Daphnia Magna Straus Research Articles

Оценка качества вод и донных отложений р. Каменка методом биотестирования

The Kamenka River, which flows through the territory of the Kokuisky oil field in Perm Krai as a result of intensive oil production and the intensive karstspread, has undergone serious man-made changes, which are manifested in the increased content of chlorides and petroleum products in the water. We assessed the ecological state of the ecosys-tem of the Kamenka river by biotesting, using Daphnia magnaStraus and Chlorella vulgarisBeijer as test objects. 8water samples and 11 sediment samples were examined.Most of the studied sampling points located at the source of the river are distinguished by the presence of pronounced oil manifestations, a sharp smell of hydrogen sulfide, white flakes and a bright blue color uncharacteristic of natural waters. The percentage deviations of the optical density values in the studied samples from the backgroundvalue, and the indicators of the toxic dilution factor(TDF) calculated from the control (distilled water) values are given. In all the studied water samples, the growth of chlorella algae (Chlorella vulgaris) is stimulated in comparison with the background, the highest percentage of deviation of the optical density value from the background is 112% in sample No 1, the lowest in sample No 5 is 26%. In two samples of bottom sediments: No1and No 4, the optical density values significantly exceed the background indicator by 121 and 27%, respectively. The remaining samples of bottom sediments were characterized by a decrease in optical density compared to the background from 17 to 55%. The TDFof the studied water samples ranges from 6 –in Iren river (background), up to 26 –at point No8, in samples of bottom sediments, the lowest value of TDFat the source of the river is 0.6, the highest is in sample No8. Comparison of the optical density of the studied samples with the control indicator (on distilled water) is considered unacceptable, since the results are misleading and contradict reality. To assess the toxicity of natural and man-made waters, we consider the use of background indicators to be promising. The results with the use of Daphnia magnaas a test object showed the insensitivity of this organism to the toxic effects of the studied samples. The maximum percentage of daphnia death in the test sample was 20% (8 surviving crustaceans out of 10), while the criterion of acute toxicity is the death of 50% or more daphnia.

Effect of allelochemicals sustained-release microspheres on the ingestion, incorporation, and digestion abilities of Daphnia magna Straus

Allelochemicals sustained-release microspheres (ACs-SMs) exhibited great inhibition effect on algae, however, few studies have focused on ACs-SMs toxicity on invertebrate. In this study, the effects of single high-concentration ACs (15 mg/L, SH-ACs), repeated low-concentration ACs (3 × 5 mg/L, RL-ACs) and ACs-SMs containing 15 mg/L ACs exposure on the ingestion, incorporation, and digestion of Daphnia magna Straus (DS) were investigated by stable isotope 15N labeling method. Meanwhile, the diversity and abundance of microflora in DS guts were determined by 16S rRNA genes and cloning methods. The results showed that SH-ACs exposure caused 50% and 33.3% death rates for newborn and adult DS, while RL-ACs exposure caused 10% death rate for newborn DS and no obvious effect on the activity of adult DS. And ACs-SMs exposure did not diminish the motility of both newborn and adult DS, indicating the lower acute toxicity of ACs-SMs. Furthermore, SH-ACs inhibited the ingestion (-6.45%), incorporation (-47.1%) and digestion (-53.8%) abilities of DS and reduced the microbial abundance (-27.7%) in DS guts. Compared with SH-ACs, RL-ACs showed relatively low impact on the ingestion (-3.23%), incorporation (-5.89%) and digestion (-23.9%) abilities of DS. Interestingly, ACs-SMs enhanced the ingestion (+9.68%), incorporation (+52.9%) and digestion (+51.3%) abilities of DS and increased the microbial abundance (+10.7%) in DS guts. Overall ACs and ACs-SMs reduced the diversity of microflora in DS guts. In conclusion, ACs-SMs can release ACs sustainably and prolong the sustained release time, which not only effectively reduce the toxicity of ACs, but also had positive effects on DS.

OIL-CONTAMINATED WATER TREATMENT WITH MODIFIED ASH WOOD SAWDUST

In the current scenario treatment of oil hydrocarbons contaminated surface and water is one of the most critical environmental issues. Although various treatment methods are available, among these the most effective and environmentally friendly is the sorption method of treatment. The current study is an attempt to investigate the sorption capacity of native and ultrasonically modified ash sawdust sorbents to dissolved and emulsified oil hydrocarbons from wastewater and water bodies under dynamic conditions. Further, ash sawdust (Fraxinus excelsior) formed in woodworking enterprises of the Kama region, Republic of Tatarstan, was used as sorbents. To increase the sorption capacity, wood waste was exposed to ultrasound at a frequency of 35,000 Hz for 4 hours. Results of the study revealed that wood waste has sorption capacity and sorption oil hydrocarbons from wastewater were dependent on various factors. Further, the ultrasonic treatment of wood waste has been increased the sorption capacity of wood waste by 24 percent. Under dynamic conditions, the sorption capacity of ultrasound modified ash sawdust with relation to emulsified oil products was investigated, and reported that ash sawdust has 79% cleaning efficiency. The toxicity of ultrasound-modified ash sawdust was investigated by bio testing on Daphnia magna straus and reported that the ultrasound-modified ash sawdust has acute toxicity on experimental organisms.

Chronic Toxicological Effects of Carbamazepine on Daphnia magna Straus: Effects on Reproduction Traits, Body Length, and Intrinsic Growth.

In recent years, pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) that remain in the environment have become increasingly important. Carbamazepine (CBZ) is a widely used antiepileptic drug that has a potential impact on the environment due to its Physico-chemical properties, which are rarely eliminated in conventional water treatment. Daphnia magna Straus (DMS) is a fundamental link of aquatic ecosystem chain. The influence of CBZ toxicity on DMS can effectively reflect the effects of CBZ toxicity on the aquatic environment. In this study, DMS was used as a subject to assess the chronic effects of CBZ exposure. It was found that after 21days of CBZ exposure, the breeding frequency, the total number of eggs laid, body length, and intrinsic growth rate of DMS decreased with increasing CBZ concentrations. Maximum reductions of 69% in fecundity and 60% in fertility were observed at 0.5mg/L CBZ, while a maximum reduction of 60% in body length was observed at 0.001mg/L CBZ concentration. The integrated biomarker response version 2 (IBRv2) analysis suggests that with the increase in CBZ concentration, the overall negative effect of CBZ on DMS was enhanced.

An assessment of pollution in aquatic environment using bioindicators: a review

This review highlights the importance of biological indicators in monitoring presence of pollution in aquatic environment. This assessment involves the use of living organisms (macro or microorganisms and plants or animals) as bioindicators of pollution in water bodies. These organisms are believed to show higher sensitivity to pollution than the best chemical indicators. Bioindicators or test of relevance to water study includes: test based on Chlorella vulgaris , Daphnia magna straus, test Spirotox , Microtox , using macroinvertebrates, algae and vertebrates (such as fishes). Variety of biotic indices based on macroinvertebrates community as indicators have been highlighted which includes: Microinvertebrate Biotic Index (MBI), Extended Trend Biotic index (ETBi), Belgian Biotic index (BBi), Rapid Bioassessment Protocols (RBPs), Biological Monitoring Water Quality (BMWQ) and Family level Biotic Index (FBI). Based on Microinvertebrate Biotic Index (MBI), grading of water quality alone with the taxonomic group of macroinvertebrate was divided into grade I, II, III, IV and V representing clean water, mildly, moderately, highly and severely polluted water with the tolerance rating of 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 respectively. The review emphasized the need for the use of bioindicators in detecting water pollution, because bioindicators are much more sensitive than the best chemical indicators. Keywords: aquatic environment, bioassessment, bioindicators, pollutant, tolerance rating

Условия культивирования и многообразие тест-функций daphnia magna straus при биотестировании

Условия культивирования и многообразие тест-функций daphnia magna straus при биотестировании

The influence of low-intensity electromagnetic radiation of the 10-meter range on morphological and functional indices on Daphnia magna straus

The effects of continuous and amplitude-shift-keying low-intensity electromagnetic field (EMF) of the 10-m range with on–off cycling on fertility, offspring quality, and linear body size was studied in the planktonic crustacean Daphnia magna. Single exposure of 1-day-old crustaceans was shown to affect their reproductive characteristics, causing fetal abnormalities in the offspring and the linear dimensions of the body.

Final thermal preference in parthenogenetic females of Daphnia magna straus (Crustacea: Cladocera) acclimated to various temperatures

The final thermal preference (FTP) range in parthenogenetic females of cladoceran Daphnia magna was assessed by "acute" and "chronic" methods. The first method included 4-month acclimation to different temperatures in the range of 14.2 +/- 0.7 to 27.1 +/- 0.3 degrees C; the "chronic" method was characterized by long-term acclimation to +20 degrees C. Two ranges of FTP were found for D. magna, 13.3-15.4 degrees C and 20.2-26.2 degrees C. The thermal preference ofdaphnids and the temperature of acclimation were correspondingly linearly. The range of FTP was independent of the season. The food-searching activity of D. magna rose in April, when the FTP range increased, and the FTP was less pronounced.

Effects of 4-nonylphenol, fish predation and food availability on survival and life history traits of Daphnia magna straus

This study aimed to investigate the compound effect of environmentally relevant 4-nonylphenol (NP) concentrations and natural stressors-namely fish predation and food availability-on Daphnia magna, which were exposed to four NP concentrations (0, 1, 5 and 10 microg l(-1)) under optimum or low food concentrations (1.00 and 0.075 mg C l(-1), respectively) in water (un)conditioned by a fish predator (Alburnus alburnus). A(n) "environmentally relevant" and "no observable effect" concentration (NOEC) of NP (10 microg l(-1)) resulted in a significant reduction (P < 0.01**) in daphnids' survival when it was encountered concurrently with conditions of low food availability and presence of fish predation. The significance of the results lies in the observation that not only environmentally relevant concentrations of NP but also NP concentrations reported to have no observable effect on daphnids may in reality have unexpected critical effects on D. magna survival under conditions more parallel to natural ecosystems. The deterioration of the life-history traits-namely, NP-induced delay in the age at first reproduction (P < 0.001***) and fish kairomone-induced reduction in the size at first reproduction (P < 0.001***)-of the D. magna individuals is also crucial, as such alterations could significantly influence future generations and result in ultimate adverse effects at the community level because large-bodied daphnids are key-stone species in freshwater ecosystems. The results of this study demonstrate the importance of taking into account environmentally realistic conditions while investigating the effects of NOEC levels of toxicants on non-target aquatic species.

The parameters of reproduction, sizes, and activities of hydrolases in Daphnia magna straus of successive generations affected by Roundup herbicide

The influence of sublethal concentrations of Roundup (25 and 50 mg/l of the active compound glyphosate) was studied in the Daphnia magna Straus of successive generations. The toxic effects were assessed by the parameters of fecundity, quality of progeny, and linear sizes of daphnia, as well as by the activities of carbohydrases and proteases. The effect of the toxicant may be traced both in the parent specimens and in the specimens of successive generations. No adaptation to Roundup’s toxic impact was revealed for four generations of Daphnia magna. However, a considerable decrease in resistance to the herbicide was noted in the fourth generation when compared to the maternal line.

Oxygen consumption by Daphnia magna straus as a marker of chemical stress in the aquatic environment

Oxygen consumption by Daphnia magna Straus was investigated as a bioindicator for the presence of 11 common aquatic pollutants: Benzo[b]fluoranthene (BbF), mercury(II) chloride (HgCl(2)), 2-dimethoxyphosphinothioylthio-N-methylacetamide (dimethoate), hexachlorocyclohexane (lindane), 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1-methoxy-1-methylurea (linuron), 4-chloro-o-tolyloxyacetic acid, bis(tributyltin) oxide (TBTO), carbon tetrachloride (CCl4), tetramethylthiuram disulfide (thiram), 2,4,6-trichlorophenol, and arsenic trioxide (As(2)O(3)). The measurement of oxygen consumption by D. magna was carried out after 15 and 210 min of exposure to the toxicants under controlled laboratory conditions. The technique applied in the present study was found to be useful for the detection of significant changes in oxygen consumption for most toxicants, with the exception of BbF, dimethoate, and CCl4. Significant differences in oxygen consumption were noted, relative to the control treatments, for six of the compounds after only 15 min of exposure. For thiram and TBTO, statistically significant changes in oxygen consumption were recorded after 210 min of exposure. The present results suggest that the measurement of oxygen consumption by D. magna is a useful biomarker and could possibly be used as a biological early warning system for detecting pollutants in the aquatic environment.

Ecotoxicological assessment of effluents in the Basque country (Northern Spain) by acute and chronic toxicity tests using Daphnia magna straus

Acute pass/fail, multi-concentration tests, and 3-brood chronic toxicity tests with Daphnia magna Straus (Cladocera, Crustacea) were used to characterise industrial and municipal effluents from various sources. The effluents that "passed" the pass/fail tests had 48-h EC50 values >100% and reproduction No Observed Effect Concentration (NOECs) > or =100%, except for one effluent that had a reproduction NOEC of 31.6%. The acute multi-concentration toxicity tests allowed a rapid classification of effluents from Very Toxic (48-h EC50 < 25%), to Non-Toxic (48-h EC50 >100%). The acute-to-chronic ratio (ACR: 48-h EC50 divided by the NOEC for reproduction) in the studied effluents ranged from 5 to about 100. From these results, we propose a step-wise protocol for assessing effluent toxicity. First, effluent is evaluated by means of simple and rapid pass/fail acute toxicity tests, to discriminate Non-Toxic from potentially Toxic effluents, thus facilitating the establishment of priority actions. Second, 48-h ECx is estimated to classify effluents on a toxicity scale from Non-Toxic to Very Toxic. Third, chronic multi-concentration tests are used to calculate reproduction NOECs. These parameters combined with data on effluent chemical composition, chemical and hydrological characteristics of receiving waters, and biological quality criteria can be jointly used for more rational regulatory practices and risk assessment of effluents.

Behavioural response of the cladoceran Daphnia magnaStraus to sublethal Copper stress—validation by image analysis

In this study changes in the locomotory behaviour of the freshwater cladoceran Daphnia magna Straus were used as sublethal indicators of toxic copper (Cu) stress. The behavioural responses were determined by a real time image analysis, using a video camera and a Pentium-PC equipped with a standard low cost frame grabber. For a sequence of 50 images per group, where 10 daphnids were moving simultaneously, the trajectories have been reconstructed in binary image sequences. As biological endpoints, we defined the average swimming velocity and the average duration of swimming activity and inactivity. The behavioural responses of the daphnids were analysed under normal conditions (without Cu stress) and after application of sublethal Cu stress of following concentrations (in μg l −1 (ppb)): C 1=1, C 2=5, C 3=10, C 4=20, C 5=30. The test organisms were exposed to the Cu concentration for 24 h under static conditions. Already after 9 h of Cu-exposure a significant ( * P<0.05) decrease of the average swimming velocity could be observed at the group of the highest Cu concentration (30 ppb). After 13 h of Cu-contamination the swimming velocity was significantly ( * P<0.05) reduced at group of 20 ppb Cu-treatment and after 14 h a significant ( * P<0.05) decrease of the average swimming velocity could be measured at the group of 10 ppb Cu-treatment. No significant decrease of the swimming velocity could be observed in the 1 and 5 ppb Cu-treatment.

Cytotoxic and Antitumor Activities of Ethanolic Extracts of Salt Marsh Plants from the Lower Saxonian Wadden Sea, Southern North Sea

Twenty-eight plant species belonging to fifteen families were subjected to a screening for cytotoxic and antitumor activities with three test organisms in six bioassays. Freshly hatched larvae and four week old adults of Artemia salina LEACH are used for the detection of acute toxic activity after 6 h and chronic toxicity after 24 h. Adult Daphnia magna STRAUS were used to establish toxic activities of the extract after 48 h. Finally the potato disc assay with Agrobacterium tumefaciens was used to detect antitumor compounds. Of the screened plants, Limonium vulgare MILL., Artemisia maritima L. and Salicornia europaea L. showed significant cytotoxic activity against Artemia salina LEACH and Daphnia magna STRAUS. Extracts of these plants also showed anti-neoplastic activities in the potato disk assay. The extracts of Ononis spinosa L., Trifolium fragiferum L. and Trifolium repens L. showed tumor growth inhibiting activities.

Lactate dehydrogenase activity as an effect criterion in toxicity tests with Daphnia magna straus

Activity of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) was used as an effect criterion in toxicity tests with Daphnia magna. In the first part of the work, the conditions for the use of LDH activity in toxicity tests with juveniles and adults of D. magna, were optimized. The influence of parameters such as the number of animals per sample, nutritional status, age and the presence of eggs in the brood chamber were investigated. In the second part of the study, both in vivo and in vitro tests based on the alteration of LDH activity of D. magna were developed and tested using zinc chloride as test substance. The results obtained indicate that LDH activity of D. magna may be used as an indicative parameter in aquatic toxicity tests.

Variation in the development of cadmium resistance in Daphnia magna straus; effect of temperature, nutrition, age and genotype.

The extent to which responses to toxicants can be modified by the environment and genotype of Daphnia magna is important for interpreting the results from ecotoxicity tests. Variation in the development of cadmium resistance and its relevance for survivorship has been investigated in two genetically distinct clones of D. magna. Cadmium resistance was induced by pre-exposing daphnids to a sublethal concentration of a Cd/Zn mixture and thereafter cadmium tolerance was assessed in standard acute tests. The results showed that the ability to develop cadmium resistance is affected by temperature, but there is no consistent pattern for maternal nutrition. The age of the daphnids had no apparent effect on the development of cadmium resistance. Differences in the induction of cadmium resistance between clones were seen only under resource depression.

Frozen algae as food for Daphnia magna straus in toxicity testing

As EC validity criteria for the production of Daphnia magna neonates in standard toxicity tests set fecundity minima which must be attained, it is important that culture conditions provide an adequate ration of high quality food. Maintaining a steady supply of fresh algae can be problematical so the possibility of using frozen food was investigated. The performance of three generations of D. magna fed on diets of fresh or frozen Chlorella was compared. There were no significant effects on fecundity due to food type or generation. Cumulative fecundity (over 21 days) on fresh or frozen food exceeded 120 neonates per female and satisfied that EC validity criterion (60 neonates per female). In addition criteria relating to survival and variability were met. We conclude that frozen Chlorella are an acceptable substitute for fresh algae.

Induction of cadmium tolerance in two clones of Daphnia magna straus

1. The abilities of two different genotypes of Daphnia magna to develop cadmium resistance through physiological adaptation, after pre-exposure to sublethal concentrations of Cd, Zn and Cd/Zn mixtures, was investigated. 2. The induced elevation in cadmium tolerance was shown to be associated with an increase in the body concentration of metallothionein-like proteins. 3. The highly significant difference in acute responses to cadmium between the two clones reduced after pre-exposure. 4. Differences in cadmium tolerance were shown to be associated with differences in cadmium uptake.

A comparative study of genotype sensitivity to acute toxic stress using clones of Daphnia magna straus

The genetic typing of laboratory strains of Daphnia magna revealed that although there are genetic differences between different testing laboratory strains, most laboratories culture single genotypes as clones. A comparative study was made of the performance of five of the more common clones in terms of neonate mortality under acute exposure to nine toxic chemicals. The range in clonal EC 50 response was from less than one to more than two orders of magnitude in terms of concentration. Surprisingly, there was little pattern in rank order of response of clones exposed to different toxicants, thus suggesting that genotype-environment interactions were predominating. Nevertheless, it was suggested that specifying the genotype used in D. magna toxicity tests will result in increased test repeatability. Evidence indicating that culture environment may also significantly affect the performance of neonates in acute toxicity tests was also presented.

Soluble glutathione transferase isoenzymes in Daphnia magna straus and their interaction with 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and 1,4-benzoquinone

The glutathione transferase (GST) activity in the cytosol of the water flea Daphnia magna Straus was partially purified by glutathione affinity chromatography. Chromatofocusing on the Polybuffer exchangers 94 and 118 separated the GST isoenzymes in one neutral and four cationic forms, and some minor fractions one of which was an anionic form. The major GST isoenzymes were partially characterized by different biochemical parameters. The water pollutants 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and 1,4-benzoquinone inhibited the water flea GST isoenzymes, following the same kinetic inhibition patterns as for rat liver GST. It is concluded that water flea GST can play an important role in the detoxification of aquatic pollutants.