Daughter In Law Research Articles

명말 청초 여성 시인들의 교류시

We have taken a look about lately Ming and early Qing period’s aspect of female poetry of exchange, mainly about object character group and major feature. Most of the objects of female poetry of exchange are relative, which includes daughter, sister, daughter in law, sister in law, and it is most important and frequently appeared. In this point, we could see the difference between female poetry of exchange and male-centered traditional poetry very clear, in which most important objects are poetic companion, who they made a relationship through travel or government position. This evidence let us convince that family is the most important motive of female poetry for its beginning to development.BR The second important objects are female companions, women don

Effects of Psychological Stress of Working Women in their Lifestyle

The role of working women in Indian society is always being a topic of debate. In India, women's work has been defined traditionally; to take care of family is the most priority work for them. Women have to play their different role as a wife, daughter in law and mother exclusively which involves variety of works like food preparation, coordinate with husband, taking care of old age parents, responsibility of child/children and other household works. At the same time working women are involving with the dual responsibility of works, official and Family where one more responsibility become added on their head as an earner. Working women maintained the traditional work along with the responsibility of works involve at work place. The multifunctional role and responsibilities of working women increases their physical and psychological burden and more burden may increases stress level which result depression, anxiety, tension, family conflict and other health problems in their life. The main objective of the study is to identify the problems and issues which arise due to psychological stress of working women and its effects on their lifestyle. The study included to find out the status of working women in India. The data is to be gathered by using secondary data collection method and then graphical representation. The finding of the study revealed the information about working women psychological stress and their lifestyle in India.

Caring of Old: Carer's Perspective

The burden of aging society and concern towards the shift in young-old population balance is felt throughout the world. The increasing proportions of older persons have been accompanied, in most populations, by steady declines in the proportion of young persons (UN, 2013). Population of over 60 years olds will reach to one billion within the decade estimates report prepared by UNFPA and Help Age International, 2012. In India too, the pressure is mounting with the increased number of 'Older' people (60+ years) by 54.77 percent in the last 15 years. Older People are now living longer with increasing life expectancy and availability of better health facilities but are also requiring more assistance or care to manage their day to day activities. There are many challenges in providing better quality of life to older people especially those requiring high support needs. Older people as a group are also divers and each of them have a distinct need. Carers of older person play a key role in meeting these challenges. Caregivers represent an important source of care for older person and are present in some form in all societies. A caregiver is someone who assumes responsibility for the care of an older person who has some health problems. In Indian context, this role is usually played by family member /members mainly female spouse, daughter in law, son or daughter. The role of caregiver can become increasingly burdensome if the person needs constant care. However, as older persons have many assets, strengths and resources, they can be used, involved in the process of providing care. The aim of this article is to provide an overview of the issues/problems faced by caregivers, level of stress experienced by them in their family relationship and adjustment, burden in different areas of family functioning, social and emotional reactions of caregivers to the responsibility of care giving. The paper is based on the findings of an empirical qualitative in-depth study conducted in the state of Gujarat, India during the year 2012-13. The study concludes that care giving role is a serious and ongoing process. Caregivers often face hardships of various kinds. Daily activities of the care giving coupled with lack of social and familial support causes burden of care, stress and frustration and greatly affect care givers contributing to negative adaptation to the situation thus affecting the their total quality of life. In spite of this carers found lot of satisfaction in the role of carer and carried it out as a sense of their duty to give back.

Doug Kahn: The Pied Piper of Tax Law

Doug Kahn’s love of tax law appears to be contagious. His wife was a tax lawyer, his son is now a tax law professor, and even his daughter in law is a tax lawyer. Doug may have caught the “tax disease” from his elder brother, who was also a leading tax lawyer. In politics, we have the Kennedys, the Bushes, and the Clintons; in the world of tax law, we have the Kahn family dynasty. One can only assume that the discussions around the family Thanksgiving table sliced and diced tax regulations and policies right along with the turkey and trimmings. Doug attained his “pied piper” status by inspiring untold numbers of law students to follow him in the study and practice of tax law in the years since he joined the Michigan Law faculty in 1964. Many, if not most of these law students took Doug’s tax courses because they felt they needed to, rather than out of any compelling desire to immerse themselves in tax law. After all, tax law is generally considered difficult to understand, and Doug’s courses had the reputation of requiring a great deal of work. The great Albert Einstein may have formulated the theory of relativity, but even he had a hard time grasping tax law, reportedly saying, “[t]he hardest thing in the world to understand is income taxes.”

Prevalence and risk factors of post partum depression in a sample of women in Basrah

Background and objective: Post partum depression is considered an important public health concern worldwide with its negative impact on mothers and children. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and risk factors of post partum depression among women in Basrah. Methods: Data were collected by interviewing women 8-12 weeks post partum using a questionnaire including information on socio-demographic and prenatal, natal and postnatal medical history. Postpartum depression was assessed using an Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale. Results: A total of 302 women were included in the study. The prevalence of postnatal depressive symptoms was 31.5%. The results showed no significant relationships between depression symptoms and education, occupation, monthly income and parity, while several obstetric and psychosocial variables were significantly associated with postnatal depression. On multiple regression analysis, history of depressive symptoms, anaemia during pregnancy, exposure to violence and relationship with mother or daughter in law remained significant factors (P <0.001) Conclusion: A substantial number of women in Basrah showed postpartum depression. Further research is required to affirm these determinations.

Makna Kalalah dan Penindasan Hak Perempuan

The article discusses the shifting process of free inheritance system (wasiat) into the codified one (ilm al-faraidh). In this shift of system, Hadis serves as its key factor. In the realm of interpretation discourse and Islamic Law, al-Syafi’i pays keen attention on the use of Hadis. In addition, the use of Hadis implicates a sequence of methodologies in order to support certain arguments, such as found in the ijma’.The use of hadis relatively functions as mediation of various ideas, applying particular way toward certain intended conclusion. Having utilized the methodological formulation, Al-Syafi’i, in this regard, situates the involvement in the interpretation of inheritance verses (QS. 4:11-12 and 176). Al-Syafi’i’s view has deeply embedded in al-Thabari, one of the interpreters on the school. Both al-Syafi’i and al-Thabari have implemented Hadis as the main source in interpretating of the inheritance verses. As the result, it reveals the following concluding remarks: 1). the deletion of the wasiat verses with the inheritance ones, 2). the codification of reading in a passive form (yuratsu and yusa), and 3). the codification of “kalalah” meaning becoming all the heirs except mother, father and the children. Although the codification can mediate the debates, it still reveals a further complicated problem.The problem is on the fact that there are some heiress that actually deserved on the inheritance, but they are in the danger of disinheritance. In inheritance context, it serves not only the passing process of the property between previous and recent generations, but it also relates women’s existence and the positionality vis a vis that of men. In a historical investigation and cross-reference, it is profound that the meaning of “kalalah” denoted female in law (wife, daughter in law or probably sister in law) that deserved as the heiress of the man.[Tulisan ini menggambarkan proses perubahan sistem waris yang bebas (wasiat) menjadi sistem waris yang baku (ilm al-faraid). Dalam perubahan ini, hadis memegang peran kunci. Dalam percaturan wacana penafsiran maupun hukum Islam, penggunaan hadis telah ditanamkan sebegitu penting oleh al-Syafi’i. Melalui hadis juga terbentuk seperangkat metodologi, seperti ijma’, yang bisa dijadikan sebagai penguat sebuah argumentasi. Penggunaan hadis pun mampu menutup segala bentuk perbedaan pendapat, dengan menggiringnya pada satu kesimpulan yang dikehendaki. Dengan rumusan metodis yang ditanamkan, al-Syafi’i otomatis terlibat dalam percaturan wacana penafsiran ayat waris (QS. 4:11-12 dan 176). Pandangan al-Syafi’i mampu mengakar kuat dalam benak para penafsir di kalangan mazhabnya, di antaranya al-Thabari. Baik al-Syafi’i maupun al-Thabari, hadis dijadikan rujukan utama dalam penafsiran ayat waris ini, sehingga menghasilkan kesimpulan bertahap: 1) adanya pembatalan ayat wasiat oleh ayat waris, 2) pembakuan bacaan dalam bentuk pasif (yuratsu dan yusa), dan berakhir pada 3) pembakuan makna kalalah menjadi semua ahli waris selain ibu-bapak dan anak. Meskipun pembakuan ini mampu meredam perdebatan, tetapi tetap meninggalkan problematika yang lebih rumit. Ada beberapa golongan perempuan yang sebenarnya berhak menerima warisan, kini terhapuskan dari daftar ahli waris. Dalam pewarisan bukan semata pengaturan peralihan kekayaan antar generasi, tetapi juga menyangkut kedudukan dan eksistensi perempuan vis a vis dengan laki-laki. Melalui investigasi historis dan cross refrence, terungkaplah makna kalalah sebagai female in law (istri, menantu perempuan, atau mungkin ipar perempuan) yang berhak menerima warisan almarhum.]

Contextual Factors in Conflicts in Multicultural Mother and Daughter In-law Relationships: A Qualitative Approach with Dyadic In-depth Interviews

The in-law relationship traditionally plays a major role in Korean marriages and families because parents-inlaw prefer to stay with their son under the same roof. The recent spike in the number of intercultural matches in South Korea may be provoking changes in the traditional family experience. The object of this qualitative study was to explore the contextual factors causing conflicts between mothers-in-law and their daughtersin- law in multicultural families. Six mother and daughter in-law dyads from rural areas of South Korea were recruited and interviewed. We found that the mothers-in-law and daughters-in-law had had different motives for the marriage at first. Five major themes emerged from the analysis of the dyadic interviews: the conflicts of the participants were embedded in the alternative family formation, in financial strains and the power structure, barriers in communication, cultural insensitivity and conflicts between value systems, as well as in role conflicts due to differing role expectations and hegemony. In conclusion, the authors of this study suggest that increasing cultural sensitivity and communication skills in immigrant daughter-in-law and Korean mother-inlaw relationships will be crucial for a healthy in-law relationship. The need for the availability of Multicultural Family Centers’ services in the community was highlighted. In order for mothers-in-law and daughters-in-law to form positive relationships, it is important to facilitate a variety of easily accessible educational programs in the community focusing on fostering the mother-in-law’s understanding of the daughter-in-law’s perspective.

PREDICTORS OF QUALITY OF LIFE AMONG PRIMARY CAREGIVERS OF DEMENTIA ELDERLY

Korean culture that dementia elderly should be cared at home by his/her spouse or adult children, is still remaining. Otherwise, family members may have guilty feeling. In that cultural context, quality of life (QoL) of primary caregiver is seriously threatened. The aim of this study was to explore the predictors of QoL of caregivers as the basis for improving the QoL among caregiver of elderly with dementia. Eighty-four dementia elderly caregivers were recruited for this study. Participants were a family member or significant other who took care of the elderly in most of time. Korean version of WHO Quality of Life -Brief, Revised version of Caregiver Burden Inventory, Medical Outcomes Study Social Support Survey, Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression scale, and Neuropsychiatry Inventory questionnaire were administered. Twenty three (27.4%) caregivers were male. Mean age of the subjects was 56.73(± 13.28) years ranging from 25 to 88 years. Fifty seven (67.9%) caregivers received more than high school education. Seventy two (85.7%) participants married. The relationships between dementia elderly and the caregiver were spouse 27.4%, daughter/son 44.1%, daughter in law 27.4%, and others such as grandson/granddaughter, relatives, sister/brother, etc. 8.4%. Mean care time was 11.4 hours per day.Overall QoL score was 75.61(± 15.65). Subjective health score was 3.17(± 0.94) and ADL score of dementia elderly was 9.38(± 2.80). The change of family relationship score was 15.83(± 4.49) and care burden score was 29.58(± 7.42). Social support score was 60.53(± 21.31) and depression score was 22.73 (± 12.87). In addition, seriousness of behavior of dementia elderly was 14.20(± 8.92) and the score of suffering from the neuropsychiatric behavior was 17.14(± 12.74). In multiple regression analysis, the significant factors influencing QoL of the caregiver were depression, ADL function, social support, subjective health, and daily mean caring time. These five variables explained about 67 percent of variance of QoL among primary caregivers. Subjective health and social support were consistent influencing factors like the results of previous studies, but care burden was not significant factor in this study. To improve caregivers' QoL, these significant variables need to be intervened in personal, social and health policy aspects.

소설 『완득이』를 통해 본 한국사회의 다문화 판타지 고찰: 지젝의 이데올로기론을 중심으로

This study is the qualitative research investigated by Slavoj Zizek’s ideology theory for multicultural phenomenon of Korean society which changes into a multicultural society. This study analyzes the text novel『Wandeuky』to an analyze the multiculturalism working as a fantasy in the point of Zizek’s. The result of analysis of ‘Multicultural fantasy’ through text analysis in the novel『Wandeuky』are as following: First, Korean people look down on and have antipathy for people who have relatively dark or black skin according to the skin color. Korean people face people friendly who have relatively white skin. Secondly, when marriage migrant women become a family member as a wife, mother, and other roles, there is a duplex recognition of multicultural fantasy for marriage migrant women who complies with traditional gender as a daughter in law, wife and mother etc, as distinct from multicultural fantasy for other races. Thirdly, despite of the written clause of Multicultural Families Support act, a ‘multicultural family’in Korea has a multicultural fantasy that the family is regarded as a combination with women from developing countries and Korean men who do not have economic power in the marriage market. Fourth, Korean society has a fantasy that children from multicultural families are confused about their identities and have lower grade due to the passive behaviour. But it is also shown that Korean society has a fantasy that the children will grow up to be the class who prevent population decrease with the help from government and society.

'Assisted Peritoneal Dialysis' - Who does it ? And What Is The Relationship To Peritonitis ?

This study aimed at retrospectively evaluating the care giver profile in our PD patient and analyzing the occurrence ofperitonitis in relation to the relationship of the care giver to the patient and their educational profile. This is a retrospective study. The study duration was from April 1999 to March 2013. The relationship of the care giver to the patients, the educational status of the care givers were related to the occurrence of peritonitis in the patients. Statistical analysis was done using SPSS 17 software and a p value of< 0.05 was considered significant. Total number of patients initiated on PD during this study period was 235. There were 180 men and 55 women. The basic renal disease was Diabetic nephropathy in 140 and non diabetic renal disease in 95. Wife was the care giver in 142 (60.42 %), followed by husband 26 (11 %), son 21 (8.9%), daughter 15 (6.38%), home nurse 10(4.2%) and others in21( 8.9%) including daughter in law 7(3%), mother 4(1.7%), sister 3 (1.3%), brother I (0.4%), self2 (0.8%) and other relatives 4 (1.6%). Fifty seven patients had peritonitis and 85 did not with 'wife' as the care provider and among the other care providers 28 had peritonitis and 65 did not and this is not statistically significant (p=0.506 NS). 137 care givers (58.2%) had college level education and 98 (41.2%) were educated up to school level. One hundred fifty (63.8% )patients had no peritonitis during follow up - 86 caregivers were college educated and 64 had school level education. Eighty five patients (36.2%) had one or more episodes of peritonitis - 51 were college educated and 34 had education up to schoollevel.(p=0.118 NS). In our study wife was the principle care provider and there was no significant difference in the peritonitis between 'wife' and the rest. Also the educational status of the care giver does not influence the peritonitis occurrence.

A Tribute to Prof. Kameshwar S. Bhargava: An Indian Plant Virologist (1918–2010)

Prof. Kameshwar Sahai Bhargava was born in Rewari, Haryana in the family of Shri Janki Prasad Bhargava and Smt. Gayatri Devi. Both father and mother were highly religious, strict disciplinarians and much respected selfless social workers of the area. This influenced the childhood and formative years of Prof. Bhargava. His early education was at Rewari and St. Stephen’s College, New Delhi. There after he joined University of Allahabad and graduated in 1937, earned M.Sc. (Botany) in 1939 and D.Phil. (Botany) in 1943. Prof. Bhargava was all through a meritorious student. He was awarded Empress Victoria Readership in 1940 for doing research work at University of Allahabad; S. A. Hill Memorial Award for best research work in the Faculty of Science and E. G. Hill Memorial Award for best research work in the University. After serving for brief period at the University of Allahabad and Birla College, Pilani, Prof. Bhargava proceeded to England in 1945 on Central Government Overseas Scholarship, where he worked on properties of four strains of Cucumber mosaic virus and earned Ph.D. degree of the University of London in 1948. Thereafter he returned to India and served at the University of Allahabad, Banaras Hindu University and as Professor of Botany and Vice Principal at DSB Govt. College, Nainital. In 1958, University of Gorakhpur invited him as founder Professor and Head, Department of Botany. There he laid strong foundation of the Dept. of Botany and developed premier center of research in Plant Virology. Prof. Bhargava served this University till 1983 at positions of Dean, Faculty of Science; Dean, Faculty of Agriculture; Director, College Development Council; Pro Vice Chancellor and Vice Chancellor. He guided several Ph.D. students and published more than 150 research papers. He was a widely traveled person. His pioneer works on temperate fruits, ornamentals, vegetables and sugarcane were widely acknowledged. Prof. Bhargava strived hard to strengthen teaching program in Virology in India. In recognition of his meritorious services, he was elected Fellow of Indian National Science Academy, National Academy of Science, India, and National Academy of Agricultural Sciences, India. He was also Fellow of Indian Botanical Society, Indian Phytopathological Society and Indian Virological Society. Prof. Bhargava was elected President of Indian Botanical Society, Indian Phytopathological Society and Indian Virological Society. He served on various national and international committees. In his honor Indian Virological Society instituted “Prof. Kameshwar Sahai Bhargava Award” in 2007 which is annually presented to an outstanding scientist in the field of Virology. In his honor University of Gorakhpur has also instituted in 2012 “Prof. K. S. Bhargava Memorial Lecture” which will be delivered each year by an eminent scientist. After establishing research work in Plant Virology in India, Prof. Bhargava for the first time studied and identified three virus diseases of temperate fruits viz. plum line pattern on plums, mosaic diseases on peach and mosaic disease on apple and identified four viral diseases on ornamentals viz. mosaic diseases of Mirabilis, petunias, garden nasturtium and rose in the country. Further to this he concentrated on virus diseases of cucurbits and reported Watermelon mosaic virus and Cucumber mosaic virus. In addition to cucurbits he identified mosaic and ring spot viral diseases on papaya and mosaic disease on tree tomato (Cyphomandra betacea) and Bermuda grass (Cynodon dactylon). He for the first time used sugar cane differentials in India and identified five strains of Sugarcane mosaic virus. Prof. Bhargava also for the first time reported association of mycoplasma like bodies (phytoplasma) with grassy shoot diseases of sugar cane. In epidemiological studies, he reported perpetuation of Watermelon mosaic virus disease and Sugarcane mosaic virus disease in nature. He used various novel methods for the management of viral diseases which included antiviral activity of botanicals including pteridophytes, oil spray and inhibitory property of milk. He partially identified virus inhibitor from the leaf extract of fern (Ampelopteris prolifera). With his long experience of teaching and research in Plant Virology he helped to strengthen science of Plant Virology in particular and science of Virology in general in India. After the demise of his wife Smt. Shakuntala Devi he moved to USA and lived with his son Shri Bharat Bhargava. Till to the last day he was very active in academics. Prof. Bhargava is survived by his son and daughter in-law, two daughters and son in-laws, and grand and great grand children. He will be fondly remembered as a committed scientist and teacher, a strict disciplinarian, an able administrator, for simplicity, punctuality, easy accessibility and qualities of head and heart. He has left behind a rich legacy of intellectual thought, inquiry and study.

Destination Choice of the 1995–2000 Immigrants to Japan: Salient Features and Multivariate Explanation

The purpose of this paper is to identify the salient features of the destination choices made by new immigrants who entered Japan in the 1995–2000 period, and to provide a multivariate explanation for their choice behaviors. The salient features can be summarized as follows; first, destination-choice patterns differed markedly by ethnicity; second, the higher the educational qualification of the immigrants, the greater the attraction of the Tokyo prefecture and the less dispersed the destination-choice pattern; and third, among female immigrants, those with the household status of daughter in law were more prone to go to the Tohoku region, where the maintenance of the traditional stem-family system was a serious concern. Our multivariate analysis has revealed that the destination choices made by the new immigrants were indeed subject to the selective effects of labor-market conditions, the distributions of coethnics, and the spatial patterns of marital opportunities in theoretically meaningful ways, and that labor-market conditions were most important, whereas marital opportunities were least important.

Acute bilateral anterior shoulder dislocation following domestic assault – case report

A rare case of acute bilateral anterior shoulder dislocation in an elderly woman is presented. This injury resulted from domestic physical assault by her daughter inlaw. Patient defaulted after initial treatment--a common practice by patients in our society. This case is being reported to highlight the occurrence of this rare orthopaedic emergency.

God’s Responsibility: Narrative Choice and Providential History in Mather’s Biblia Americana Commentary on Ezra

God's Responsibility:Narrative Choice and Providential History in Mather's Biblia Americana Commentary on Ezra Harry Clark Madux (bio) Think not that I am come to send peace on earth: I come not to send peace, but a sword. For I am come to set a man at variance against his father, and the daughter against her mother, and the daughter in law against her mother in law. And a man's foes shall be they of his own household. —Matthew 10.34–36 And Ezra the priest stood up, and said unto them, Ye have transgressed, and have taken strange wives, to increase the trespass of Israel. Now therefore make confession unto the Lord God of your fathers, and do his pleasure, and separate yourselves from the people of the land, and from the strange wives. Then all the congregation answered and said with a loud voice, As thou hast said, so must we do. —Ezra 10.10–12 Cotton Mather's remarks on the canonical book of Ezra in his massive but never-published Biblia Americana appear straightforward enough at first. Ezra was, after all, a text that Mather took to be fairly historical. Moreover, because critics have tended to concentrate on his biographical approach to history, especially as evidenced in the more readily accessible Magnalia Christi Americana, it is tempting to read his annotations on Ezra in that same vein. Mather's own advertisement for the Biblia in the Magnalia (104–6) seems positively calculated to encourage facile comparison of the two. Such comparison, though, is ultimately misleading: a particular idea of history is central to Mather's understanding of Ezra, but seeing his commentary in that primary way does not disclose well the other aims of this portion of the American Bible. [End Page 305] Mather's reflections on Ezra deserve to be understood as notes that could be assembled into a sermon or sermon-cycle in what was already by his lifetime a long tradition of practical theology. From this vantage point, the commentary is a ministerial or devotional aid.1 As Mather writes it, or, more accurately, extracts it from the 1727 A Commentary upon the Historical Books of the Old Testament, by Simon Patrick, Ezra is a story of how personal identity is revealed in pious actions, actions emphasized by the larger pattern of history that overlays the text.2 The method of demonstration is one of example and counter-example, the thematic weight of which collectively proves that reformation is not a single passive event, but a clear and continuous choice. The story, though not quite the commentary, ends in the climactic scene of the returned Jews divorcing their "strange," foreign wives, and so implicitly poses the question of whether the reader, or the auditor, will promote or impede the providential plan of God. The overall effect is startling, and is no doubt meant to be, because the narrative direction of Ezra is at once radical and paradoxically conservative. An account of individual decision-making, Ezra is also intended to display the eternal continuity of God's providence. Through the combination of the two, Mather weighs the exceptionalism of Jewish history against the singularity of events in New England during his own lifetime, including the effects of the Restoration and the requirements of the new charter, even as he balances the divine story of Ezra with the lamentably consistent, half-hearted attempts of humans to re-create their own fallen selves. The crucial point of Ezra is that God keeps his own counsel, regardless of what humans do. The inescapable consequence is that redeemed humans can only act as God leads them to. However painful the breaking of conjugal bonds surely was, and Mather does not attempt to disguise this reality, the final decision was God's responsibility, for if God does not provide reasonable evidence of his will, then humanity can only haphazardly abide by it. Chance, rather than God, becomes the arbiter of history, a possibility that Mather could never bring himself to concede (Middlekauf 287). The separation of at least some of the Jews from other cultural groups was in this sense blessedly, albeit terribly, predetermined. The action...

“CHERCHEZ LA FEMME,” OR SEX, LIES AND THE BIBLE

The article's title both unearths and introduces the article's prevailing proclivities on ideological grounds: unveiling and displaying the way the Biblical text cultivates an unworthy credo that embraces and internalizes indecent norms of abusing women by depriving them of their elementary rights and freedom, by belittling their intellectual faculties, by considering the woman as nothing a passive womb, or a piece of merchandise, devoid of any rights, appreciation, compassion. Indeed, the Bible exhibits some example that may contest the above. Such are the cases of Debora the prophetess; Yael who killed bravely the Israel's foe Sisera; and to a certain extend Miriam. Nevertheless, those examples are very few in comparison with the “myriads” cases in which the Biblical woman is humiliated, exploited, hoaxed, “enslaved”, both helplessly and hopelessly “harnessed” to a male oriented agenda, derogated, animadverted, put to shame, robbed of her most basis needs, wishes and an opportunity to defme and materialize her own role and place in society. The article may be bisected into two parts: the descriptive, panoramic part and the critical, interpretative, analyzed part. The first part reviews both panoramically and comprehensively “hosts” of cases that plausibly attest to the article's leading idea. The second part, however, is the more analytical part of the article since it interprets fastidiously and systematically some Biblical cases. Among them are the following. Eve is degraded, humiliated and wronged in the story of the Garden of Eden since she brilliantly breaches the Bible's agenda, one that promotes the male's verbal and intellectual faculties, by exhibiting an admirable level of cleverness and intellectual capacity that eclipse and cloud Adam's. Sara in the chronicle of Abraham's descent to Egypt where she is practically enslaved and sold like a sexual object to Pharaoh only to enable Abraham's selfish, egoistic, shamefully materialistic desires materialize and being met by disgraceful success. Tamar the wife of sinful Er and daughter in law of Judah who is portrayed as a swindler, a pathetically dishonorable person who is ignominiously stumbled by his sexual lust. Tamar's deprivation and humiliation are underlined by comparing her chronicles with Joseph's in the land of Egypt. In all cases mentioned above, and in others as well, the heartlessly, shamefully cynical fashion in which the woman is put down and deprived to the point that she is incredulously used by the male oriented society as a piece of sellable merchandise, or as nothing but a womb that is expected to serve the male's ambitions and the Bible's agenda, is analyzed insightfully while unveiling in the text in focus aesthetic devices, poetic patterns and literary mechanisms that serve effectively the Biblical text's ideology. The article commences with a comprehensive portrayal of the study of feminism and anti feminism in world's literature, thought and drama.

High Anxiety: Masculinity in Crisis in Early Modern France ed. by Kathleen P. Long (review)

REVIEWS 235 Princeton University Press, 2001) xi + 304 pp., ill., maps. Judith Herrin graces us with an informative and entertaining account of the rule of three Byzantine empresses, Women in Purple. Irene, Euphrosyne, and Theodora ruled the eastern Mediterranean Christian empire of Byzantium in the eighth and ninth centuries A.D. In addition to the dubious honor of being women rulers in an age when few females yielded such power, all three left lasting contributions to universal art and culture by preserving and protecting the veneration of religious icons in the Eastern Christian Church. The policy against the worship of icons had its beginnings in the seventh century. Throughout the 720s and 730s the Saracens were attacking the outreaches of Byzantium with the ultimate goal of entrenching themselves in the capital city of Constantinople. After a series of defeats at the hands of the Arabs , the Byzantine emperor Leo III, believing that his Arab enemies were granted victory because of their strict stand against the worship of images, issued an edict banning the worship of all icons in his own empire. In 787, at Empress Irene’s initiative, the worship of icons was reinstated. Surviving numerous plots designed to dethrone her, Irene is the first woman ruler of Byzantium, a precedent that served Euphrosyne and Theodora well. Her ascent to power is an accomplishment in itself considering that Irene insists on being declared empress at a time when the concept of a Byzantine woman ruler was inconceivable. Empress Euphrosyne’s most notable contribution was as mentor to her daughter in law, Theodora. Euphrosyne made sure that the final bridal candidates , Theodora included, were all iconophiles., and she continued to aid the cause of the iconophiles from behind the scenes as advisor to the young Theodora . Euphrosyne’s inclusion in this trilogy serves more as a link between the generations than as portrait of an innovator. The definitive restoration of icon worship takes place in March 843 as a result of Empress Theodora’s efforts. Success was not an easy task as she needed to gain the support of the church, the army, the nobles, and the public at large. As a result of her efforts in the restoration of icons, she is canonized as a saint in the Easter Christian Church. The famous Menologion of Basil of ca. 1000 attests to this, portraying Theodora with a halo and holding a small round icon. The restoration of icons is more than a story on successful policy making in the Middle Ages or a captivating account of the cultural legacy of an long gone empire. In the context of the times, the policy of restoration can also be viewed as a triumph for the status of women in Byzantine society. Outside of the nunnery it was very rare for a woman to attain a position of power or influence; even communities of nuns were dependent upon an ordained priest. Relegated outside the corridors of power, political or religious, women found fulfillment in the adoration of icons in the privacy of their own homes, so perhaps it is no coincidence that women rulers had a special role in the restoration of icons. MIHAELA LUIZA FLORESCU, Cerritos College, Norwalk, CA High Anxiety: Masculinity in Crisis in Early Modern France, ed. Kathleen P. Long (Kirksville, MO: Truman State University Press 2002) xviii+ 238 pp. The authors of the eleven essays that comprise the anthology High Anxiety: Masculinity in Crisis in Early Modern France, edited by Kathleen P. Long, REVIEWS 236 argue that the social and political upheaval in the period following the French Wars of Religions resulted in an anxiety about masculinity. These authors attempt to tease out the developments of masculinity and the male norm in sixteenth - and seventeenth-century France that would eventually result in the transformation of such institutions such as marriage, monarchy, the market, and the church, in the period leading up to and after the Revolution. The authors, who are primarily scholars of literature or French studies, examine a wide range of sources from pamphlets, fairy tales, jokes, poetry, and medical works to the works of such authors as Montaigne and Labé. The volume opens with “Louise Labé’s Transgressions...

The Forgotten Generation

When a parent assumes the caregiving responsibilities of someone with Alzheimer's disease, the relationships between family members, as well as the family roles, may be altered. The caregiving role is generally assumed by the female within the home; a daughter or daughter in-law. The children of the caregivers are affected as their mother becomes involved with the caregiving responsibility of their grandparents with Alzheimer's. The leisure patterns of the family are affected as the grandparent's behavior and daily care affect the everyday routines of the family. The focus of this research was to gather information to generate new insights about how granddaughters were affected when their grandmothers had Alzheimer's disease. Information was collected by interviewing six granddaughters. The themes that emerged from the granddaughters' stories included problems with social interaction and feelings of embarrassment due to the grandmothers' behavior. Stress and tension, feelings of guilt, feelings of sadness, feelings of frustration and anger also emerged. Avoiding the caregiving situation, participating in activities, the need for possessing information about Alzheimer's disease and the importance of support were other themes that emerged. These themes formed the foundation for a model that illustrates the interaction of the themes on the granddaughters in this Study.

Inpatient rehabilitation with balneotherapy in the elderly--our experience over the last 10 years

We describe 308 patients hospitalized for rehabilitation incorporating balneotherapy in our hospital between 1986 and 1996, with respect to age, place of residence, disease, duration of impairment, duration of hospitalization, reason for hospitalization, person taking care of the patient, and family size. Patients in eighth decade of life were the most common and 41% of the patients were residents of Kusatsu. Cerebral diseases were the most common (36%). The average length of hospitalization was 72 days. The reason for hospitalization, person taking care of patient and family size were compared between patients 60 to 79 years old and patients 80 years old or older. Many patients came from afar to our hospital with expectation of rehabilitation using balneotherapy. More than half of the patients 80 years old or older were admitted at their own request without a doctor's letter of introduction. The person who most often took care of a patient 80 years old or older was the patient's daughter in law. The average length of hospitalization of patients who were taken care of by their wife, husband, daughter, son, daughter in law, and nobody were 58, 71, 75, 114, 86, and 124 days, respectively. Many patients 60 to 79 years old lived alone or with another family member, but most of those 80 years old or older lived with at least 2 other family members. The lack of a definite goal for rehabilitation might have prolonged these patients' hospital stays. Balneotherapy might have given them an incentive to continue their rehabilitation and made their quality of life better.

In the Same Kitchen. Mother-in-law and Daughter-in law in a 20th Century Norwegian Farmer Society.

The paper discusses power among women in the rural family. "Mother-in-law" is a cultural stereotype which is charged with negative meaning. Being a mother-in- law is at best something ambigous. In peasant culture this ambiguity is visible because the mother-in-law is both the one with power and the one who teaches the daughter-in-law how to be a skillful farm woman. The relationship between the mother-in-law and the daughter-in-law may be studied as a part of the gender division of labour. It has much in common with the relationship between the mistress and the female servants. But unlike the maid, the daughter-in-law was not paid for her work, her labour contract being founded on emotional premises. When you are searching for a collective rationality behind the behaviour of more or less "difficult" mother-in-laws, it becomes apparent that economic and emotional motives comprise individual solutions. Therefore, an understanding of the relationship between mother-in-law and daughter-in-law may be established within a polarity determined by economy and love. Such a polarity is loaded with tension which in turn is avoided via "common behaviour" which functions like a lightening rod. The myth about the evil mother-in-law makes women responsible for the exploitation of female labour, and thus conceals the patriarchal structure within the rural family. This myth has served as a barrier against alliances among the female generations within the family. It nourishes the assertion that women are their own worst enemies, and thus contributes to keeping this idea alive.