Dangerous Natural Processes Research Articles

RESEARCH METHODS AND GEOINFORMATION MODELS OF CHANGES IN LAND RESOURCES OF ALMATY REGION UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF HOUSEHOLD WASTE

This article deals with the solution of scientific problems, including the development of holistic conceptual models for presenting, processing and analyzing geographic information, and comprehensively assesses the extent of the impact of regional systems on many dangerous natural and artificial processes. This makes it possible to resolve the contradiction between the need to analyze the state of various territorial systems in order to prevent the occurrence of emergencies due to the influence of natural and man-made processes.On the one hand, providing information and support in decision-making, and on the other, ensuring the provision of cartographic models of transport systems risk assessment of dangerous natural and man-made processes and their mapping. Integrated environmental assessment and modeling of industrial systems. A method for mapping payment systems and assessing the health of the population. Since the city of Almaty is a large metropolis, the ecological situation is very poor. This directly affects the ecology of the City, Public Health. We manage, process data by processing GIS data. In solving upcoming environmental problems, in developing new solutions, a special data card will come to the rescue. This will lead to solving problems from this point of view. It is possible to create monitoring maps by combining space surveys and statistical data. One of the most effective aspects of GIS data is that it allows you to optimally consider problems and work in any area. From this point of view, the GIS industry is developing rapidly. In the country, this industry is developing rapidly and is gaining a lot of demand.

Geological hazards when justifying the regulations of urban development

Relevance. Territorial planning of cities determines the reduction or prevention of possible or existing losses of the population, economic facilities and the environment from technoprirodnye hazards of different genesis. The effectiveness of planning regulations for urban development depends on the degree of validity of identification and forecasts of the occurrence and evolution of hazardous natural and technogenic processes in time and space. This, in its turn, is determined by the reliability of our ideas about the patterns of their formation and regional distribution. Aim. To identify geological hazards and propose the main engineering and geological constraints in urban planning on the example of Gomel. Objects. Natural and technical system "geological environment – technogenic impacts – hazardous natural and technoprirodnye processes". Methods. Systematic approach to the analysis of patterns of formation of hazardous natural and technoprirodic processes in the city; numerical modeling of geofiltration and geomigration processes based on the geofiltration model "GOMEL". Results. The most characteristic dangerous natural and technoprirodnye processes have been established on the example of the city of Gomel. Priority areas for the introduction of planning restrictions: tectonic situation; man-made flooding, were identified. Soil conditions are considered separately as one of the factors effecting the precipitation of natural and artificial bases under the influence of loads from civil and industrial buildings and structures. The authors have revealed the presence of disjunctive, as well as plicative in the form of flexures, age-varying and multi-scale dislocations forming the block structure of the upper part of the earth's crust of the city. It is shown that from the point of view of the stability of engineering structures, the absolute values of the velocities of long-period unidirectional block displacements are dangerous during long-term operation of structures located in interblock active zones. At the same time, short-period multidirectional movements in the active geodynamic zones of the articulation of blocks cause a change in the slope and bending of the foundations of structures. The paper introduces the engineering-geological features of the most common surface deposits: the terrigenous gray-colored formation of the Paleogene; glacial, periglacial and extraglacial formations of anthropogenic origin and their facies-genetic complexes. The authors identified the potential natural and technological hazards associated with the marked deposits. The paper demonstrates the causes and mechanisms of the formation of technogenic flooding of the city, as well as the genesis of the decrease in the deformation properties of moraine sandy loam with a technogenic increase in humidity. It is concluded that when establishing land use regulations for a city, as a rule, general measures cannot be taken, both for its entire territory and for certain stages of construction activity. The paper introduces the corresponding restrictions on the use of subsoil.

RESEARCH METHODS AND GEOINFORMATION MODELS OF CHANGES IN LAND RESOURCES OF ALMATY REGION UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF HOUSEHOLD WASTE

This article deals with the solution of scientific problems, including the development of holistic conceptual models for presenting, processing and analyzing geographic information, and comprehensively assesses the extent of the impact of regional systems on many dangerous natural and artificial processes. This makes it possible to resolve the contradiction between the need to analyze the state of various territorial systems in order to prevent the occurrence of emergencies due to the influence of natural and man-made processes. On the one hand, providing information and support in decision-making, and on the other, ensuring the provision of cartographic models of transport systems risk assessment of dangerous natural and man-made processes and their mapping. Integrated environmental assessment and modeling of industrial systems. A method for mapping payment systems and assessing the health of the population.Since the city of Almaty is a large metropolis, the ecological situation is very poor. This directly affects the ecology of the City, Public Health. We manage, process data by processing GIS data. In solving upcoming environmental problems, in developing new solutions, a special data card will come to the rescue. This will lead to solving problems from this point of view. It is possible to create monitoring maps by combining space surveys and statistical data. One of the most effective aspects of GIS data is that it allows you to optimally consider problems and work in any area. From this point of view, the GIS industry is developing rapidly. In the country, this industry is developing rapidly and is gaining a lot of demand.

Earthquakes in Turkey and Syria in 2023 and geodynamics of the Caucasus-Anatolian region

Background. The intensification of natural disasters all over the world requires the development of new approaches to the study of geological processes. This particularly concerns the areas at the boundaries of lithospheric plates, which are characterized by earthquakes, increased seismicity, volcanism, intensive heat flows, geothermal manifestations, landslide processes, tsunamis, and other dangerous natural processes and hazards. The Caucasus-Anatolian-Arabian region is a complex highly-stressed geodynamic structure, characterized by an increased heat flow, seismicity, magmatism, and volcanism. The geodynamics of this region is determined by the collision of the Eurasian and Arabian lithosphere plates, as well as by the evolution of the Alpine-Himalayan belt and surrounding areas. A 7.8 magnitude earthquake hit the South-East Turkey and North-West Syria on February 6, 2023. This was the largest earthquake in Turkey since the 1939 Erzincan earthquake, and the second-strongest since the 1668 North Anatolia earthquake. More than 52,800 deaths were confirmed, with about 46,100 in Turkey and 6,700 in Syria. It is the deadliest natural disaster in Turkey’s modern history with the estimated damage of over $100 billion. Aim. To construct geodynamic models for the deep structure of natural hazard regions, which can contribute to the study of active continental margins. This information is necessary for earthquake forecasting and prognosis, as well as for assessing geoecological risks and preparing the population in the event of natural disasters and catastrophes. Materials and methods. The formation and evolution processes of geological structures in complex geodynamic settings, as well as the forecasting and prognosis of natural hazards, required an analysis of all available geological and geophysical data. The methods of mechanical and mathematical modeling were used to formulate and solve the research problems. Results. Geodynamic models of the regions of hazardous natural processes were constructed with the purpose of forecasting and preventing natural disasters and catastrophes. An algorithm for creating monitoring systems was proposed. Conclusion. In several years (1–10 years), another earthquake near Istanbul can be expected. In the case that no large earthquake occurs in the East Anatolian fault in 1–2 years, this event is likely to occur in 100 years only.

Анализ последствий изменения климата для управления климатическими рисками на железнодорожном транспорте

Purpose: Meta-analysis of the consequences of climate change for climate risk management in railway transportation. Methods: Analysis the consequences of climate change, based on an array of statistical data for the period from 1990 to 2019, thermal risks for railway infrastructure facilities have been identified. Results: It has been shown that the degree of heating of railway infrastructure objects can vary significantly depending on the specific location and type of object. The causes of failures associated with thermal risks on the railway network have been identified: most of the incidents associated with the heat occur during the period from the beginning to the middle of summer. There is a significant vulnerability of equipment to heat. A wide range of equipment fails due to heating at ambient temperatures within the operating range, as well as within the climatic norms of the given region. Practical significance: Ways to increase the stability of transport infrastructure and adaptation to climate change have been formulated. It is shown that climate change increases the likelihood of natural disasters and dangerous natural processes that can initiate emergency situations in transportation. The growth of annual extremums of air temperature is predicted in most of Russia. In this case, an increase in the number of days with abnormally high values of air temperature and a decrease in the number of days with extremely low night air temperatures is expected. The assessment shows that in some cases, the factors of climatic risk may not be dangerous natural phenomena themselves, but the dangerous technogenic events created by them.

Geodynamics of the Caucasus – Anatolian-Arabian region and Turkey-Syria Earthquakes 2023

The activation of natural disasters in the world requires the development of new approaches to the study of geological processes, in particular, at the boundaries of lithospheric plates, characterized by earthquakes, increased seismicity, volcanism, landslide processes, tsunamis and other dangerous natural processes and hazards. Earthquake of M 7.8 struck south -eastern Turkey and north - western Syria on 6 February 2023. The M 7.8 earthquake is the largest in Turkey since the 1939 Erzincan earthquake, and the second-strongest recorded in the country, after the 1668 North Anatolia earthquake. More than 52,800 deaths were confirmed: more than 46,100 in Turkey, and more than 6,700 in Syria. It is the deadliest natural disaster in Turkey's modern history. The earthquakes caused over US$100 billion in damages. The geodynamic models construction for the deep structure of natural hazards regions is an important contribution to the study of active continental margins, which is necessary for the earthquake forecast, prediction and prognosis, assessing geoecological risks and preparing population actions in the event of natural disasters and catastrophes. The Caucasus - Arabian region is a complex highly-stressed geodynamic structure, characterized by increased heat flow, high seismicity, magmatism and volcanism. The geodynamics of the Caucasus - Arabian region is determined by the collision of the Eurasian and Arabian lithosphere plates, as well as the complex history of the development of the Alpine-Himalayan belt and surrounding territories. The problem solution of geological structures formation and evolution in various complex geodynamic settings and natural hazards forecast and prognosis requires an analysis of all available geological - geophysical data, as well as the formulation and solution of problems of mechanical and mathematical modeling. Slow lithospheric deformations are simulated by models of viscous flow in multi-layered, incompressible, high-viscosity Newtonian fluid, using Navier-Stocks equation and discontinuity equation. The solution of the inverse problem of geodynamics by the direct method is developed. The first inverse problem of geodynamics was solved - the restoration of the velocity fields, pressures and stresses at the depth of the lithosphere according to the available data on the velocities on the surface. The second inverse problem of geodynamics has been posed and solved - the determination of the movement of boundaries at the depth of the lithosphere based on the given movements of the surface. The solutions obtained can be used to analyze deep geodynamic problems, and together with geothermal modeling, geological and geophysical methods and seismic tomography can serve as a reliable apparatus for studying deep geodynamics due to the formation and evolution of geological structures and the lithosphere stress-strain state researches. The solution of the problem is analyzed on the example of the Caucasus - Arabian region geodynamics. The Geodynamic concept of geoenvironment has been developed. Geodynamic models of the regions of hazardous natural processes in order to predict and prevent natural disasters and catastrophes are constructed. An algorithm for creating monitoring systems is suggested.

STAGES OF RESETTLEMENT OF ECO-MIGRANTS OF ADJARA REGION AND STATE STRATEGY (ON THE EXAMPLE OF GURIA REGION)

The modern migration processes in Georgia, especially ecological motives that are caused by the social enviroment have many reasons and they don’t fully corresponds to the socio-economic strategic interests of the development of the country. It is the weak economy mainly due to geographical factors, the backwardness and high cost of the service sector, and the dangerous natural processes that periodically put the need for intensive one-way migration on the agenda. Based on this, the purpose of the study is to determine the nature and stages of ecomigration of the population from the Ajara region at different times in the context of the state strategy, on the example of the ecomigrants settled in the Guria region. In order to achieve the mentioned goal and to study the issue, the institutional approach to the study of migration processes is used. The research is based on quantitative and qualitative social research techniques, as well as analysis and statistical methods. All this helped us in proper analysis and study of collected primary and secondary scientific information and materials. The survey was conducted from March 12 to September 25, 2022. According to the results of the research, in the presented material, the stages of eco-migration from the Adjara region to the Guria region are studied for the first time, its nature is determined, the state policy and its characteristics are evaluated, and various problems related to eco-migration are described. Also, during the research process, we developed recommendations that will contribute to the effectiveness of the state eco-migration policy. Based on the set goal of the research problem and the research issues, the research included the study of the scientific literature surrounding the research problem, the study of state documents, including archival documents, press and media materials, and the implementation of field research in the areas inhabited by ecomigrants.

Хот суурин газрын геологи орчны тогтвортой байдлын үнэлгээ, таамаглалын асуудалд

The objective of the research was to summarize and analyze the existing and emerging methods of sustainability assessment for the territories of Ulaanbaatar City. The principle of target use of territories assumes determination of its possibilities for performance of social and economic functions on the basis of a preliminary assessment of its natural resources, value of natural objects, etc. It is important that the mandatory damage was minimal, and the planned benefits significantly exceeded them. A principle of safety assumes that any anthropogenic impact on the geological environment should not create environmentally harmful and dangerous to the habitat of the present generation and have long-term environmentally harmful consequences for future generations. Generalization and systematization of information about the state and stability of the geological environment should be consistent with the scale of the problems and the level of decision-making (global, regional, local). The results of assessments of the stability of territories can be presented in various forms, as well as the leading natural and man-made factors that affect their stability. They include quantitative, semi-quantitative and qualitative assessments. The cost criteria for evaluating the stability of territories are being widely developed at present in two main directions. The first is assessment of the risk of the impact of dangerous natural and natural-technogenic processes. The second is due to the assessment of the costs required for the construction and normal operation of natural-technical systems or objects, including their engineering protection.

Comparative Analysis of the Risk of Nature Management in Countries of European and African Unions

The partnership between the EU and the AU in the fi eld of protection against natural disasters leads to the rapprochement of Africa and Europe, strengthening economic cooperation, sustainable development, when both continents coexist in peace, security, democracy, prosperity, solidarity and human dignity. A comparative analysis of the risk of nature management in the EU and AU countries has shown that countries with a high level of economic development do not have a clear advantage. Moreover, the AU countries oft en look more favorable. The overall picture for the EU and the AU, both in terms of absolute indicators and in terms of the percentage ratio of natural hazards, protection from natural disasters and risk of nature management, is also not in favor of the European Union. The leadership of the EU, the European Commission and its specialized disaster management units often overestimate their economic capabilities. Dangerous natural processes catch the highly developed states of Europe unawares and cause significant damage also because of the very high level of development of the EU territory. In the AU, firstly, a significant part of the territory is pristine natural landscapes, oft en completely unpopulated, secondly, in many countries the adaptation mechanisms of the local population to natural disasters are widely developed, and thirdly, the AU countries practically do not spend their own resources to combat natural disasters, and provide this process at the expense of external fi nancial and humanitarian aid from donors — the UN, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, various public organizations and, actually, from the EU. Nevertheless, the eff ective functioning of the entire disaster management system requires a strong economy in the EU and the AU as a whole, as well as in individual countries. Its basic subsystems should be: 1) market management — leadership at the level of company management, mentoring, creation of institutional conditions for development of innovative entrepreneurship, consulting and teaching entrepreneurs new methods of managing and running business; 2) financing — private investments, business projects, access to credit; 3) national-cultural and cross-cultural processes — entrepreneurial culture, formation of new progressive ideas on the principles of sustainable development, tolerance of entrepreneurial risk, self-employment, encouragement of success in innovation, establishment of business innovation summits; 4) regulation and promotion — regulatory framework, ease of starting and doing business, access to information and consulting infrastructure, new information and communication technologies, transport accessibility; 5) development and growth of human capital — universities and research centers as catalysts of innovation, promotion of employment and interaction with employers for employment of university graduates in innovative companies, talent management, availability of outsourcing; 6) new areas of activity — domestic market, large, medium, small companies as customers, including the state (state order, state procurement), logistics.

Implementation of microseismic monitoring for iron ore mines

The seismic station of the Subbot Institute of Geophysics of the NAS of Ukraine (IGP), in Kriviy Rih (Ukraine) ten earthquakes were registered from 2007 to 2013. Such activity is not typical for this region. One of the reasons is mining of mineral resources in this area, leading to irreversible changes in the stress-strain state of the massif, which activate dangerous natural and man-made processes (landslides, flooding, earthquakes, mountain strikes, etc.) The collapse of the mountain massif and the exit of the funnels occurs when the limit value of the loading in the massif is reached. Limit value warning of the stress-strain state of the massif is a condition for the danger of the zone. The task of control is to prevent the stress-strain state of the massif. Any unloading of the massif is accompanied by the formation of a crack, which is characterized by a burst of amplitude and a certain frequency of oscillations. For the geographic information system of mines, it is important to highlight significant phenomena by types of energy, affiliation to the mining allotment of the mine (distance to the hypocenter) and the nature of the primary source - technical or natural. The goal of research is to define a significant phenomena for identifying the stress-strain state of the massif using the microseismic monitoring. To increase noise immunity, it is advisable to use both physical filtration methods and software selection of significant phenomena against the background of man-made noise. To form conclusions, it is necessary to form a sample, so for reliable identification of the stress - strain state of the massif it is necessary to perform statistical processing of the measurement results. The usage of microseismic control at mining enterprises will reduce the possibility of mining shocks, landslides, which will reduce material damage. This will increase the safety of mining operations and ability to prevent man-made earthquakes of magnitude more than five.

Torrential Hazard Prevention in Alpine Small Basin through Historical, Empirical and Geomorphological Cross Analysis in NW Italy

Debris flow is one of the most dangerous natural processes in mountain regions and it occur in a wide variety of environments throughout the world. In the Italian Alps, some tens of thousands of damaging debris flow and, in general, torrential floods associated to intense sediment transport in secondary catchments have been documented in the last 300 years. These have caused socio-economic damage, damage to anthropogenic structures or infrastructures and in many cases casualties. Often, in the same basins, the occurrence of debris-flow processes recurs many years later. Prediction can often be spatial and based on the magnitude of the largest known process, while the temporal forecast is the most uncertain. It is also possible to increase the resilience of the population and of the territory. The present study aims at investigating different levels of debris-flow hazard in urban areas on Alpine alluvial fans and proposes a strategy for debris-flow prevention based on historical research and on a simplified analytical approach, methods that also involve relatively low costs. For such analysis, Ischiator stream catchment (ca. 20 km2) and its alluvial fan (NW Italy) were selected. This area was partly affected by historical torrential flood associated to intense sediment transport and debris-flow processes. Present-day instability conditions along the slope and the stream network were detected and synthesized through surveys and aerial photo interpretation integrated by satellite images (period 1954–2021). An estimation of the potential amount of moving detritus, referred to as debris flow, was carried out regarding the June 1957 debris-flow event, based on the predictive models. The individual hazard index value was estimated based on different methods. The results indicate that 56% of the area is exposed to flood associated to intense sediment transport hazard, which fluctuates from high to very high levels; such results are supported by debris-flow historical records. Since today almost half of the settlement (Bagni di Vinadio) is located on potentially risk-exposed areas, the urban evolution policy adopted after the 1957 event failed to manage the risk connection to debris-flow activity.

On the issue of the impact of adverse and dangerous natural processes on the use of coastal recreational areas of the Russian Federation

Adverse and dangerous natural processes are a deterrent factor in the economic, in particular, recreational use of the coastal territories of Russia. They significantly reduce their tourist potential. At the same time, a decrease in the recreational value of territories is one of the consequences of human impact on the natural landscapes of the coastal zone. It seems important to consider the impact of adverse and dangerous natural processes specifically for coastal recreational areas due to their exceptional importance for domestic tourism. It, in turn, plays a huge role both for the economy of Russia and certain regions of our country, and for Russians themselves: tourists and local residents.As a result of the research, for each of the seaside recreational areas available in Russia, the study revealed the most characteristic adverse and dangerous natural processes. Some of them are more or less manifested everywhere, for example, abrasion processes or storms. Others, in particular, seismic threat, are characteristic only for certain coastal territories. Measures to counteract dangerous natural processes are also somewhat similar for all the regions considered. However, when developing measures to counteract adverse and dangerous natural processes, the peculiarities of coastal regions should also be taken into account. Such features include climatic and relief characteristics, the landscapes of the region, the existing structure of human activity and the intensity of economic development of the region, the types of tourism that are characteristic of it, and the level of popularity of the region among recreants, as well as its recreational potential.

Hydrogeological processes and phenomena and assessment of their danger

In modern complex engineering-geological conditions of cities, the growth and scale of development of dangerous natural processes and phenomena can be traced. In many ways, the reasons for this are not only technogenic load on the soil, but also changes in climatic factors. Buildings and objects exposed to hazardous factors of hydrogeological processes are becoming increasingly vulnerable to their impact, which can lead to catastrophic consequences. One of the main conditions for increasing the stability of objects is the adaptation of existing methods or approaches to assessing natural hazards that have a negative impact on the physical state of such objects. The authors of the article propose an adaptation of the international INFORM approach in order to assess the hazard level of natural processes and phenomena in built-up areas. The task is also to develop a methodology for assessing the physical state of objects exposed to such processes and phenomena. To solve this problem, the study examines the practical aspects of applying the principles of the Weber-Fechner law in determining the state of the structural parameters of buildings that are under the influence of negative factors of hazardous natural processes and phenomena. The study is based on the principle of changing the category of the physical state of objects from changes in the level of exposure to hazardous factors of natural processes and phenomena.

Identification of disjunctive dislocations as one of the parameters for estimating a territory seismicity of North Sakhalin

The north of Sakhalin Island is characterized by frequent earthquakes and many disjunctive dislocations. One of the catastrophic earthquakes occurred in the settlement of Neftegorsk. The level of modern technologies makes it possible to track the change in environmental parameters accompanying dangerous natural processes with a high degree of certainty. The article proposes an interpretating technology for disjunctive dislocations detecting, which differs from the existing ones with the complex use and summation of satellite image data using image processing methods widely applied in “computer vision”. The study aims to compile and describe a map of discontinuous faults of the village of Neftegorsk, located in the northern part of Sakhalin Island, using the developed decoding technology and geophysical data. Methods: Identification methods used in the work: 1) methods of primary image processing (correction, transformation, resolution change, cropping, visualization); 2) a set of “contextual” and “autonomous” methods of lineament analysis, with the help of which a series of images is processed (canny, erosion, Hough’s algorithm); 3) methods for constructing maps of discontinuous faults (summation, sequential linking). Results. Using the developed technology, a map of discontinuous faults in the area of the Neftegorsk earthquake was constructed. The implementation of the technology makes it possible to provide the monitoring data on discontinuous faults to organizations that are engaged in seismic zoning, construction and operation of objects for various purposes, including mineral deposits.

ОБЕСПЕЧЕНИЕ БЕЗОПАСНОСТИ ТЕРРИТОРИИ БАССЕЙНА РЕКИ ГИЖГИТ (БАКСАНСКОЕ УЩЕЛЬЕ, КАБАРДИНО-БАЛКАРИЯ)

The article presents materials on the current state of the Tyrnyauz Mining and Processing Plant’s tailing dump, its negative impact on the environment and a possible scenario of this impact in the future. An analysis of the development of dangerous natural processes in this area is given. The author indicates measures that can ensure the safety of this facility, and work currently being done in that direction is noted. The article considers measures for the reclamation of the dry beach of the tailings dump of Tyrnyauz Mining and Processing Plant, including the restoration of the discharge well, in the interest of preventing environmental contamination risks in the Gizhgit river basin area.

Additional insights to EC7 from the application of reliability-based design methods: the case of debris flow protection structures

Debris flows are dangerous natural processes that cause extensive damages to infrastructures and urbanized areas and can lead to loss of human lives. Their unpredictability, their extremely high motion and their magnitude are the main causes of these harms. Mitigation measures are fundamental for reducing the associated risk and protecting infrastructures in mountainous areas. Their design is still an open issue: there are many formulations to evaluating impact pressure. Moreover, the uncertainties in the determination of flow characteristics (velocity and thickness) are significantly high and difficult to quantify. In the European Union, the design of any type of structures involved in rock mechanics field must comply with EN-1997 Geotechnical Design (CEN 2004) (EC7). For debris flow countermeasures, EC7 requirements are very difficult to apply in practice since partial safety factors are not provided for these phenomena. However, the basic philosophy of reliability-based design (RBD), as defined in EN1990 (CEN 2002) may be a suitable and complementary approach to provide geotechnical structures with a uniform probability of failure. Reliability Based Design (RBD) can provide additional insights to EC7 design and can be applied when partial factors have still to be proposed (by EC7) to cover uncertainties of less common parameters, as in case of debris flow countermeasures. This paper presents an analysis of the advantages and limitations on the applicability of RBD approach to debris flow countermeasures, by using the first-order reliability method (FORM). In particular, data availability, the possibilities for analysing data in a statistical framework and the choice of performance function are the main limitation of the method, which force to make assumptions regarding statistical distribution of the considered parameters. A sensitivity analyses, comparing different equations, commonly used for debris flow impact pressure estimation, were performed for quantifying the effect of the selected performance function on the RBD results.

«Табиғи катаклизм» ұғымы: заңдылықтары мен себеп-салдарлық байланыстары

Мақалада географиялық қабықта тікелей болатын табиғи апаттар туралы айтылған. Мақала мазмұнында авторлар «табиғи апат» ұғымына өзіндік түсінік берген. Табиғи апаттардың жіктемесі ұсынылды және олардың өзара әрекеттестігі орнатылды. Табиғи апаттардың себеп-салдарлық байланыстары олардың факторларын, көрсеткіштерін және олардың салдарын анықтай отырып ашылды. Қауіпті табиғи процестерге баға берілді, сондай-ақ катаклизмдердің көріну масштабы, уақыты, шығу тегі, көріну ауданы, сондай-ақ әсер ету сипаты бойынша жіктеу жүргізілді. Табиғи апаттардың мына типологиясы ұсынылған: деструктивті әсерге ие (дауыл, тайфун, торнадо, жер сілкінісі, жәндіктермен зақымдануы); көлік қозғалысын тоқтатуға әсер ететін (қар жаууы, су басу, нөсер, тұман); сарқылушы әсерге ие (өнімді, топырақтың құнарлылығын, сумен жабдықтауды және басқа табиғи ресурстарды азайту); технологиялық апаттарды (табиғи және техникалық апаттарды) тудыруы мүмкін табиғи апаттар (найзағай, мұз, мұздану, биохимиялық коррозия және т.б.). Сонымен бірге мақалада табиғи апаттарды бақылау және болжау міндеттері қарастырылған. Осы мәселелерді шешу үшін қажетті ақпаратты жинауды, сақтауды және өңдеуді қамтамасыз ететін экологиялық бақылау жүйелерінің синтезіне ерекше назар аударылған. Экоинформатиканың алгоритмдері мен әдістеріне негізделген және ақпараттық технологиялар мен экологиялық кіші жүйелер эволюциясы модельдерін бірлесіп пайдаланудан тұратын аэроғарыштық бақылау жүйелерінің синтезінің жаңа тұжырымдамасы сипатталды. Табиғи апаттардың нақты жағдайлары талданды.

Solving the problem of high ground water

During the construction of buildings and structures, as well as during operation, it is often necessary to carry out a set of measures to reduce the level of ground (underground) water. This is due to the frequent occurrence of dangerous natural and man-made processes - flooding of built-up areas, which cause adverse changes in the natural and man-made environment. The article discusses the main methods of water reduction, in order to choose the optimal and rational method of work during the construction and operation of buildings and structures. When choosing the most effective and optimal method of water reduction, it is necessary to take into account not only the physical properties of the soil, but also the technical, technological and economic aspects of the problem being solved.

Assessment of gully erosion on the territory of Tomsk using GIS technologies

Relevance and purpose of the work. Currently, the area of development of Tomsk is increasing. New neighborhoods are growing on previously undeveloped land (for example, on the left bank of the river Tom). The central part of the city is being redeveloped and reconstructed. It is impossible to develop a high-quality territory without taking into account the dynamics, mechanisms, factors and patterns of development of dangerous natural and technological processes, the forecast of their development. The purpose of the work is to establish the patterns of gully erosion, assess the intensity of its development, and predict the probability of its occurrence within the new city boundaries. Methods of research. We performed an assessment and forecast of the development of gully erosion in Tomsk using GIS technologies, which are an important tool in the city management process due to their ability to process and analyze multidimensional data about the geological environment. We compared the traditional model of data-driven frequency ratio (FR) and expert-based multi-criteria assessment, i.e. analytical hierarchical process by weighting of gulley conditioning factors. Results of the work. We constructed a map of the distribution of gullies on the territory of the city, including 23 polygons. These polygons were then randomly divided into training (16 polygons or 70%) and validation data (7 polygons or 30%). We used seven gulley-conditioning factors for the two models to produce gulley susceptibility maps: slope angle, slope aspect, curvature, elevation, geological structure of the territory; types of filtration sections; distance to the river, to analyze the spatial patterns that determine the development of gully erosion. The spatial correlation between gulley locations and the conditioning factors were identified using GIS-based statistical models. We constructed gulley susceptibility maps based on the ranking of each factor by two methods using a training data set. Receiver operating characteristics (ROC) were used to validate the resulting susceptibility maps. The area under the curve (AUC) was 0.905 for the AHP model and 0,800 for the FR model, respectively, which indicates excellent and high quality of forecast maps. We proved that both methods are beneficial for assessment the susceptibility of the territory to gully erosion. We recommend using the constructed maps for regional planning and hazard mitigation, as well as in education by teaching the discipline “Engineering geodynamics”.

Application of radio monitoring systems in development regions of dangerous natural geological processes caused by earthquake

This article is devoted to the development of a method of monitoring and monitoring the state of mountain layers in areas where landslides can occur - a dangerous natural geological process based on integrated sensors of optical fiber communication. The main cause of landslides in the territory of the Republic of Uzbekistan is also related to hydrometeorological conditions. Therefore, this process is seasonal, ie the higher the atmospheric precipitation, the higher the risk of landslides.Landslides in Uzbekistan are most common in Surkhandarya, Kashkadarya, Tashkent, Fergana, Samarkand and Namangan regions.