes to any abstract structure that leads to a novel with a key focus on the woman experience's characteristics [1]. The various variations against which women's activists have protested legal, monetary, and cultural restrictions on women's basic rights can be traced back to the beginning. It argues for equal freedoms, positions, and authority for men and women, based on the concept of 'gender balance.' Female English writers frequently discuss the pressures of ceremony and development. Deshpande's novels are feminist in nature since she understands the inner workings of a woman's psyche. A lady's quest for her own character and self-disclosure disrupts her employment. This article applies Shashi Deshpande's female heroes from her novels "The Binding Vine" and "A Matter of Time" to an examination of public debate.

Civilization Needs Sustainable Energy – Fusion Breeding May Be Best

Civilization requires power. For a while it can get by with the power supplies we currently use, fossil fuel, nuclear fuel; and hydroelectric, solar and wind. Only the last 3 are sustainable. The first two will run out as some point, very likely well before the end of this century, especially if the less developed parts of the world come up to OECD standards. This paper makes the case that solar and wind are not up to the job, and neither is pure fusion, at least in this century. However, using fusion to breed fissile material for current nuclear reactors could play an important role well before century&amp;rsquo;s end. The requirements on a fusion device used as a breeder are considerably relaxed from the requirements for pure fusion. It is likely that an ITER type device, could be used for fusion breeding on a large scale. Fusion breeding can support nuclear fuel for civilization, at 30- 40 terawatts (TW), at least as far into the future as the dawn of civilization was in the past.

ЭТНОКУЛЬТУРНЫЕ АСПЕКТЫ КИТАЙСКОГО НАРОДНОГО ТРАВОЛЕЧЕНИЯ

In the cultural history of China for many millennia, plants have played a significant role in fine and applied arts, landscape architecture, cooking and healing. At the dawn of civilization, plants were used by people to survive in difficult conditions, mainly for food and medical purposes. With the spiritual development of society, the emergence of philosophical and religious teachings, the expansion of botanical knowledge, they became increasingly integrated into the daily life of ethnic groups, becoming objects of worship and hoped for symbolism and imagery. Often the same plants of local flora can be found in gardens, in pharmacopoeias, and in culinary recipes. Considering the most popular plants of Chinese gardens, the authors analyze the general patterns of the use of local plants in the cultural field of various regions of China and their impact on certain branches of knowledge in other countries. The example given in the article of the spread of folk herbal medicine from one country around the world makes it possible to assess the processes of globalization taking place in the field of culture.

Retrospective Autopsy-based Profiling of Fatal Snake Bite Cases Brought to Tertiary Care Teaching Institute of Haryana

Snakebite is a major public health problem throughout the world especially in tropical and sub-tropical countries. Snake venom is probably the oldest known poison to mankind and has been described in oldest medical writings and myths. Since the dawn of civilization, snakes have inspired a mystic feeling of good and evil in human mind. An authentic measure of the global burden of snakebite envenoming remains obscure despite several attempts to estimate it and, apart from a few countries, reliable figures on incidence, morbidity, and mortality remains elusive. This retrospective autopsy-based observational study was carried out in the Department of Forensic Medicine of a tertiary care teaching institute of Haryana during 8-year time span from 2010 to 2017. A total of 55 fatal cases of snake bites which included 38 males and 17 females were used to study the trend of disease. As observed in the study, maximum cases were from 21-30 years age group of rural background having male preponderance and snake bite related deaths peaked during monsoon season. The other observations noticed were, hands and feet were widely getting affected due to snake bite while swelling and cellulitis were the commonest findings seen at the local site of bite. Maximum cases had single set of fang marks seen at the site of bite while there were some cases with no visible marks. A discussion on the findings of our study could be used to formulate a rough idea of burden of this neglected disease in Haryana state and there is an urgent need to educate the population regarding the risks and create awareness regarding seeking timely treatment for the same.