Daphne Odora Research Articles

Daphnetin Protects against Cerebral Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury in Mice via Inhibition of TLR4/NF-κB Signaling Pathway.

Growing evidences indicate that immune-mediated mechanisms contribute to the development of cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. Daphnetin (DAP) is a coumarin derivative extracted from Daphne odora var., which displays anti-inflammatory properties. However, the effect of DAP on cerebral I/R injury is not yet clear. Recent studies have demonstrated that TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway takes part in the damaging inflammatory process of cerebral I/R injury. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of DAP on cerebral I/R injury in vivo and its possible mechanisms. DAP was administered before middle cerebral artery occlusion and reperfusion in mice. The neurological scores, cerebral infarct sizes, the levels of inflammatory cytokines, apoptotic neural cells, and the levels of TLR4, NF-κB p65, and IκBα were estimated. The results showed that an obvious improvement of neurological scores and infarct sizes was observed in DAP-treated mice after MCAO/R. DAP treatment decreased the overexpression of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 and attenuated neural cells apoptosis. Moreover, DAP treatment decreased the TLR4 expression, IκB-α degradation, and nuclear translocation of NF-κB. Taken together, our results suggested that DAP exerted neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory effects on cerebral I/R injury. The potential mechanism was involved in the inhibition of TLR4/NF-κB mediated inflammatory signaling pathway.

조선시대 화훼식물의 이용과 상징성에 관한 연구

본 연구는 조선시대의 고문헌과 옛 그림에서 나타나는 화훼식물을 재료로 궁궐정원과 민가정원에 나타나는 지피식물의 이용특성과 상징성을 분석하였다. 이를 통해 문화재 지역 및 현대 조경공간에 활용을 위한 기초자료를 제공하는 것을 목적으로 하였으며, 결과는 다음과 같이 요약될 수 있었다. 첫째, 조선시대 고문헌과 옛 그림에서 출현한 화훼식물의 출현빈도는 매화, 연꽃, 모란, 국화, 파초, 영산홍, 장미, 진달래, 작약 등이 10회 이상으로 높은 빈도를 나타내는 것으로 조사되었으며, 다음으로 비교적 출현 빈도가 높은 식물은 치자, 석류(8회), 패랭이꽃, 포도(7회), 난초, 정향, 봉선화, 원추리, 맨드라미, 무궁화, 철쭉류, 창포, 접시꽃, 황매화, 유자(5회), 부용, 동자꽃, 금전화, 베고니아, 해바라기, 양귀비, 수선화, 서향화, 옥잠화 등(4회)이였으며, 그 외에는 29분류군 총 81종의 화훼식물이 조사되었다. 둘째, 궁궐과 민가에서 사용되었던 조선시대 화훼식물의 이용은 분에 심어 가까이 두고 완상하거나 화단, 화계, 화오, 연못 및 담장주변 등에 주로 식재하였음을 고문헌의 기록과 정원도 및 민화의 그림을 통해서 확인할 수 있었다. 그러나 영산홍의 식물재료에 대한 기록은 조선왕조실록의 내용에서 다루어지고 연구되어진 민가정원의 관련된 문헌(6점)이나 옛 그림(766점)에서 출현한 내용이 없는 것으로 보아 조선시대 대중에게 유통이 극히 일부에 국한되었던 것으로 판단된다. 셋째, 조선시대 화훼식물 상징성은 유교의 절개, 군자, 청빈, 충효사상을 나타낸 경우, 도교의 신선사상이나 불로장생을 나타내는 경우, 민간신앙의 부귀영화나 만사형통을 기원하는 경우로 구분할 수 있었다. 이는 식물을 덕성함양의 대상이나 기복의 대상으로 여겼음을 알 수 있다. 넷째, 조선시대 이용했던 화훼식물은 선비가 닮고 싶은 이상과 지향하는 정신세계와 일치하였기 때문에 선조들의 상징으로 나타났다고 본다. 조선시대 이용하였던 화훼식물은 수목종류에 따른 보편적인 판단기준이 아닌 다양하고 주관적이며, 또한 정신적인 측면으로 접근하여 해석할 때에 조선시대 화훼식물의 조경공간에서의 활용범위 또한 넓어질 것으로 사료된다. The purpose of this study is, focusing on the ancient paintings and literatures, by examining Flowering Plants and drawing their cultivating methods, to provide a ground of utilizing them on the modern landscaping. In the scope and method of this study, 766 pieces of ancient paintings(6 garden paintings and 760 folk paintings) which were available and had value as literatures, and 8 of ancient literatures were intensively examined. Main results extracted from them are as follows. First, the most frequently used Flowering Plants in Joseon Dynasty were Prunus mume, pbyllostachys, Nelumbo nucifera, Chrysanthemum morifolium, Musa basjoo, Rosa spp., Rhododendron mucronulatum, Paeonia lactiflora, which appeared 11 times to 16 times in total. Next frequently(4 times to 8 times) used Flowering Plants were Gardenia jasminoides, Punica granatum(8 times), Dianthus chinensis, Vitis vinifera(7 times), Orchidaceae, Syringa velutina, Impatiens balsamina, Hemerocallis fulva, Celosia cristata, Hibiscus Syriacus, Rhododendron indicum(6 times), Rhododendron, Rhododendron obutusum, Acorus calamus, Althaea rosea, Kerria japonica, Citrus junos(5 times), Hibiscus mutabilis, Lychnis cognata, Calendula officnalis, Begonia rex., Helianthus annuus, Papaver spp., Narcissus tazetta, Daphne odora, Hosta plantaginea(4 times). Second, usage of the Flowering Plants in Joseon Dynasty can be divided into character building and horticulture for pleasure through positive, scientific approach attempt. It suggests that there might have been classes in the use of them and we can estimate which plants were particularly preferred. Third, in the symbolicity of the usage of Flowering Plants, it can be divided into three parts: The case of representing integrity, gentleman, honesty and nobility and the thought of loyalty and filial piety under the influence of Confucianism. The case of representing Taoism's thought of hermit and perennial youth and long life. The case of representing wish on wealth and prosperity. So if we make a good use of it, we may draw a meaning of cultivation of Flowering Plants from it. This is your target audience or the good luck to all he plants is aimed at, you can see the occurred. Fourth, the Joseon Dynasty was the use of flowering plants are the line of rain wanted to be more consistent with the spirit world. This is shown as a symbol of their ancestors. Joseon Dynasty was used, resulting in a kind of flowering plant and is not a subjective judgement criteria A psychological approach to the side when interpreting the Joseon Dynasty flowering plants to take advantage of the landscape of the area will widen in scope.

Regulatory effect of daphnetin, a coumarin extracted from Daphne odora, on the balance of Treg and Th17 in collagen-induced arthritis

Daphnetin extracted from Daphne odora Var. marginata contains coumarin compounds, which possess properties of analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects. In this study, we investigated the therapeutic effect of daphnetin on anti-arthritis and its role on the balance of Tregs and Th17, using a collagen-induced arthritis rat model. Collagen-induced arthritis rats were treated with daphnetin for 21 days. The therapeutic effects of daphnetin were evaluated by clinical symptoms and histopathology. The levels of Th17-, Treg-, Th2-, Th1-type cytokines in serum were determined by ELISA. The expression levels of related receptors RORγt, NF-κB, Foxp3 and CD77 in joint tissues were detected by immunohistochemistry. Our results showed that administration of daphnetin significantly alleviated the severity of the arthritis, as evidenced by the reduction of arthritis scores, suppression of the infiltration of inflammatory cells and prevention of synovial hyperplasia, thereby resulting in the joint destruction in the arthritis rats. Additionally, daphnetin treatment reduced the serum level of Th17-, Th2- and Th1-type in collagen-induced arthritis rats. Correspondingly, the expression of RORγt, NF-κB and CD77 in joint tissue of collagen-induced arthritis rats was remarkably decreased, while the expression of Foxp3 and IL-10 was remarkably increased after being administered with daphnetin. Collectively, this study demonstrated that administration of daphnetin attenuated the clinical symptoms and pathological destruction of arthritis joints. The therapeutic effects were associated with the up-regulation of Tregs, down-regulation of Th17-, Th2- and Th1-type cell responses. The results provide novel evidence that daphnetin has therapeutic effects on autoimmune arthritis through modulating the balance of Tregs and Th17.

Chemical constituents of Daphne odora var. margirmta

To study the chemical constituents of Daphne odora var. margirmta. The compounds were isolated and purified by column chromatography of silica gel, ODS, Sephadex LH-20, and their structures were identified by UV, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, MS and CD spectroscopic methods. Ten compounds were elucidated as wikatrols B (1), kaempferol (2), daphnodorin B (3), daphnodorin D2 (4), daphnodorin A (5), daphnodorin C (6), daphnodorin D1 (7), daphnodorin I (8), daphnetin (9), daphnoretin (10). Compounds 1,2,4 were obtained from this plant for the first time,and compound 1 was isolated firstly from the genus Daphne.

Fast and effective identification of the bioactive compounds and their targets from medicinal plants via computational chemical biology approach

The potential drug target database (PDTD) was searched by the TarFisDock server, a reverse docking approach, to identify putative targets for a collection of 19 natural products derived from two medicinal plants Bacopa monnieri (L.) Wettst (BMW) and Daphne odora Thunb. var. marginata (DOT), which are both used for the treatment of diabetes and inflammation in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM). Out of the top 5% of target candidates, dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-IV) was the most frequent potential target and the predicted results were subsequently confirmed by in vitroenzyme assay. As a result, five natural products show moderate inhibitory activities against DPP-IV with IC50 values ranging from 14.13 μM to 113.76 μM. Subsequently, thirteen analogues of active compounds out of our in-house natural products database (NPD) were also identified with inhibitory activity against DPP-IV, with IC50 values ranging from 26.92 μM to 87.72 μM. The results indicate that the computational chemical biology approach is a good complement to the experimental target identification strategies for elucidating the mechanism of the natural products, especially for those components without unambiguous binding targets whilst having some traditional efficacy in TCM.

Wood Anatomy of nine Japanese Hardwood species forming reaction wood without gelatinous fibers

The anatomy of reaction wood was studied in nine naturally growing Japanese hardwood species, all showing eccentric growth on the upper side of their leaning branches. The number of vessels decreased in the xylem of the upper side accompanying the formation of reaction wood. A typical G-layer was not detected in the reaction wood fibers, but an S3 layer was present in all nine species. The cellulose microfibril arrangement with an S helix was similar in the S3 layers of both reaction and opposite wood fibers. A decrease of lignin content occurred in the reaction wood fibers in all nine species. The coniferyl and sinapyl aldehyde units in the lignins were strongly reduced in the S2 layer of reaction wood fibers of four species, i.e., Euscaphis japonica, Rhododendron wadanum, Clerodendron trichotomum, and Daphne odora, and much less so in five other species, i.e., Viburnum dilatatum, Enkianthus subsessilis, Euonymus alatus, Ilex macropoda, and Ilex crenata. The syringyl content was lower in the S2 layer of reaction wood fibers than that in opposite wood of all nine species. On the other hand, chemical analysis of lignin using the acetyl bromide method showed that, among the nine species, lignin content was reduced most strongly in Clerodendron trichotomum. Tension wood-like characteristics are present on the upper side of leaning branches in all nine species, except that G-fibers are absent.

First Report of Collar and Root Rot Caused by Phytophthora nicotianae on Daphne odora in Italy

Daphne odora is becoming popular in gardens because of its variegated foliage and fragrant flowers in late winter and early spring. During October of 2008 in a commercial nursery near Maggiore Lake (Verbano-Cusio-Ossola Province) in northwestern Italy, plants of D. odora showed extensive chlorosis and root rot. Diseased plants eventually wilted and died, dropping leaves in some cases. Most frequently, wilted leaves persisted on stems. At the soil level, dark brown-to-black water-soaked lesions that coalesced often girdled the stem. All of the crown and root system was affected. Disease was widespread and severe with 70% of 2,500 potted plants being affected. A Phytophthora-like organism was isolated consistently on a medium selective for oomycetes (4) after disinfestation of lower stem and root pieces of D. odora for 1 min in a solution containing 1% NaOCl. Tissue fragments of 1 mm2 were excised from the margins of the lesions and plated. The pathogen was identified based on morphological and physiological features as Phytophthora nicotianae (= P. parasitica) (2). Sporangia were produced for identification by growing a pure culture in sterilized soil extract solution at neutral pH (obtained by shaking and then centrifuging 300 g of soil in 1 liter of distilled water). They were spherical to ovoid, papillate, and measured 39.2 to 54.5 × 31.7 to 41.7 μm (average 44.8 × 34.5 μm). Papillae measured 2.4 to 4.9 μm (average 3.7 μm). Chlamydospores were spherical with a diameter ranging from 15.8 to 36.1 μm (average 25.4 μm). The internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of rDNA of a single isolate was amplified using primers ITS4/ITS6 and sequenced. BLAST analysis (1) of the 804-bp segment showed a 100% homology with the sequence of P. nicotianae EF140988. The nucleotide sequence has been assigned GenBank No. FJ843100. Pathogenicity of two isolates obtained from infected plants was confirmed by inoculating 12-month-old plants of D. odora. Both isolates were grown for 15 days on a mixture of 70:30 wheat/hemp kernels and then 80 g/liter of the inoculum was mixed into a substrate containing sphagnum peat moss/pumice/pine bark/clay (50:20:20:10 vol/vol). One plant per 3-liter pot was transplanted into the substrate and constituted the experimental unit. Three replicates were used for each isolate and noninoculated control treatment; the trial was repeated once. All plants were kept in a greenhouse at temperatures from 20 to 25°C. Plants inoculated with isolate no. 1 developed symptoms of chlorosis and root rot within 14 days and then a wilt rapidly followed. Isolate no. 2 was less aggressive causing the same symptoms within 20 days. Control plants remained symptomless. P. nicotianae consistently was reisolated from inoculated plants. Previously, P. nicotianae (= P. parasitica) has been reported in several states of the United States on D. odora (3). To our knowledge, this is the first report of P. nicotianae on D. odora in Italy. The economic importance of the disease is low because of the limited number of farms that grow this crop in Italy, although spread could increase as the popularity of plantings expand.

Isolation of chemical constituents from Daphne odora var. Margirmt by high-speed counter-current chromatography

Isolation of chemical constituents from Daphne odora var. Margirmt by high-speed counter-current chromatography

Incidence of virus diseases and RT-PCR detection of Daphne-infecting viruses in Korea

Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was developed for the detection of viruses from Daphne odora plants in this study. Five sets of primers were designed for the specific detection of five different viruses, Daphne virus Y (DVY, Potyvirus), Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV, Cucumovirus), Daphne virus S (DVS, Carlavirus), Cycas necrotic stunt virus (CNSV, Nepovirus), and Watermelon mosaic virus (WMV, Potyvirus) in collected Daphne plants. RT-PCR could successfully detect the viruses from the Daphne plants. Two potyviruses (DVY and WMV), CNSV, CMV and DVS were frequently detected in >85% samples examined in this study. CNSV was the most prevalent virus (78%), and the infection rate for the three viruses WMV, CMV and DVS was >60%. These results demonstrate that virus diseases on Daphne plants are extremely severe and widespread in Korea. It is especially notable that mixed virus infections with more than three different viruses were very common and 12% of Daphne plants were infected by the five viruses. The results suggest that five primer sets developed in this study can successfully detect the target viruses and can be useful for the monitoring of virus incidence and indexing of the virus-free Daphne plants.

Two new chemical constituents from Daphne odora Thunb. var. marginata

Two new phenolic constituents, daphnenone (1) and daphneone (2), were isolated from the stem bark of Daphne odora Thunb. var. marginata. Their structures were established on the basis of spectroscopic analysis. Compounds 1 and 2 were tested for cytotoxic activity by MTT assays on five human tumour cell lines, K562, A549, MCF-7, LOVO and HepG2. Compound 1 showed obvious cytotoxic activity against all the five cell lines.

Phytophthora nicotianae에 의한 서향 역병

2002년에서 2003년까지 경상남도 사천시 와룡산 기슭의 서향 재배포장에서 Phytophthora nicotianae에 의한 서향 역병이 발생하였다. 병징은 잎이 황화되면서 떨어지고 줄기 및 지제부워가 암갈색의 수침상으로 갈변되어 썩으면서 시들어 말라 죽는다. PDA 배지 상에서 균총은 전형적인 장미꽃 또는 거미집 형태를 나타내었고 균사생육은 느렸다. 유주자낭은 구형 또는 난형이며 많은 양의 후막포자를 형성하였으며, 크기는 23~<TEX>$56{\times}21$</TEX>~<TEX>$34\mu\textrm{m}$</TEX> 이었다. 유성생식형은 자웅이주이며, 후막포자는 구형이며 크기는 16~<TEX>$32\mu\textrm{m}$</TEX>이었다. 난포자는 비충만형으로 크기는 18~<TEX>$26\mu\textrm{m}$</TEX> 이다. 장정기는 저착이며 구형이었다. 균사 생육적온은 25~<TEX>$30^{\circ}C$</TEX> 였다. In 2002 and 2003, Phytophthora blight on Daphne odora occurred in fields at Waryong Mountain, Sacheon city, Korea. The disease usually initiated on the root and crown of the plant. Crown lesions began with light brown as water-soaking. Infection rate of the disease reached up to 60% in a heavily infested fields. The causal fungus was identified as Phytophthora nicotianae based on following mycological characteristics. Sporangium: readily formed in water, papillate, noncaducous, ovoid to spherical, 23~<TEX>$56{\times}$</TEX>~34 <TEX>$\mu\textrm{m}$</TEX> in size. Oogonium: spherical, smooth walled, 18~26 <TEX>$\mu\textrm{m}$</TEX> in size. Oospore: aplerotic, globose, 16~24 <TEX>$\mu\textrm{m}$</TEX> in size. Antheridium: amphigynous, unicellula, spherical. Chlamydospore: abundant, spherical, 16~32 <TEX>$\mu\textrm{m}$</TEX> in size. Sexuality: heterothallic. Optimum growth temperature was about 25~<TEX>$30^{\circ}C$</TEX>. Pathogenicity of the isolate was confirmed on host plant and the fungus was identified as Phytophthora nicotianae. This is the first report of Phytophthora blight of Daphne odora in Korea.

Fusarium Wilt of Winter Daphne (Daphne odora Thunb.) Caused by Fusarium oxysporum

Severe wilt disease epidemic was found on winter daphnes (Daphne odora Thunb.) cultivated in farmers, nurseries in Suncheon, Jeonnam in 2003. Typical symptoms appeared on the leaves of winter daphne as yellowish wilts and turned brown from the lower leaves on the same plant. Severely infected leaves were defoliated, resulting in blight of stems and eventual death of the entire plant. Black decayed vascular tissues were distinctly observed in a wilted plant. Fusarium sp. was isolated from the diseased plants repeatedly and its pathogenicity was confirmed by artificial inoculation on healthy plants. The fungus was identified as Fusarium oxysporum on the basis of the morphological and cultural characteristics on potato dextrose agar and carnation leaf agar. The optimum temperature for fungal growth was around <TEX>$25{\circ}C$</TEX> and the fungal growth was inhibited by metconazole, triflumizole and trifloxystrobin on potato dextrose agar. This is the first report on the wilt disease of winter daphnes caused by F.oxysporum in Korea.

Spectrofluorimetric study of the binding of daphnetin to bovine serum albumin

Daphnetin (7,8-dihydroxycoumarin), one of the major bioactive components isolated from Daphne odora (as glucoside), is a chelator, an antioxidant and a protein kinase inhibitor. In this paper, we report for the first time studies on the binding of daphnetin to bovine serum albumin (BSA) under physiological conditions with BSA concentration of 1.5×10 −6 mol l −1 and drug concentration in the range of 6.7×10 −6 to 2.0×10 −5 mol l −1. Fluorescence quenching spectra in combination with Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy and circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy was used to investigate the drug-binding mode, the binding constant and the protein structure changes in the presence of daphnetin in aqueous solution. The curvature of Scatchard plot indicates that daphnetin binds to more than one class of sites on BSA. The thermodynamic parameters, enthalpy change (Δ H) and entropy change (Δ S) were calculated to be −24.21 kJ mol −1 and 19.30 J mol −1 K −1 according to van’t Hoff equation, which indicated that hydrophobic and electrostatic interaction played main role in the binding of daphnetin to BSA.

Stereochemistry of matairesinol formation by Daphne secoisolariciresinol dehydrogenase

Secoisolariciresinol dehydrogenase activity was detected for the first time from Daphne odora and Daphne genkwa (Thymelaeaceae), which are known to produce optically pure (+)-matairesinol. In sharp contrast, (−)-matairesinol was formed selectively over the (+)-antipode by the secoisolariciresinol dehydrogenase preparation from both D. odora callus and D. genkwa shoots.

TORUS LIGNIFICATION IN HARDWOODS

Tori in wood of Osmanthus americanus, Daphne odora, Celtis occidentalis and Ulmus alata were tested for lignins using KMnO4 staining in conjunction with TEM, and acriflavine staining in concert with CLSM. It was hypothesized that impregnation with lignin could explain torus survival during cytoplasmic apoptosis. KMnO4 staining indicated torus lignification in all four woods, whereas only Osmanthus and Daphne tested positive for lignin with acriflavine. Tori in Celtis and Ulmus showed some evidence of partial breakdown during cell maturation, which might expose non-lignin sites for KMnO4 binding and thus produce spurious results. The acriflavine data correlate with developmental studies in which torus ontogeny occurs by one method in Osmanthus and Daphne and by another method in Celtis and Ulmus.

Effects of daphnodorin A, B and C, new flavans isolated from traditional Chinese medicine, on the 12-lipoxygenase and cyclooxygenase metabolism of arachidonic acid in rabbit platelets

The effects of daphnodorin A, B and C, isolated from the root and bark of Daphne odora THUNB, on the activities of 12-lipoxygenase and cyclooxygenase in rabbit platelets were examined. Daphnodorin A and C were inhibitors of platelet 12-lipoxygenase and cyclooxygenase activities. Daphnodorin B had no effect on the two enzymatic pathways. The present data raise the possibility that daphnodorin A and C can be anti-thrombotic and anti-atherosclerotic drugs through the suppressive influence on the platelet 12-lipoxygenase and cyclooxygenase.

Three flavonoids from Daphne odora

Three new flavonoids, daphnodorins J-L, were isolated from the roots of Daphne odora, and their structures established from spectral and chemical evidence.

Stimulation of Root Formation in Difficult-to-Root Woody Cuttings by Dithiothreitol

Shoot microcuttings of Malus domestica cv. Jork 9, Malus domestica cv. Cepiland, Mandevilla (Dipladenia) sanderi, and Daphne odora cv. variegata were induced to root by the addition of 0.1-1 mM dithiothreitol following an auxin (indole-3-acetic acid) treatment to initiate root formation. The most difficult to root, Malus domestica cv. Cepiland, required higher dithiothreitol concentrations to achieve optimum rooting than did the less difficult to root, Malus domestica cv. Jork 9, Mandevilla sanderi, or Daphne odora variegata. The roots induced by the combination of dithiothreitol and auxin treatment were approximately twofold longer and more robust than those induced with auxin treatment alone. The combination treatment of auxin and dithiothreitol has the potential to be of practical importance in root initiation in difficult-to-root cuttings of both woody and herbaceous horticultural varieties.

Three biflavonoids from Daphne odora

Three new biflavonoids, daphnodorins G-I, were isolated from the roots of Daphne odora and their structures established from spectral and chemical means. These are two C-7/C-2″, C-8/C-3″ biflavonoids (upper half: apigenin, lower half: afzelechin), daphnodorins G and H and a spirobiflavonoid, daphnodorin I.

Biflavonoids from Daphne odora

Two new biflavonoids, daphnodorins E and F, were isolated from the roots of Daphne odora and their structures established from spectral and chemical evidence.