Dangerous Microorganisms Research Articles

Micro Life.

Description Painting is what I do to slow my brain and relax my body after a busy day at the hospital. Nothing puts me directly into a flow state like slowly moving acrylic paint across a canvas. This piece titled "Micro Life" depicts the diversity of life constantly surrounding us at the microbiological level everywhere we go. As a strong believer in nutrition and a healthy lifestyle, I know how important our microbiome is to healthy digestion and a properly functioning immune system. On the other side, I have witnessed the devastating effects dangerous microorganisms can have on our already compromised patients. Finally, this painting hangs in my office as a piece of art and a simple reminder to practice vigilant hand hygiene for our patients every day.

Microbiota of goby fish in the northern part of the Caspian sea

Microorganisms, including bacteria of aquatic ecosystems, due to their short life cycle and rapid reproduction, react to any transformations of environmental conditions earlier than other organisms of any biocenosis. Various qualitative and quantitative changes in the bacteriocenoses of water and bottom sediments entail changes in the microbiota of aquatic organisms. Fish of the Gobiidae family, due to their sedentary lifestyle, can serve as an indicator of changes in the microbiota of the environment through the transformation of their own. The results of microbiological studies of goby fish caught in the northern part of the Caspian Sea in 2014–2023 are presented. The microbiota of organs and tissues of gobies changed insignificantly over the years at the level of the isolated families; microbial associations were similar in summer and autumn. In the autumn period, the qualitative composition of bacteriocenoses of all studied biotopes became more diverse in terms of the number of isolated genera of bacteria. Isolated microorganisms of gobies are represented by gram-positive and gram-negative forms with a dominance of representatives of the family. Enterobacteriaceae and gram-positive rods and cocci. The isolated bacteria had enzymatic activity — the production of a wide range of enzymes was recorded, including enzymes acting as pathogenicity factors. The presence of resistant isolates to most of the tested antibiotics was also noted. The above properties indicated significant heterogeneity of the population of isolated bacteria and their significant adaptive potential. The results obtained indicated the persistence of potentially dangerous microorganisms in gobies. The absence of clinical signs of infectious diseases and any pathological processes in the organs and tissues of the examined fish made it possible to assess the presence of the above microorganisms as asymptomatic bacterial carriage

Assessment of Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice of Hand Hygiene Among Medical Students in a Tertiary Care Hospital.

Healthcare-associated infections (HCAIs) and emerging multi-drug resistance in nosocomial pathogens are perceived as a serious public health threat. Hands of healthcare workers (HCWs) become routinely colonized during patient care, serving as vehicles for transmission and leading to HCAIs.Hand hygiene (HH) is a globally accepted tool to avoid the broadcast of dangerous microorganisms and prevent HCAIs. A cross-sectional study was carried out to evaluate the knowledge, attitude, and practice toward HH among the medical students at Saveetha Medical College, Chennai, India. A 25-item validated questionnaire survey was formulated and circulated to100 medical students of all four academic years. There were 100 responses to the survey, and 44 (44%) participants performed HH appropriately for 20 seconds with alcohol-based hand rub. In our study, 25％ of the participants revealed that HH practices were not followed during emergencies. Many participants (40%) stated that the lack of sink, soaps, alcohol-based sanitizers, paper towels, and water is the reason for not performing HH. The gross knowledge of HH of the participants is moderate, but there were gaps between the knowledge and practice. Hence, it is essential to conduct structured training sessions and surveillance programs for medical students to address these gaps in knowledge and the correct HH procedures.

Evaluation of NiO nanoparticles infused Lup@CS nanocomposites for the degradation of Acridine orange and rose Bengal dyes

One of the most critical issues facing the globe today is the lack of readily available potable water, and scientists have made significant progress toward a solution. Compared to traditional treatment methods, nanotechnology-treated water is preferable because it eliminates dangerous microorganisms and organic pigments. In this study, we have fabricated Nickel Oxide - Lupeol loaded chitosan Nanoparticle (Lup@CS-NiO) nanocomposite via ionic gelation method and this nanocomposite was subjected to various characterization, that includes FTIR, FESEM, EDX, XRD, XPS, and UV–Vis to gain more information about the synthesized nanocomposite. We used visible light irradiation to examine the photodegradation of two organic dyes, Acridine Orange (AO) and Rose Bengal (RB), to determine how well the NiO/Lup@CS nanocomposites worked. The NiO/Lup@CS nanocomposites showed remarkable photocatalytic activity, long-term stability, and the rapid degradation of the dye solution to 85.98% (AO) and 86.46% (RB) in only 60 min. When compared to pure NiO nanoparticles, the degrading efficiency of the NiO/Lup@CS nanocomposites was much higher. In visible light irradiation studies using trapping, the reactive oxidative species involved in the photocatalytic process include superoxide radical anion (O2 radical) and OH radical. The photocatalyst was able to attain a 100% recovery rate by a simple hand-picking method, and it remained stable even after three uses. The study introduces a new Lup@CS nanocomposite that is loaded with NiO nanoparticles. It shows great effectiveness in breaking down the Acridine Orange and Rose Bengal dyes. The innovation's potential environmental effect is underscored by the fact that it provides a viable alternative for wastewater treatment.

Environmental Aerobic Bacterial Associated with Infectious and General Solid Waste: Screening at the “Université des Montagnes” Teaching Hospital Waste Accumulation Sites

Background: Waste is a source of potentially dangerous microorganisms for users of healthcare facilities, and its accumulation is a risk factor for infectious agent dissemination. Objective: The first aim of the present study was to identify and quantify aerobic bacteria around solid waste accumulation sites at the “Université des Montagnes” Teaching Hospital. The second one was to assess bacteria susceptibility to common conventional antibacterial agents. Methods: Soil samples and airborne bacteria were collected at various distances from the target solid waste accumulation sites. Bacteria isolation and susceptibility tests were thereafter conducted according to standard protocols. Results: Isolated organisms (123 bacterial isolates) included Staphylococcus spp (48%), Gram-positive rods (32%) and Gram-negative rods (20%). Polymorphism and bacterial loads were highest at the sampling locations closer to the accumulation sites and decreased with increasing distances from these sites. Overall findings revealed that variations of polymorphism and bacterial loads is likely associated with anthropogenic activities. In addition, susceptibility rates for Staphylococcus were high. Conclusion: Together with the overall bacterial population distribution trends, the high susceptibility rates recorded deserve better understanding in future research initiatives for optimal hospital hygiene.

Sensing, detoxification and bactericidal applications of nitrogen-doped carbon dots

Here, a one-pot hydrothermal synthesis technique was used to create nitrogen-doped carbon dots (N-CDs). Their structural and optical properties were assessed using XPS, XRD, Raman, UV–Vis, and fluorescence spectrophotometer. The N-CDs demonstrated encouraging emission quenching towards p-NP (p-Nitrophenol) and developed a sensing approach between 0.25 and 125 μM concentrations, from which a linear equation with a 20 nM detection limit was generated. In comparison to river and circulating water samples, the practicality demonstrated positive recovery rates together with impressive accuracy and precision. Additionally, the multi-functionality of N-CDs was investigated further in the catalytic reduction of methyl orange (MO) dye. With a good regression coefficient(0.9904) (R2) and rate constant (Kcat) (0.0208 min−1), N-CDs were able to reduce the azo groups in 8 min completely. Additionally, the bactericidal efficiency of N-CDs against gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria monocytogenes) and gram-negative (Escherichia coli, Salmonella enterica) bacteria was encouraging. The well-diffusion method demonstrated a good zone of inhibition, and the microdilution method demonstrated a promising minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of 470–940 μg/mL and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 240–470 μg/mL. The suggested fluorescent material may prove useful in the future for creating a fluorescence sensor, catalysts to combat water pollution, and antibacterial sprays to combat dangerous microorganisms.

Antibacterial Activity of the Leaves of Colocasia esculenta Linn

The purpose of the investigation was to see if the leaves of Colocasia esculenta Linn were antibacterial. Taro is a plant whose tubers are commonly consumed by Indonesians. Taro leaves, in addition to tubers, can be used as an alternate medication. As a result of their antibacterial qualities. The content Secondary metabolites found in taro leaves have the ability to stop dangerous microorganisms from growing, including Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas Aeruginosa. The method used in this research is to use taro leaf extract, which is divided into various concentration variations. Taro leaf extract is made using hydroalcoholic solvents. The results showed that each concentration showed an antibacterial ability to inhibit the growth of pathogenic bacteria. The higher the concentration of taro leaf extract used, the greater its ability to inhibit the growth of bacteria. This study utilised taro leaf extract, which was separated into various concentrations. variants. Using an hydroalcoholic solvent to extract taro leaves at the time. The findings revealed that each concentration had a different effect and exhibited antibacterial properties by reducing the growth of harmful bacteria proliferation. The higher the content of taro leaf extract, the better. The more it's used, the more it'll be able to stop bacteria from growing. A hydroalcoholic extract of Colocasia esculenta was found to have antibacterial activity against S. Aureus, P. Aeruginosa, and others in our research.

Infection risk assessment due to contaminant leakage in biological laboratories in different scenarios - the case of COVID-19 virus

Biosafety laboratories are specialized in handling dangerous microorganisms, but there are cases where contaminants are leaked due to improper handling and other reasons. Therefore, an in-depth understanding of the pattern of infection after a laboratory spill can help laboratory personnel get out of danger as soon as possible and avoid the occurrence of infection events. In this paper, we take the COVID-19 virus outbreak in recent years as an example to explore the probability of infection of laboratory personnel under different circumstances. The study used computational fluid dynamics (CFD) to predict the change of contaminant concentration over time in a typical laboratory, and then analyzed the relationship between contaminant concentration and infection probability by using a metrological response model, and calculated the infection probability of indoor personnel over time in the presence or absence of obstacles in the laboratory and the different locations of contaminant leakage, respectively. The results showed that the probability of personnel infection remained basically stable after 8 min of contaminant leakage; at the same time, the probability of infection was higher when the contaminant source was located below the exhaust vent than in other locations; and the probability of illness was lower in laboratories with obstacles than in laboratories without obstacles under the same conditions. This finding is helpful for laboratory layout design.

Study of the resistance of economically important pine species to dangerous pests on the Absheron Peninsula

The main goal of the research is to study the resistance of widely used pine species in the landscaping of the Absheron Peninsula to serious dangerous pests, to select relatively resistant species, and to recommend them for landscaping farms. At the initial stage of scientific research, phytosanitary monitoring of various types of pine trees cultivated on the peninsula was carried out, dangerous organisms were studied, analyzed, and identified (2020-2023). As a result of the research, it was established that dangerous microorganisms that are often found in economically important pine species in the studied region: pine bark beetle, sub-bark pine bug, pine scale insect, and the causative agent of tar cancer, cause serious damage to the lifestyle and productivity of plants. This is explained by the fact that harmful organisms cannot cause serious harm to the plant due to the activation of protective and regenerative processes inside the plants. Thus, taking into account the resistance of P. eldarica to other unfavourable soil and climatic factors of the peninsula, including the mentioned dangerous pathogenic and harmful insects, in comparison with other species, it is advisable to widely use it as the dominant species in the region’s landscaping.

ПРЕДПОСЫЛКИ К РАЗРАБОТКЕ СИСТЕМ ОБЕЗЗАРАЖИВАНИЯ ВОЗДУХА СВИНОВОДЧЕСКИХ ПОМЕЩЕНИЙ С ПОМОЩЬЮ ЭЛЕКТРОФИЛЬТРОВ

Studies of microclimate parameters have shown the influence of microbial contamination on the productivity, growth and development of young pigs. It is known from the literature that exceeding the level of microbial contamination by 5 percent led to a decrease in the growth of piglets at weaning by 13.3 percent, in fattening pigs - to a decrease in live weight at slaughter by 3.7 percent. In addition, infectious diseases caused by pathogenic microorganisms affect the productivity of animals. For example, pneumogastroenteritis, transmitted aerogenically, affects from 30 to 95 percent of suckling piglets and weaning piglets. The damage caused by animal disease takes form of loss in productivity, death of sick animals and forced slaughter, as well as treatment costs. One of the promising and effective ways to clean the ventilation air in pig-breeding premises is the use of electrofiltration, including a wet electrofilter. There is little information in the scientific literature on the issues of disinfection of the air environment of pig-breeding premises from microbial contamination using electrofilters, which necessitates a more thorough consideration of this issue. (Research purpose) The research purpose is substantiating the prerequisites for the development of a methodology for determining the effectiveness of air disinfection with wet electrostatic filtering. (Materials and methods). The available studies on supply and exhaust ventilation systems and methods for determining the effectiveness of air purification by electrofilters from microorganisms were reviewed. Cited their shortcomings. (Results and discussion). It was found that wet electrostatic precipitators in the process of air purification generate ozone into the air, which is capable of destroying up to 95-99 percent of the population of dangerous microorganisms. It has been shown that by modernizing the air purification system in terms of improving the mechanisms for controlling ozone generation with a wet electrostatic precipitator, it is possible to improve the quality of the air environment by disinfecting the air with ozone. (Conclusions) It was determined that the effectiveness of cleaning the air of pig-breeding premises from microorganisms using wet electrostatic precipitators is relevant, further theoretical and experimental studies are needed.

Assessment and estimation of water quality using multi-linear regression

All living things require water in order to survive. Water that is drinkable for people should be safe and avoid of dangerous microorganisms. Therefore, water that has been purified should be made available to the general public before it can be utilized for human consumption. To ensure that the parameters are within allowable bounds, specific standards in the water must be investigated. Prior to use, the ground water must be evaluated and cleaned. The statistical method known as multiple linear regression makes use of two or more independent variables to forecast the value of a dependent variable. With the use of this method, we can ascertain the model’s variation as well as the proportionate contributions of each independent variable to the overall variance. The assessment of water quality can be done by conducting the pH, turbidity, conductivity, acidity, alkalinity, chloride, iron, total solids, dissolved oxygen tests. Multiple samples are collected from various locations for accuracy of the test results. The aim of the study is to assess the water quality parameters through laboratory experiments and to relate the water parameters to water quality index using the multilinear regression.

Assessment of Industrial Wastewater on Environment and Human Health in Nigeria: Effects and Treatments

This paper aims to examines the environmental and health impacts of untreated industrial wastewater effluents in Nigeria. Industrial wastewater is frequently dumped into the environment in underdeveloped nations such as Nigeria with minimal or no treatment, resulting in serious environmental and health issues. Untreated or improperly treated effluents degrade water bodies by promoting eutrophication and creating circumstances conducive to dangerous microorganisms and toxin-producing cyanobacteria. This poses a risk to relaxation center water users and may result in epidemics of water-borne infections. Furthermore, wastewater frequently contains toxic anthropogenic substances, including those that alter endocrine systems. To counteract these effects, it is critical to develop proper wastewater treatment techniques, follow regulations, and conduct regular monitoring.

Improving the technology for the production of raw dried beef products

The relevance of this work lies in the need to reduce the negative impact on human health of sodium nitrite (food additive E250), which is added to meat products, in particular to raw dried sausages, in order to accelerate their maturation and give them the shades familiar to consumers. The aim of the work is to improve the technology for the production of raw dried beef products based on the use of modern biotechnological approaches, sea salt and the natural colouring agent betanin, and beetroot juice as a substitute for sodium nitrite. This goal was achieved through the implementation of a mixed salting method, whereby the surface of the meat semi-product was rubbed with a reduced amount of salt, including 0.0005 kilograms of sodium nitrite per kilogram of meat weight, compared to standard technology, and the rest of the salting mixture, which contained 0.0045 sodium nitrite, was injected deep into the semi-product as an aqueous solution. The source of nitrite was beetroot juice rich in nitrate ion, 0.03 dm3 of which contained 0.0052 kilograms of sodium nitrate, sufficient to synthesize 0.0045 kilograms of nitrite ion per kilogram of meat raw material. The chosen salting method reduced the amount of sodium nitrite from 0.015 to 0.005 kilograms per kilogram of meat product compared to the classical method, and the addition of beetroot juice made it possible to give the product a uniform colour throughout. Contamination of the product with dangerous microflora was prevented by adding a preparation containing bacteria of the Pediococcus acidilactici and Staphylococcus carnosus strains to the syringe solution. A positive effect of Pediococcus acidilactici was found, which was achieved by accelerating the pH of the meat mass to 5.0÷5.5, which stopped the growth of most dangerous microorganisms, including Shigella spp., Salmonella spp., Clostridium difficile and Escherichia coli. The product was protected from the development of Listeria monocytogenes bacteria by bacteria of the Staphylococcus carnosus strain. The proposed technology can be used in the food industry in the manufacture of raw meat products, which will significantly reduce the negative impact of sodium nitrite on human health

Enhanced Mechanical, Thermal, Surface, Self-Defocusing, Electro-Optic and Photoelastic Characteristics of Doped Potassium Dihydrogen Phosphate Solitary Crystals for Optoelectronic Applications

Potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KDP) is an effective NLO substance. Much research has been concentrated on KDP crystals to increase the effectiveness of KDP's nonlinear optical property. The effectiveness of laser radiation conversion can be increased by altering its expansion. The excellent molecular chirality of organic acids is employed to improve the properties of KDP. Our main objective in this study was to describe the studies on the mechanical, thermal, surface, antibacterial, self-defocusing, and electro-optic properties of doped potassium dihydrogen phosphate solitary crystals for optical, electronic, and biological applications. The effect of itaconic acid (ITA) at concentrations ranging from 1, 3, and 5 mol% on the thermal, SEM, microhardness behaviors, NLO, antibacterial properties, and half-wave voltage of KDP (potassium dihydrogen phosphate) single crystals grown by the slow cooling technique. The existence of dopants was proved with energy-dispersive spectrometry. The mechanical properties of various temperatures for undoped and doped-KDP crystals with rising dopant combinations have been prepared, and the hardness was expanded due to doping. In contrast to several potentially dangerous microorganisms like Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Escherichia coli, the produced crystals were exposed to antibiotic activity. The superiority of the fully-fledged crystal is determined by the etching studies. Using the Z-scan method, the good third-order nonlinear response for different planes (2 0 0), (2 1 1), and (1 1 2) of the ITA-doped KDP crystal sample was determined. Half-wave voltage may be discovered in the crystal produced via electro-optic examination. The Z-scan analysis of pure and ITA-doped KDP crystals for different planes reveals good self-defocussing and NLO responses. The electro-optic experiment generated a significant and consistent half-wave voltage. The photoelastic behavior of KDP crystals with ITA as a variable birefringent compensator has been investigated.

Экспериментальное лечение эндофтальмита, вызванного синегнойной инфекцией с множественной лекарственной устойчивостью, с помощью конъюгатов на основе наночастиц

Relevance. Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA) is an extremely dangerous microorganism whose elimination from the host organism is very difficult due to the presence of multidrug resistance (MDR) factors in PA. The outcome of endophthalmitis (EP) mediated by PA in 50% of cases will be evisceration of the eyeball, and more than 95% of patients receive visual acuity – hand movements near the face and below. In this regard, studies of quantum dots (QDs), which have shown high anti-infective activity in laboratory conditions, are of particular relevance. Purpose. Evaluation of the effectiveness of the treatment of EP caused by PA with MDR using QDs-based conjugates in the experiment. Material and methods. The object of the study was laboratory rabbits of the Chinchilla breed (n=27), male, aged from 3 to 3.5 months. As an EP inducer, all laboratory animals underwent intravitreal injection (IVI) of a multidrug-resistant PA strain in a volume of 0.05 ml in the right eye. QDs of the Ag (10%):InP/ZnS MPA type were taken as the basis for the creation of conjugates with antibiotics (AB). After the manifestation of EP, the animals underwent intravitreal injections (IVI) of dosage forms in accordance with the distribution into the following subgroups, 3 rabbits in each. Subgroups No. 1–3 – IVI 2.25 mg/0.1 ml Ceftazidime. Subgroups No. 4–6 – IVI 0.1 ml of QDs solution at concentrations of 10%, 0.1%, 0.01%, respectively. Subgroups No. 7–9 – IVI solution of QDs 0.05 ml (at concentrations of 10%, 0.1%, 0.01%, respectively) in combination with 2.25 mg/0.05 ml of Ceftazidime (conjugates). Efficacy was evaluated based on clinical parameters: the dynamics of hypopyon resorption, the presence of inflammatory cells in the anterior chamber, the dynamics of regression of pathological suspension in the vitreal cavity, the dynamics of pathological neovascularization of the iris, the dynamics of the cornea. Results. Rabbits from subgroups No. 1–3 (1st group) were characterized by the least dynamics in relation to the regression of symptoms during the 7-day observation period. Rabbits from subgroups No. 4–6 (2nd group) were characterized by moderate positive dynamics in relation to the regression of symptoms. Rabbits from subgroups No. 7–9 (3rd group) were characterized by the best positive dynamics in relation to the regression of symptoms. Conclusion. It was possible to prove the effectiveness of the treatment of experimental antibiotic-resistant EP caused by a strain of PA with MDR by means of QDs Ag(10%):InP/ZnS MPA at concentrations of 10%, 0.1% and 0.01%, especially in combination with 2.25 mg/0.05 ml of Ceftazidime in as a conjugate. Based on the results obtained, it can be assumed that active research and the use of QDs as conjugates with modern ABs can solve the overall problem of combating MDR strains. Key words: Pseudomonas Aeruginosa, quantum dots, endophthalmitis, multidrug resistance, antibiotic resistance, conjugates

A case study of environmental pollution by pathogenic bacteria and metal(oid)s at Soran Landfill Site, Erbil, Iraqi Kurdistan Region.

Environmental pollution is a serious issue all around the world, especially when it is caused by metal(oid)s and pathogenic microorganisms. This study reports here for the first time on the contamination of soil and water with metal(oid)s and pathogenic bacteria directly resulting from the Soran Landfill Site. Soran landfill is a level 2 solid waste disposal site that lacks leachate collection infrastructure. The site is potentially an environmental and public hazard caused by metal(oid)s content and significantly dangerous pathogenic microorganisms through leachate release into the soil and nearby river. This study reports on the levels of the metal(oid)s content of As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Mo, Pb, Zn, and Ni obtained by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer in soil, leachate stream mud, and leachatesamples. Five pollution indices are used to assess potential environmental risks. According to the indices, Cd and Pb contamination is significant, whereas As, Cu, Mn, Mo, and Zn pollution is moderate. A total of 32 isolates of bacteria were defined from soil, leachate stream mud, and liquid leachate samples: 18, 9, and 5, respectively. Moreover, 16s rRNA analysis suggested that the isolates belong to three enteric bacterial phyla of Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, and Firmicutes. The closest GenBank matches of 16S rDNA sequences indicated the presence of the genera: Pseudomonas, Bacillus, Lysinibacillus, Exiguobacterium, Trichococcus, Providencia, Enterococcus, Macrococcus, Serratia, Salinicoccus, Proteus, Rhodococcus, Brevibacterium, Shigella, Micrococcus, Morganella, Corynebacterium, Escherichia, and Acinetobacter. The identity percentage was mostly between 95%-100%. The results of this study show the levels of microbiological and geochemical contamination of soils, surface and potentially ground water with harmful microorganisms and toxic metal(oid)s originating specifically from Soran landfill leachate which subsequently incorporated into the surrounding environment, creating thus a considerable health and environmental risk.

Green synthesis of manganese dioxide nanoparticles: photocatalytic and antimicrobial investigations

ABSTRACT In the present study, we report the green synthesis of manganese dioxide (MnO2) nanoparticles using Lyngbya Majuscula by the single-step co-precipitation method. The green synthesised MnO2 nanoparticles were characterised by a mix of microscopy, and spectroscopic methods such as X-Ray diffraction analysis, Fourier transform infrared Spectroscopy, Field emission scanning electron microscope, and High-Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy, analysis. The photocatalytic degradation ability of the as-prepared sample was investigated against the methylene blue (MB) dye under different light sources such as LED, UV, and sunlight irradiation. According to the photocatalytic degradation analysis, the green synthesised MnO2 nanoparticles show high photocatalytic degradation under UV light irradiation. Similarly, the antibacterial activity of the green synthesised MnO2 nanoparticles are investigated against the Trichodermaviride, Micrococcus Luteus, Staphylococcus Aureus, Aspergillus Niger, and Pseudomonas Aeruginosa. Furthermore, the green synthesised MnO2 nanoparticles show high efficacy of the agar well diffusion method in eradicating dangerous microorganisms.

Correlation Analysis Between Microbes And Human Diseases

The pathophysiology of human diseases has been shown to be strongly connected to a variety of microorganisms. The microbiome that inhabits the human bodies has a significant impact on our health, yet its relationship to disease remains poorly understood. Now, various microbial-based human illness networks have been created, examining the micro-to-macro link between microorganisms and disease. In addition, microbial-based disease analysis can anticipate new disease-microbe-drug correlations and processes. The prediction techniques and scientific achievements given could be used to solve intractable medical problems. On the basis of evidence that microbes have either been demonstrated to play pathogenic roles in promoting obesity, NAFLD, and cardiovascular illnesses, a link has been established between gut bacteria and the development of numerous diseases, both positively and negatively. How to better systematically comprehend the intricate connections between bacteria and hosts within the human body and develop novel tailored medications to tackle metabolic illnesses. Reduce the number or activity of dangerous microorganisms by encouraging the reconfiguration of the gut microbiota, or utilizing their activity to stimulate the growth of beneficial bacteria. Analyzing the pathogenic logic chain of microbes in various diseases, identifying the metabolic mechanism at the micro level, and developing more accurate methods for disease prediction.

BIOLOGICAL SAFETY AND BIOSECURITY SYSTEM IN RIBSP RESEARCH INSTITUTE FOR BIOLOGICAL SAFETY PROBLEMS

This article reflects the key aspects of the biological safety system and biological protection measures such as: biological risk assessment, engineering and technical means, personnel health control system, disinfection and disposal of solid and liquid waste, disinfection, disinfection and deratization, in industrial, scientific and experimental laboratories, insulators (vivarium’s) and facilities Research Institute for Biosafety Safety Problems in order to comply with the requirements of biosafety and biosecurity recommended by WHO, requirements of Sanitary rules and regulatory legal acts in the field of veterinary medicine. Search for information in Internet resources, for analysis, we used keywords in Russian and English. As a result, foreign and domestic literature sources on compliance with biological safety requirements and biological protection measures were analyzed.Analysis of literature sources has shown that failure to comply with these requirements and measures will lead to deliberate theft, leakage of strains of dangerous infectious diseases and failure to properly perform standard operating procedures, to an accident situation, laboratory infection of personnel. The measures taken to comply with the requirements of biosafety and biosecurity in the RIBSP significantly reduce the threat of infection of a person, the threat of the spread, penetration or theft of dangerous microorganisms.

The possible Role of IFN-γ & TNF-α in bacterial eye infection patients

The number of participants were 150, and those were recruited for the study (118 eye infections patients and 32 apparently healthy). Patients with bacterial eye infections (blepharitis, conjunctivitis, or keratitis) were diagnosed by ophthalmologists at Ghazy Al-hariri Hospital and Ibn Al-Haytham Hospital in Baghdad in periods between September 2021 and February 2022, while controls were obtained from various sites. They were of both sexes, with ages ranging from 20 to 60. Blood samples and Eye swabs were collected from all participants. The serum was used for immunological tests to study the role of interferon-γ and tumor necrosis factor-α on patients with bacterial eye infections. Cytokines are an important component of the immune response that guards the healthy eye against potentially dangerous microorganisms and non-infectious stimuli that may be present in the surrounding environment.