Dark Chestnut Soils Research Articles

Water permeability of dark chestnut soil and agrochemical factors determining chickpea yield

A six-year analysis of changes in soil water permeability according to the basic tillage options is provided. Plowing with a PBS -10 P plow reduced water permeability by 3.1%. An increase in soil density by 6.3% for no-tillage and by 9.8% for minimum tillage reduced water permeability by 13.3 and 41.9%, respectively. Calculation of the multiple regression equation and full correlation analysis showed that the maximum influence on water permeability is exerted by the depth of the main cultivation - 44.92%, soil density determined this indicator by 38.17%, humidity by only 0.91%, the share of unaccounted factors was 16% . The yield of chickpea grain varied from 0.39 - 0.65 t/ha in 2020 (GTCMay - August = 0.20) to 1.54 - 2.12 t/ha in 2023 (GTCMay - August = 0. 64). Over six years of observation, according to factor A (basic tillage for chickpeas), the maximum yield of chickpea grain without the use of agrochemicals was noted on plowing: 1.19 t/ha (PLN-8-35) and 1.20 t/ha (PBS-10 P). Duringnon-moldboard processing (SSD-4 and PChM-4), the yield decreased by 10.9%, with a minimum (PM 7?3) by 22.7%. Foliar feeding with mineral fertilizers and fertilizers based on humic acids during the phases of branching and the beginning of budding of chickpeas of the Zoovit variety increased the yield by 11.9–14.7%.

Sunflower hybrids productivity depending on the rates of mineral fertilizers in the south of Ukraine

Abstract Areas of sunflower cultivation in Ukraine, Europe, and the world have significantly increased over the past decade, along with an increase in crop yield, largely due to the development of new varieties and hybrids resistant to various abiotic stresses and extreme environmental conditions. The mineral nutrition background is also an important element of sunflower cultivation technology. The influence of mineral fertilizer rates on the productivity of new early-maturing and medium-early sunflower hybrids was the focus of research conducted during 2020–2021 on dark chestnut soils in the southern region of Ukraine. The results of the study showed that optimization of the mineral nutrition background contributed to increased plant height and leaf area. Both indicators were maximized for the cultivation of Alambra KS and Blyutuz hybrids with the application of fertilizers at the rate of N90P60. These experimental variants also ensured the formation of the maximum level of seed yield (3.05 t/ha for Alambra KS hybrid; 3.39 t/ha for Blyutuz hybrid) and the highest indicators of profitability per 1 kg of active substance of fertilizers (0.35 tons for Alambra KS hybrid; 0.45 tons for Blyutuz hybrid). The mineral nutrition background had little effect on the oil content in sunflower seeds. With an increase in the nitrogen fertilizer rate on the phosphorus background, the oil content in the seeds slightly decreased. However, the experimental variants differed in terms of conditional oil output per hectare of sunflower cultivation. Among early-maturing hybrids, the Alambra KS hybrid showed a higher value for this indicator, while among medium-early hybrids, it was the Blyutuz hybrid. The most effective rate of mineral fertilizers in terms of oil output was determined to be N90P60. Based on the results of the study on dark chestnut soils in the southern region of Ukraine, it is recommended to cultivate the Alambra KS hybrid among early-maturing sunflower hybrids and the Blyutuz hybrid among medium-early hybrids, with the application of mineral fertilizers at the rate of N90P60.

Fodder beet productivity on irrigated chestnut soils in the Zavolzhye region during foliar treatments with fertilizers based on humic acids

There was studied the effect of fertilizers based on humic acids on fodder beet crops cultivated on irrigated dark chestnut soils of the Engels district of the Saratov region in 2018-2020. The object of research was the Eckendorfskaya yellow variety of fodder beet released in Povolzhye. Fertilizers based on humic acids produced by Life Force Group LLC were used for foliar treatments. On average, over three years, three-time spraying of fodder beet crops with a solution of Reasil micro Amino B (1.0 l/ha per each plant) increased the yield of root crops by 7.2 t/ha (13% of the control). The maximum increase in yields (21 t/ha or 37% of the control) was obtained annually on the option of joint use of Reasil micro Hydro Mix (1.0 l/ha) and Reasil Carb-N-Humik (2.0 l/ha per each plant). Foliar treatments with fertilizers based on humic acids increased the viability of plants for harvesting and increased the average weight of one root crop. At the same time, the content of vitamin C significantly increased in root crops (11% to control) and insignificantly the amount of sugars (3% to control). By increasing the yield, fertilizers based on humic acids significantly increased the removal from the soil of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium by 89.44 and 138 kg/ha, respectively compared to the control.

The effect of bio-organic fertilizers the productivity of potatoes and vegetable root crops in the conditions of the south-east of Kazakhstan

Organic vegetables and potatoes are not produced in Kazakhstan. In this regard, the development of organic agricultural technologies is very important. Mineral fertilizers cannot be used in organic production. There are difficulties in preserving and increasing soil fertility, providing vegetables with all the necessary elements of nutrition. Therefore, the role of organic fertilizers and biological stimulators increases in soil and plant formation. Organic fertilizers are an important factor in preserving and increasing soil fertility, increasing yields, and improving quality, including the ecological purity of products, potatoes, and vegetables. The influence of local organic fertilizers, a new bio-organic fertilizer Baraebong Organic Fertilizer (Republic of Korea), and biological products on the nutritional regime of the soil and the productivity of potatoes and root crops (carrots and beets) was studied on the dark chestnut soil of the foothill zone of the south-east of Kazakhstan. Scientific research was carried out at the experimental station of the Regional branch "Kainar" LLP "Kazakh Scientific Research Institute of Fruit and Vegetable Growing". The research uses “The Methodology of Agrochemical Research”, “The Methodology of Experimental Work in Vegetable Growing and Melon Growing”, ‘The Methodology of Field Experience in Vegetable Growing”, and the methodological recommendations "Transition from Traditional to Bioorganic Farming in the Republic of Belarus". The positive effect of different types of bioorganic fertilizers on the nutritional regime of the soil was established such as the content of mobile forms of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium increased in it. The yield of potatoes from the introduction of bio-organic fertilizers into the soil increased by 17.4-87.5 %, carrots by 12.8-38.3 %, and beets by 14.0-46.2 %. Bio-organic fertilizers did not adversely affect the quality of potatoes in terms of nitrate content. The level of nitrates in tubers was at the level of 65-215 mg/kg with a MPC of 250 mg/kg. Carrots grown with the use of various bio-organic fertilizers contained 47-136 mg/kg of nitrates at MPC 400 mg/kg, and beet contained 132-429 mg/kg of nitrates at MPC 1400 mg/kg.

Productivity of soybean varieties of different maturity groups depending on plant density under drip irrigation in the South of Ukraine

Soybeans are a leading leguminous crop for universal use, therefore, measures aimed at increasing their productivity, including the reasonable selection of varietal resources and optimisation of planting density, will make a significant contribution to the creation of sustainable food production systems. The research aims to determine the effect of plant density on the productivity of soybean varieties of different maturity groups. Field laboratory and statistical (correlation and regression analysis) methods were used in the study. The field experiments were conducted during 2018-2020 on dark chestnut soil of a private agricultural enterprise of the agricultural company “Syvash” in Novotroitsk district of Kherson region. Its maximum values for the cultivation of early ripening varieties were ensured by a plant density of 700 thousand/ha, medium early varieties – 500-700 thousand/ha, and medium ripening varieties – 500 thousand/ha. A strong and very strong correlation between yield and soybean yield index was established. Increasing the length of the growing season contributed to the growth of yields. In the group of early maturing soybean varieties, the Monarch variety was determined to be the most productive. There was no significant difference in the level of yield of varieties within other maturity groups. For each variety, the optimum planting density was determined, at which the maximum grain yield was formed. Longer vegetation contributed to a greater accumulation of protein and fat in the grain. In terms of protein content, the difference between varieties of the same maturity group did not exceed 0.2%, but varieties differed in terms of conditional protein yield per hectare of crops. There was no difference in the fat content of mid-season soybean varieties. Among the early-ripening varieties, the Monarch variety was distinguished by higher oil content, and among the mediumearly varieties – by Aratta. The maximum conditional fat yield per hectare of crops was also determined for these varieties. A very strong and strong correlation was found between soybean grain yield and protein and fat content, respectively. A very strong correlation was also found between the protein and fat content of the grain. To ensure sustainable production and efficient use of soybeans and soybean by-products, it is advisable to take the results of the study into account in production conditions

INFLUENCE OF PLANTING SCHEMES ON THE PRODUCTIVITY AND QUALITY OF POTATOES IN THE REPUBLIC OF KHAKASIA

. The influence of potato planting patterns on yield and quality was revealed in the steppe zone of the Republic of Khakassia on dark chestnut soils. In addition, varieties of Siberian selection of different maturity groups were studied as an object of study: Krasnoyarsk early - early ripening, Tanai - medium before, and Nakra - mid-ripening. The experiments were laid in 2020 - 2022 on light sandy, loamy dark chestnut soils with a humus content of 2.8% at a slightly alkaline pH. The technology recommended for the steppe zone of Khakassia was used for cultivation. Potato planting schemes were selected for cultivation for food and seed purposes. During the years of research, the average monthly air temperatures during the growing season were close to the long-term averages. The amount of precipitation was close to the norm. However, there were also significant excesses (July 2020 - 268%) and half the bars (July 2021). A decrease in the feeding area increased the height of plants due to a lack of light, with a significant reduction in the parameter of the average leaf area to 12.6%. Due to the optimal feeding area choice, the yield increase was from 1.9 to 3.2 t/ha. The variation in the yield between the planting patterns of varieties of different ripeness groups ranged from 22.7 to 30.5%. Statistical calculations showed that the yield value depends on the array by 21.6%, by 28.5% - from the planting pattern and by 22.8% - from the conditions of the growing season. With the decreased distance between plants in a row, dry matter and starch content increased, and the amount of vitamin C in tubers increased. However, the accumulation of nitrates by tubers in all variants of the experiment and all varieties did not exceed 126 mg/kg at the maximum allowable concentration of 250 mg/kg.

The effects of clinoptilolite type of zeolite and synthesised zeolite-enriched fertilizer on yield parameters of Cucumber (Cucumis sativus) plant and some chemical properties in dark chestnut soil

Zeolites have been used in agriculture since the 1960s, due to the effectiveness of these crystalline microporous solids as soil amendments for plant growth, their cation exchange capacity (CEC) and slow-release fertilizer properties. Most work on slow-release fertilizers has focused on natural Clinoptilolite, Phillipsite and Chabazite. The aim of this study was to synthesize clinoptilolite type of zeolite-enriched fertilizer study their effectiveness as soil amendments. Greenhouse experiments were performed to study the effects of clinoptilolite type of zeolite, synthesised zeolite-enriched ammophos fertilizer and ammophos fertilizer (12% N, 52% P2O5) on yield parameters of Cucumber (Cucumis sativus) plant and some chemical properties in dark chestnut soil. According to greenhouse experiment results, there were significant differences among the treatments in relation to yield parameters (weight of one cucumber, shoot length, number of leaves, area of 10 leaves, number of fruits and fruit weight per plant) of cucumber and available nutrient contents of soil. It was determined that the yield parameters of cucumber plant, available nutrient contents (N, P and K) and cation exchange capacity were increased the most by synthesised zeolite-enriched fertilizer application.

Impact of different organic fertilizers on soil available nutrient contents, potato yield, tuber nitrate contents

In this study, field experiment was conducted to assess the effect of different organic fertilizer and mineral fertilizer on mineral and different organic fertilizer treatments effect on available N, P, K contents, the yield of potato (Solanum tubevosum L.), cultivar Astana, nitrate contents of tuber under dark chestnut soil conditions in southeast of Kazakhstan during the spring and summer of 2022. The experiment was carried out in the field and laid out as complete randomized block design with four replicates. Thirteen treatments that are, control without fertilizer treatment, mineral fertilizer with recommended dose (N150P90K120) and eleven different organic fertilizers treatment were used. The results showed that available nutrient (N, P and K) contents of the post-harvest soil were affected by mineral and different organic fertilizers compared to the control. And, the available N, P and K contents in the soils taken from the biohumus (10 t ha-1) and cattle manure (40 t ha-1) treated plots were found to be higher than all of the other treatments and control. Similarly, plots treated recommended mineral fertilizer and different organic fertilizers had a significantly higher yield of potato tuber compared with control. When all applications were compared with each other, it was determined that the treatments that increased the potato yield the highest was the treatment of Biohumus (10 t ha-1) + BioZZ (5 L ha-1, 3 times). The highest nitrate content of tubers was obtained in mineral fertilizer with recommended dose (N150P90K120). Hence, these results suggest that organic production of potato (Biohumus, 10 t ha-1 + BioZZ 5 L ha-1, 3 times) could be an alternative to conventional production in Kazakhstan without reduction in yield, and with low nitrate content of tuber and high available nutrient contents in soil.

Results of studies on the sealing of crop residues of leguminous crops with ploughshares

The article presents the results of experimental studies of the sealing of crop residues and their distribution over the depth of the cultivated soil layer by known general-purpose ploughshares without ploughshares. The research was carried out in fields with agrophones of winter wheat, chickpeas and winter rapeseed. The plowing of dark chestnut soils located in the steppe soil-climatic zone of the Left-Bank district of the Saratov region was carried out by aggregates K-701+PNL-8-40, K-701+PSK-8 and T-150K+PLN-5-35. As a result of field experiments, it was found out that straw, pollen and stubble are embedded in the soil in accordance with established agrotechnical requirements, more than 80%. Crop and plant residues are located in the bulk in the deep layers of the cultivated soil. Part of the stubble in an inclined position is located in the places where the layers of adjacent passages of the plow hulls meet. The design of the ploughshare-dump surface of the housing does not allow managing the upper organic-enriched soil layer.

The influence of foliar treatment with fertilizers based on humic acids on the yield and quality of irrigated potatoes in Saratov Zavolzhye

There was studied the effect of humic fertilizers on the yield and quality of potatoes on irrigated dark chestnut soils of Saratov Zavolzhye in 2018-2020. The object of research was the Rosara variety released in the Volga region. For foliar treatments there were used the products manufactured by Life Force Group LLC. It has been established that, on average, three-fold foliar treatment of potatoes with Reasil Micro Hydro Mix over three years increased the yield of marketable tubers by 1.90 t/ha, Reasil Amino Copper by 4.02 t/ha. The maximum increase in yields was obtained on the options of the mix use of Reasil Micro Hydro Mix with Reasil Carb N Humic (6.49 t/ha) and Reasil Amino Cu with Reasil Carb N Humic (5.57 t/ha). With the application of fertilizers, the share of marketable tubers in the total yield increased significantly (compared to the control). In the tubers of plants enriched with fertilizers, an increase in the content of starch (by 3-5% compared to the control) and vitamin C (by 5-9% higher than the control) was noted.

Influence of nitrogen mineral fertilizer application methods on the preservation and yield of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum)

The Republic of Kazakhstan, like other nations in the globe that produce grains is currently faced with the challenge of boosting grain production and shelf life. Wheat grain yield and preservation are significantly influenced by different fertilization techniques as well as the soil's moisture level. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine the optimal method of applying nitrogen mineral fertilizers during the entire growing season in the conditions of dark chestnut soils of the dry steppe zone of the Urals when growing winter wheat crops (the Zhemchuzhina Povolzhya variety). The study was conducted on the territory of the Ural Agricultural Experimental Station in the West Kazakhstan region in the Republic of Kazakhstan during 2019-22. In the experiment consisted of five variants: without the use of fertilizers (control group), root fertilization in spring during wheat regrowth (N30 in the tillering phase), foliar fertilization in the earing phase (N30 in the earing phase), a combination of root and foliar fertilization (N15 in the tillering phase+N15 in the earing phase) and a combination of root and foliar fertilization (N30 in the tillering phase+N30 in the earing phase). The results of the study revealed that the greatest impact on the preservation of plants was provided by fertilization at a dose of N30 in the tillering phase and N30 in the tillering phase+N30 in the earing phase (grain filling), and the highest grain yield was obtained with the fertilization at a dose of N30 in the tillering phase and N30 in the tillering phase+N30 in the earing phase, which provided an increase in yield of 2.2-2.3 q/ha. The authors concluded that the problem of weather conditions could be compensated with the use of the identified effective ways of applying nitrogen mineral fertilizers and the most effective for the specific area fertilizer.

The microbiome of buried soils demonstrates significant shifts in taxonomic structure and a general trend towards mineral horizons

Burial mounds represent a challenge for microbiologists. Could ancient buried soils preserve microbiomes as they do archaeological artifacts? To investigate this question, we studied the soil microbiome under a burial mound dating from 2500 years ago in Western Kazakhstan. Two soil profile cuts were established: one under the burial mound and another adjacent to the mound surface steppe soil. Both soils represented the same dark chestnut soil type and had the same horizontal stratification (A, B, C horizons) with slight alterations. DNA samples isolated from all horizons were studied with molecular techniques including qPCR and high throughput sequencing of amplicon libraries of the 16S rRNA gene fragment. The taxonomic structure of the microbiome of the buried horizons demonstrated a deep divergence from ones of the surface, comparable to the variation between different soil types (representatives of the soil types were included in the survey). The cause of this divergence could be attributed to diagenetic processes characterized by the reduction of organic matter content and changes in its structure. Corresponding trends in the microbiome structure are obvious from the beta-diversity pattern: the A and B horizons of the buried soils form one cluster with the C horizons of both buried and surface soil. This trend could generally be designated as ‘mineralization’. Statistically significant changes between the buried and surface soils microbiomes were detected in the number of phylogenetic clusters, the biology of which is in the line of diagenesis. The trend of ‘mineralization’ was also supported by PICRUSt2 functional prediction, demonstrating a higher occurrence of the processes of degradation in the buried microbiome. Our results show a profound shift in the buried microbiome relatively the “surface” microbiome, indicating the deep difference between the original and buried microbiomes.

Improvement of elements of cultivation technology for winter crops and chickpea on chernozems of southern and dark chestnut soils of the Orenburg region

The Orenburg region is characterized by a sharp continental climate. It is characterized by cold winters, and frequent droughts in summer. That is why, the most frost-resistant winter wheat and rye of winter crops are cultivated in the region, and the chickpea is the most drought-resistant one of grain legumes. The changing climate requires constant clarification of sowing dates, methods, seeding rates, and emerging new liquid fertilizers require clarification, if possible, of their joint application in certain phases of plant development. In our winter wheat studies, various combinations of liquid fertilizers together with a growth regulator used in the tillering and earing phases were studied, as well as the the sowing dates. Sowing methods and seeding rates have been studied on chickpea. It was revealed that the highest yield of winter wheat is provided by foliar fertilization with liquid nitrogen fertilizer Carb-N-Humik both in the tillering and earing phases. The optimal time for sowing winter crops is the first term, i.e. August 19. The most acceptable method of sowing chickpeas is an ordinary one with a seeding rate of 1.1 million/ha.

A CASE STUDY ON THE POSSIBILITY OF SOIL MELIORATIVE STATE ASSESSMENT BY REMOTE SENSING DATA

The paper presents the results of the pilot study on the relationship between spatial bare-soil normalized difference vegetation index and content of salts in the dark-chestnut soil of the South of Ukraine. The study is based on the results of soil analyses, conducted in 2016 within the framework of sweet corn cultivation technology investigation at the Agricultural Cooperative Farm of Bilozersky district, Kherson oblast. The results of laboratory analyses were connected to bare-soil values of the spatial vegetation index, obtained at OneSoil platform. The relationship was estimated through rank correlation and polynomial regression analysis. As a result, very strong relationship was established between bare-soil vegetation index and toxic salts content in the soil, while moderate inter-connection was found out between the index and total salts content in the soil. The second-grade polynomial models, developed in the intercourse of regression analysis, proved to have very good fitting quality and accuracy of the salts content prediction, with the mean absolute percentage error 2.93-4.27%. Thus, bare-soil normalized difference vegetation index is suitable and prospective for meliorative surveys of the dark-chestnut soils of the South of Ukraine.

Study of the influence of the use of an organic microelement complex on the yield and qual-ity of crops in the conditions of the Left Bank of the Saratov region

The article presents the materials of studies of foliar top dressing with organomineral fertilizers on the productivity and quality of grain of agricultural crops in the conditions of dark chestnut soils of the Saratov Left Bank. It is shown that the application of an organic microelement complex (OMEC) contributes to an increase in yield compared to the control at the level of 0.28 t/ha (winter wheat), 0.07 t/ha (chickpeas and sunflower) and 0.23 t/ha (corn). An analysis of the quality of the products showed that after foliar fertilization with an organic microelement complex (OMEK) these values were higher compared to the control and after application of Bionex-Kemi. When calculating the economic efficiency, the highest net income indicators were after foliar top dressing with an organic microelement complex (OMEK).

The influence of main soil treatment and green manure on the formation of soil moisture reserves and water consumption of soybean

The results of research on the formation of a favorable water regime during the growing season as one of the most important conditions for realizing the existing potential of soil fertility and obtaining stable crop yields under irrigation conditions are presented. It was established that the early spring moisture reserves in the 0–100 cm soil layer during 2021–2022 were quite high in all variants of the main cultivation and amounted to 166–177 mm. Under the conditions of post-harvest sowing of green manure, the moisture reserves were greater by 4.0–6.0 mm for zero tillage in the first year and by 2.0–2.8 mm for long-term sowing in untreated soil. When plowing to a depth of 28–30 cm, more intense evaporation of water from the surface of the soil not covered with mulch occurred, which led to a loss of 10.0% of moisture, while the losses were 8.0 and 6.4% under the zero tillage options studied. The use of post-harvest green manure, compared to no green manure background, provides greater reserves of productive moisture in the soil in the pre-sowing period: with plowing — by 2.0–5.4%, with zero tillage in the first year and long-term use — up to 8.5% and 6.0%, respectively. With zero tillage and a fertilization system with the use of green manure, the share of used soil moisture in the total water consumption by soybeans increased to 5.7%. However, due to the greater density of the dark chestnut soil, which was observed in the no-till options, the efficiency of moisture use was lower than in the plowed options, which in turn led to a decrease in crop yield. It has been proven that the most efficient use of moisture for the formation of one ton of soybean crop during plowing, while the water consumption coefficient was 1280 m3/t. With zero tillage, water consumption was higher and reached 17%. However, the use of post-harvest buckwheat and phacelia crops increases the efficiency of water use under zero tillage by 5.0–10.0% and 3.0–17.0%, respectively.

Влияние препарата «Биостим» на рост и развитие семян и сеянцев древесных видов в засушливой зоне

The aim of the study was to study the effect of the biostimulator of growth «Biostim» on the germination and development of seeds and seedlings of woody species in order to develop a resource-saving technology of cultivation for nursery breeding in the Volgograd region. The objects of research were the woody species Quercusrobur L., Robiniapseudoacacia L., PopulusbolleanaLouche., Populusnigra var. italica Münchh., Catalpa bignonioides, Pinusnigra subsp. pallasiana (Lamb.), Platycladusorientalis (L.) Franco., Piceapungens Engelm. ofdifferentgeographicalorigin. As a result of the conducted studies, the best result was shown by poplars and catalpa with a concentration of «Biostim» at a dose of 2.5 l/ha (20 ml) for cuttings and 20 ml/l for seeds. The concentration of the preparation at a dose of 10 ml / kg (the consumption of the working solution is 1.5-2 l/kg) with soaking of seeds before sowing for 10-20 minutes, followed by drying, was suitable for Robiniapseudoacacia. The concentration of the preparation in a dose of 10 ml / l with soaking of the seeds before sowing for 10-20 minutes followed by drying was suitable for robiniapseudoactation. The worst result in the test of laboratory germination of seeds was shown by oak petiolate, due to the lack of reaction of seeds to processing and their mold formation. In coniferous species, the best result was shown by Crimean pine with a concentration of the preparation«Biostim» of 10 ml / l and 2.5 l / ha. The germination of spruce and thuja seeds was weak. According to the results of the test of the preparation «Biostim» on seedlings and seeds in a nursery on dark chestnut soils, the best result was shown by seedlings of poplar and catalpa species with a concentration of «Biostim» at a dose of 2.5 l/ha and 20 ml/l for seeds. Additional top dressing with poplar preparation proved to be effective, after which good growth, development and leafing of plants were observed. Seedlings and seeds of eastern thuja and blue spruce after additional processing grew and developed satisfactorily, subsequently their drying and loss was observed, which makes the topic of testing biostimulators of growth on conifers is promising for further research.

THE PHENOLOGY, GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF POTATO PLANTS DEPENDING ON THE TIMING OF MANURE APPLICATION

The studies were conducted to identify the influence of the timing of litter manure application in conjunction with mineral fertilizers and planting density on the duration of potato development phases and plant height. The experiments were laid by a systematic method with a tiered arrangement of variants in the experiment, the repetition is 3-fold. Research methods: descriptive method and methods of field experiments. Phenological observations in experiments have shown that the doses of mineral fertilizers and the timing of manure application have some effect on the phases of potato plant development and plant growth. The lowest plants were obtained in variants without manure application and its application in winter on snow. The tallest plants are noted when applying manure under the chill and during spring application. This work is of practical importance for the cultivation of potatoes on dark chestnut soils of the Republic of Kazakhstan under irrigation with the use of optimal doses of mineral fertilizers and manure.

GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF POTATO PLANTS DEPENDING ON THE TERMS OF APPLICATION OF MANUR

Potatoes are one of the most important agricultural crops in Kazakhstan. It is an indispensable food item, because it is popularly called a second bread for its nutritional value. The studies were conducted to identify the influence of the timing of litter manure application in conjunction with mineral fertilizers and planting density on the duration of potato development phases and plant height in the West Kazakhstan region. The experiments were laid by a systematic method with a tiered arrangement of variants in the experiment, the repetition is 3-fold. Cattle manure was used on a straw litter of autumn-winter harvesting. The following types of fertilizers were used: ammonium nitrate, double superphosphate, potassium chloride. Research methods: descriptive method and methods of field experiments. Statistical processing of the yield was carried out by a dispersion analysis. Phenological observations in experiments have shown that the doses of mineral fertilizers and the timing of manure application have some effect on the phases of potato plant development. Weather conditions also have a great influence on the duration of interphase periods. The timing of manure application in combination with mineral fertilizers had a certain effect on plant growth, but differences in plant height were more noticeable from the budding phase and in subsequent phases, therefore, we provide data on plant height in the flowering phase. The plant height was also influenced by the timing of manure application, and the weather conditions of the year, as well as the density of planting, the lowest plants were obtained in variants without manure application and its application in winter on snow. This pattern has been observed in all years of research. The tallest plants are noted when applying manure under the chill and during spring application. This work is of practical importance for the cultivation of potatoes on dark chestnut soils of the Republic of Kazakhstan under irrigation with the use of optimal doses of mineral fertilizers and manure. Properly chosen doses of mineral fertilizers and manure can increase the yield of potatoes from 35% to 50%, while now it is 75-80 centners per hectare

Формирование урожайности сортами чины посевной при разных способах посева и регуляторах роста на каштановых почвах предгорного Дагестана

The above scientific work presents the results of research on the study of the adaptive potential of cultivars of the seed rank (Crustacean and Marble) on dark chestnut soils of Foothill Dagestan. As follows from the conducted field experiment, the growth regulators Rhizotorphin and Albit used contributed to the reduction of harvest ripeness of the above varieties. It was found that the maximum indicators of photosynthetic activity of the studied varieties were provided with an ordinary method of sowing with a row spacing width of 0.30 m and pre-sowing treatment with growth regulators. Compared with the control variant (without treatment with growth regulators), on average, the leaf surface area and net photosynthesis productivity increased by 3.7-6.9 and 6.3 -12.4%, respectively, against the background of the use of growth regulators Rhizotorphin and Albit. Compared with the ordinary method of sowing with row spacing of 0.15 m and with a wide-row with a width of 0.45 m, the excess in the variant with ordinary sowing with a width of 0.30 m was 9.9- 8.3, respectively; 5.2- 5.4 and 14.7-15.0; 11.3-7.3%.Analysis of the formation of the leaf surface area and the net productivity of photosynthesis by varieties of rank he showed that the most acceptable data was provided by the Marble variety. It was revealed that the studied varieties provided the maximum seed yield when treated with the growth regulator Albit, compared with the control variant and the variant with the regulator Risitorfin, the increase was 16.8 and 8.6%, respectively. The most preferred of the sowing methods turned out to be an ordinary method with a row spacing of 0.30 m, where the yield on average for varieties and regulators was higher than the first and third options by 14.8 and 10.4%, respectively. The highest yield was provided by the Marbled variety, the increase compared to the Crustacean variety on average by sowing methods and variants with growth regulators was 5.5%.