Data Conversion System Research Articles

Distributed cyber-physical systems that enhance local-based frugal innovation toward a sustainable built environment

The paper debates the comparison between centralized cyber-physical systems and distributed cyber-physical systems (CPS). Centralized CPS implies a system where a single player standardizes data format and protocol together with core services. Distributed CPS implies a system where varieties of digitalization systems by multiple vendors are interconnected to adapt to specific local contexts. Then the paper identifies that distributed CPS has practical advantages over centralized CPS. However, distributed CPS has potential disadvantages that threaten interconnectivity among digitalization systems by multiple vendors. The paper illustrates how such fragmentation could be avoided; it presents how interoperable linkage among multiple systems is realized. IoT-Hub, a sort of data conversion system, is an enabler of interoperability. The paper illustrates the framework of distributed CPS. That comprises several layers that could be managed autonomously by independent players regardless of activities in other layers. The paper exemplifies local-based frugal innovation by such distributed CPS. One example is IoT-based proactive energy demand control system. The system is composed of sensing systems, component systems and application software. The distributed CSP that deploys IoT-Hub enables adaptable coordination of building elements and digitalized systems respecting local specific contexts. In such a way, distributed CPS provides a comfortable indoor climate with optimized energy use. The other example is IoT-based inventory system for building materials. The system is composed of manufacturing process monitoring systems and logistics monitoring systems. The integrated system could provide reportable and verifiable inventory data of building materials. The system can facilitate responsible use of building materials by providing inventory data that is a piece of essential information for environmental declaration. Exemplified cases suggest how distributed CPS strategy has the potential to encourage a broad range of entrepreneurs to commit to frugal innovation toward a sustainable built environment.

Decimation of Delta-Sigma-Modulated Signals Using a Low-Cost Microcontroller

varDelta varSigma analog-to-digital converters (ADCs) are largely used in sensor acquisition applications. In the last few years, standalone varDelta varSigma modulators have become increasingly available as off-the-shelf parts. To build a complete ADC, a standalone modulator has to be paired with some advanced elaboration unit, such as a field programmable gate array (FPGA) or a digital signal processor (DSP), which is needed for the implementation of the decimation filter. This work investigates the use of low-cost, general-purpose microcontrollers for the decimation of varDelta varSigma -modulated signals. The main challenge is given by the clock frequency of the modulator, which can be in the range of a few hbox {MHz}. The proposed technique deals with this limitation by employing two serial peripheral interface (SPI) modules in a time-interleaved configuration. This approach allows for continuous acquisition and elaboration of relatively high-speed, digital signals. The technique has been applied to a case study, and a data conversion system has been practically realized. The performance of the proposed filter is compared to that of a digital filter, present on board a commercial microcontroller, and the results of experimental tests are provided.

Fast automatic frequency calibration assisted phase-locked highly stable optoelectronic oscillator

Highly stable, low phase noise microwave oscillators are essential for various applications. An optoelectronic oscillator (OEO) can overcome the short-term phase noise limitation of pure electronic oscillators at high oscillation frequency. Nonetheless, the long-term frequency stability should be addressed. To stabilize the frequency of OEO, a phase-locked loop (PLL) is widely used to synchronize the OEO to a stable reference. However, due to the narrow free-spectral-range (FSR) of the oscillation cavity of the OEO, the pull-in range of the PLL is limited. It is challenging to acquire phase-locking at startup and phase-relocking when mode-hopping of OEO occurs. Here, by using an automatic frequency calibration (AFC) assisted PLL, we attain a highly stable 10 GHz phase-locked OEO with robust phase-locking at startup and phase-relocking when mode-hopping of OEO occurs, for the first time. With the use of a fast digitally-controlled frequency shifter and a real-time frequency error detection unit in the AFC loop, the phase-locking and phase-relocking time are below 120 ms. Furthermore, it shows the phase noise of -135 dBc/Hz at 10 kHz offset, side-mode suppression ratio (SMSR) of 128 dBc, and Allan deviation of 4.8×10-11 at 5000 s for the phase-locked OEO. We thoroughly investigate the dynamics of the automatic frequency calibration, the phase-locking process, the phase-relocking after OEO mode-hopping, the system under vibration, and the frequency switching. Our approach is promising to generate a highly stable, low phase noise, and determinate frequency microwave signal, which can be used as a low phase noise reference for a microwave frequency synthesizer and high performance sampling clock for a data conversion system.

Raspberry Pi based Sign to Speech Conversion System for Mute Community

Motion sign based language becomes important roles for mute community for data transmission. Mute people facing very difficult situation to convey information to normal people. We find the solution for dumb community to make their communication simple and smart using micro processor. We proposed a latest sign language system for dumb people; it helps in emergency situation to convey their required information to normal people easily. This proposed system converts their sign signal to voice. In this proposed method we implemented using Raspberry Pi microprocessor to fast conversion of data. In this technique two major roles that sign based data conversion and voice generation system using micro processor. For the implementation of this enhanced sign conversion system we used flex sensors as sign conversion and RPI module for processing and 3.5mm Audio jack for voice enable. This proposes system will be useful to all mute community, physically unable persons as well as older people to share their information in any situation.

Design of Ethernet-VLC Data Conversion System Based on FPGA

Visible light communication (VLC) has attracted people's attention due to its wide range of spectrum resources and good privacy in recent year. But research on visible light communication is mostly focused on LED materials, transfer protocol, transmission rates, etc. Lack of research that connect the visible light communications with existing communications methods. In this paper, we propose an Ethernet-visible data conversion system based on FPGA, including Ethernet interface logic, bit-width conversion logic, data buffer logic, and visible light communication transceiver logic. The proposed system achieves Ethernet and visible light access, and realizes 1000Mbps Ethernet data and 625Mbps visible light data conversion. Through buffer control, Ethernet data can be completely and reliably transmitted from high speed to low speed. By defining the structure of visible light communication frame and adding data self-recovery mechanism, data transmission has higher stability on the path of visible light. The feasibility of the system is proved by actual measurements.

약물 투여에 따른 기니피그 대장 운동 측정을 위한 압력센서 개발

Department of Electronics Engineering, Hanbat National University, Daejeon 34158, Korea(Received September 21, 2015; Revised December 2, 2015; Accepted December 7, 2015)Abstract: In this paper, in order to quantify the peristalsis occurrence in a guinea pig`s large intestine, a miniaturized air-gap capacitive pressure sensor was fabricated through micro-electro-mechanical system (MEMS). The proposed pressure sensor is a two-layered biocompatible polyimide substrate consisting of an air-gap capacitive plates between the substrates. The proposed pressure sensor was designed with a careful consideration of the structure and motility mechanism of the guinea pig`s large intestine. Artificial pellets were mounted on a prototype pressure sensor to provide some redundancies in the form of size and shape of the guinea pig feces. Capacitance of a prototype sensor was recorded to be 2.5 ~ 3 pF. This capacitance value was later converted to count value using a lab fabricated data conversion system. Sensitivity of the pressure sensor was recorded to be below 1 mmHg per atmospheric pressure. During in vivo testing, artificial peristalsis caused by drug injection was measured by inserting the prototype pressure sensor into the guinea pig’s large intestine and pressure data obtained due to artificial peristalsis was graphed using a labview program. The proposed pressure sensor could measure the pressure changes in the proximal, medial, and distal parts of the large intestine. The results of the experiment confirmed that pressure changes of guinea pig`s large intestine was proportional to the degree of drug injection.Keywords: Pressure sensor, MEMS, Polyimide, Artificial pellet, Intestinal motility ,-

A Design Method of Delta-Sigma Data Conversion System with Pre-Filter

AD/DA conversion has become a core technology in digital signal processing. Signal compression is one of the important components for AD/DA conversion systems. Delta-sigma modulator (DSM) is well k...

Method of developing all-optical parallel to serial converter exploiting Kerr non-linearity of medium

Different all-optical logic operations, memory blocks etc. are developed using the inherent parallelism of optics. In any digital communication and computation system, the role of serial to parallel and parallel to serial data conversion are very much essential for making a data convenient for transition. Here in this paper, the authors propose a new scheme for developing an all-optical parallel to serial data conversion system by using optical J– K Flip-Flops and some logic gates based on optical non-linear switches. The uses of such switches are widely established in the area of optical parallel computation. This process can be extend for developing some all-optical digital devices like shift register, optical pulse counters etc. The proposed scheme deals with the best use of high parallelism of the optics, so the super-fast processing speed can be achieved.

Hierarchical planning for a surface mounting machine placement

For a surface mounting machine (SMM) in printed circuit board (PCB) assembly line, there are four problems, e.g. CAD data conversion, nozzle selection, feeder assignment and placement sequence determination. A hierarchical planning for them to maximize the throughput rate of an SMM is presented here. To minimize set-up time, a CAD data conversion system was first applied that could automatically generate the data for machine placement from CAD design data files. Then an effective nozzle selection approach implemented to minimize the time of nozzle changing. And then, to minimize picking time, an algorithm for feeder assignment was used to make picking multiple components simultaneously as much as possible. Finally, in order to shorten pick-and-place time, a heuristic algorithm was used to determine optimal component placement sequence according to the decided feeder positions. Experiments were conducted on a four head SMM. The experimental results were used to analyse the assembly line performance.

Complementary mask pattern split for 8 in. stencil masks in electron projection lithography

We have improved the M-Split complementary mask pattern split program and our electron projection lithography (EPL) data conversion system to achieve a practical data processing time and data volume. The system was designed to rehierarchicalize the data, flattened after the subfield split, by extracting polygons that all have an identical shape as a cell. The M-Split stress check function was improved by using a normalized bending moment as a criterion. A clustered computing system was used to reduce the data processing time. The processing time for a complementary mask pattern split without rehierarchicalizing was reduced to 57 min by using the stress check function and a ten PC cluster system −3–10 times as fast as with commercially available EPL data conversion systems. We successfully fabricated a full-size 8 in. Si stencil mask consisting of 8000 subfields using the data for an actual 70 nm design-rule system on chip device to demonstrate the effectiveness of M-Split. With a higher performance PC cluster system and the rehierarchicalizing, we expect to further reduce the M-Split processing time to 10 min.

Development of data conversion system for electron beam projection lithography

Electron beam projection lithography (EPL) has been developed as one of the most promising candidates for the next generation lithography below 70 nm node devices. Stencil masks, which are used in the EPL technology as masks, have brought new necessities of data conversion such as dividing the data into two complementary masks. The patterns have to be divided and dispatched optimally onto each of the complementary masks in order to make the stencil masks manufacturable. We have developed a data conversion system for EPL, called “EPLON.” EPLON provides a solution to the problems mentioned and converts the data available on EPL. In this article, our method of converting the complementary mask data is presented.

From cloud-of-point coordinates to three-dimensional virtual environment: the data conversion system

Warsaw University of TechnologyInstitute Micromechanics and PhotonicsChodkiewicza 8PL-02-525 WarsawPolandE-mail: r.sitnik@mchtr.pw.edu.plAbstract. The sequential steps of conversion of data gathered by afull-field 3-D shape measurement optical system into CAD/CAM andmultimedia environments are discussed. The complete triangulation al-gorithm, which automatically creates the triangle mesh from the inputcloud of points, is described. Each block of this algorithm is explained indetail with special attention paid to the parameters controlling the qualityof the data conversion process. The adaptive process of reducing thenumber of the triangles based on a second derivative of local curvatureof an objects’ surface is explained. The error analysis is discussed ateach step of the cloud data processing in dependency of the algorithminitial parameters. The three algorithms that process additional color in-formation (R,G,B) into the texture mapped on the triangle mesh is pre-sented. The usefulness of the complete conversion process is proved bythe manufacturing of an exemplary object, exporting a human 3-D faceto the Internet and an example object into a 3-D virtual environment.

Framework and Strategy for Implementing an Information Technology-Based Pavement Management System

The advent of information and telecommunication technologies has had significant effects on the development and implementation of pavement management systems (PMSs) for state departments of transportation (DOTs) and also fosters great opportunities for improving states' highway pavement conditions through increased productivity and effectiveness in managing their highway pavement information. However, it still remains a challenge for state DOTs to successfully implement an integrated PMS due to the complexity of PMS and many issues involved in the development and implementation that need to be resolved. The development and implementation of an information technology (IT)-based PMS by the Georgia Department of Transportation is presented. On the basis of existing pavement management practices by Georgia DOT, the needs and concerns for improvements are identified in light of the advent of IT. The development of the conceptual IT-based PMS framework to meet Georgia DOT’s needs is first presented. The strategies for developing and implementing an integrated PMS are then presented, and the benefits of adopting the strategies are discussed. The need for incorporating a common spatial and temporal reference system to ensure system compatibility and integration for all the databases is discussed. Seven modules of this integrated IT-based PMS have been implemented, including the computerized pavement condition evaluation system, historical pavement performance data conversion and filtering system, network-level data management and analysis system, geographic information system analysis and visualization system, rehabilitation treatment decision system, highway maintenance management system, and the knowledge-based system for diagnosing pavement distress causes. Four modules currently under development are also described.

A modeling data conversion system as a CAD and CAM integration enabler

Three dimensional modeling feature identification has been recognized as one of the most important technologies for implementation of CAD and CAM integration. In this paper, we developed a modeling data conversion system focusing on 3D feature identification.

Enhancing a hierarchical, parallel electron beam data conversion processor toward 1 Gbit memory lithography

A new hierarchical, parallel electron beam (EB) data conversion system has been developed to be used in lithography for the fabrication of memories of 1 Gbit or more. The conversion system has been enhanced not only to meet EB writing requirements but also to cover new data processing capabilities required for critical dimension control and for optical resolution enhancement. The conversion system takes full advantage of the hierarchical, parallel technique and generates patterns for various EB lithography systems, including the EX-8 mask writing system, EX-8D wafer direct writing system, and MC-100 defect inspection system. The interface with computer aided design (CAD) systems has been improved by realizing direct input from CADENCE Opus or Edge and from a design rule checker ENMA in addition to CALMA GDSII format. A design guide has been established to guarantee efficient, problem-free hierarchical data conversion. Also, a new data compaction technique has been employed. The system is equipped with functions for increasing EB writing throughput. Moreover, functions for multipass writing and resize writing are available to improve pattern transfer fidelity in the resist development or chromium etching process. In the EB proximity effect correction, Ghost and dose modulation can be selectably used. For alternating phase shifting mask fabrication, a new CAD software to automatically assign shifter phase has been added. When a model 1 Gbit dynamic random access memory pattern with 0.15 μm minimum features designed following the design guide was scaled up for 4× reticle mask making and converted to the resize writing pattern on a workstation with four central processor units, the maximum conversion time per layer was 7 min 17 s, and an average conversion time was about 5 min. The data volume per mask amounted to 456 Mbytes. Using the compaction technique, the data volume was reduced to 1/7.7 at the maximum, and an average data compaction ratio of 4.5 was obtained.

Character Projection EB Data Conversion System Combined with Throughput Analyzer

An electron beam (EB) data conversion system for a character projection (CP) writing method has been constructed. The system has been developed based on an EB data conversion system for a variable-shaped beam (VSB), and a formatting module for CP writing was added. In addition, several functions have been developed to analyze CP writing patterns, and combined with the system. The functions aim to select the CP writing patterns that best reduce writing time and to achieve the highest throughput. The new system was applied to a real LSI pattern to test the conversion function and to estimate the conversion speed. A model pattern of a 1 Gbit dynamic random access memory was successfully converted to EB data format. The conversion processing time was less than 14 min for each layer.

High-Speed Electron Beam Data Conversion System Combining Hierarchical Operation with Parallel Processing

A new high-speed electron beam (EB) data conversion system has been developed for the variable-shaped beam EB reticle writing system EX-8. The target conversion rate from computer-aided design (CAD) data to EX-8 data is five reticles per hour for the class of 16-Mbit dynamic random access memory (DRAM) and beyond. To achieve this, both the hierarchical and parallel shape data operations and the parallel EB formatting have been adopted. Preprocesses for the hierarchical operations have been integrated, such as cell-overlap eliminations and the “doughnut process” which involves partially expanding shapes near cell boundaries. A 64-Mb DRAM design was successfully converted in the hierarchical method on an engineering workstation (EWS) with a single processor, and the number of processed shapes was reduced by four orders of magnitude and the average processing time was less than nine minutes. The processing time of the shape data operations for one layer of a 129 k gate array was reduced to 1/3 when four processes were performed in parallel on an EWS with four processors.

THE NUCLEAR DNA CONTENT OF DEVELOPING BARLEY ALEURONE CELLS

The nuclear DNA content of developing barley aleurone cells was examined by Feulgen cytophotometry using the Cytophotometric Data Conversion (CYDAC) system. At no time in their development did aleurone cells exhibit a single peak corresponding to the triploid (3N) amount of DNA. Although considerable heterogeneity was observed at every stage of development, the mean nuclear DNA content approximately doubled from the earliest to the most mature stage.

Technology involved in whole blood inventory control

This article describes the design and implementation of the first whole blood inventory control system of its kind in the United States. In 1964, responding to an expressed need by a medium-sized blood bank, a data collection, conversion, transmission, and processing system was developed and successfully implemented in a California two-county area. The system since has been expanded to cover a population of 10 million in five states. The system, on a daily basis, was to provide blood bank management with data and analyses to facilitate best allocation of the available processed blood supplies and to forecast needs. System development required work in data collection, conversion, transmission, and computer data processing. Meaningful reports were the result. For economical development of usable data, each area had to operate with stringent reliability and cost limitations. Development time spans and reliability requirements indicated the use of off-the-shelf equipment. Performance data collected over a four-year period showed conclusively that effective controls could be placed on indiscriminate stocking policies and resultant loss of blood through outdating.

Morphological Analysis of Cells and Chromosomes by Digital Computer

A computer-oriented approach to the analysis of microscopic images has been developed around CYDAC, a data conversion system which scans through the microscope and records the optical information in digital form on magnetic tape. The quality of the optical information thus made available to the computer is surprisingly good, as evidenced by reconstructions of the original image using the high-speed printer. Preparations for the computer- interpretation of scanned images are underway, using blood cells as a model system. Parallel attempts to classify human chromosomes by means of CYDAC scans have given very encouraging preliminary results.