Dangerous Microorganisms Research Articles

Uticaj faktora stresa u uslovima promene klime na slabljenje stabala i pojavu patogenih i epiksilnih gljiva u prirodnim sastojinama bukve

The paper presents the examination of the health condition of beech stands from the aspect of mechanical and abiotic damage on trees. The research was conducted in Forest Management Office Kucevo, in a hillside beech forest Fagetum moesiacae submontanum of generative origin. The research included 505 trees on 28 sample plots. A strong correlation was found between the appearance of fungi and the presence of injuries - 51.88%, as well as between the presence of fungi and abiotic damage - 47.96%. It was determined that the health condition of high beech forest heavily depended on careful and proper manipulation during logging, while every injury sustained by standing beech trees during felling opened an access point to dangerous microorganisms.

A Cross-Sectional Study to Evaluate the Apron Contamination among Health-Care Professionals of a Rural Tertiary Care Setting

Abstract Background: Pathogenic microorganisms are ubiquitous, and the potential of transferring harmful microorganisms in hospitals has always been a worry. Many studies have concluded that white coats worn by physicians and nurses, as well as other hospital clothes, may have a role in the transfer of dangerous microorganisms in hospitals. Many types of clothing and equipment, including stethoscopes, otoscopes, thermometers, and physicians’ white coats, have been identified as potentially pathogen-carrying. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in a tertiary care setting, where all participants were informed about the study and offered the option to provide informed consent as well as complete a questionnaire. The participants have accepted and provided informed consent as well as questionnaire. The study comprised 100 aprons from health-care workers (interns, PG students, UG students, and faculty). Results: Males and females made up 27% and 73% of the study’s total participants, respectively. Students made up 80% of the participants, whereas professors made up 20%. Only 11% of those who took part in the study had the practice of switching aprons. Distinct species grew in 85% of aprons’ chests, 81% of aprons’ pockets, and 65% of aprons’ sleeves. Gram-positive bacteria were the most common species discovered on aprons. Gram-negative microbes were also identified in small amounts from several aprons. Conclusion: Aprons can be a cause of cross-contamination, hence, wearing aprons in nonclinical places such as the cafeteria, classroom, and library should be prohibited to prevent bacterial contamination carried by health-care workers’ aprons.

Growth, geometrical analysis, FMO, MEP UV–vis, nonlinear optical and antibacterial properties of pure and 2-furoic acid doped Guanidinium carbonate single crystal

In the presence of distilled water, the adaption of the slow evaporation solution growth approach resulted in the successful development of single crystals of Pure and doped GC (FAGC). The cell characteristics of the produced FAGC crystals were investigated using single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. The theoretical analysis was carried out using the DFT method, and the HOMO-LUMO energy band difference was estimated. The Molecular optimized geometry, MEP and HOMO-LUMO energy distance were computed using the B3LYP level of theory using a 6-31G (d,p) basis set. The FT-IR spectrum probes the modes of vibration of various functional groups in pure and doped GC (FAGC) crystals. According to UV–visible NIR transmittance experiments, the formed crystal exhibits a high transmittance in the whole visible range. The relative SHG efficiency of pure and doped crystals (FAGC) was carried out by the Kurtz perry technique. The Antibacterial activity demonstrates that both the pure and the dopant have antibacterial action against dangerous microorganisms.

Silver Nanoparticles' Therapeutic Antibacterial, Antiproliferative, and Toxicological Effects.

Silver nanoparticles, among others, have broad-spectrum antimicrobial properties. Silver nanoparticles have suppressed dangerous microorganisms in medical and agricultural settings in several studies. Chemicals are harmful to humans and the environment, raising awareness of bioactive synthetic methods. These methods produce nanoparticles with better physicochemical qualities, stability, and toxicity. Biogenic nanoparticles can be made from bacterial and fungal byproducts that reduce and stabilize. Encapsulating these nanoparticles with biomolecules from the producing organisms may boost stability and biological activity. Nanoparticles' quick, clean, cheap, and ecological biologic manufacturing technique increases biocompatibility. Silver nanoparticles affect fish, algae, cell-based in vitro procedures, and microbes. Even though most of these studies were done quickly in well-regulated labs with much higher silver ion concentrations than in real life. Many silver types undergo long-term chemical transformation at extremely low levels (ng/L to g/L) in aquatic ecosystems. Thus, silver nanoparticles' environmental and health hazards need additional investigation. Recently detected antimicrobial silver at 10102 μg/mL. Multiple processes make silver nanoparticles dangerous. Basic (Ag0) and monovalent (Ag+) silver are most poisonous. Silver framework free ions affect silver toxicity. ROS damage DNA when elemental or zero-valent silver penetrates tissues. Packaged foods, contaminated water, swimming pools, antifouling, nasal and throat medicines, and other pharmaceuticals include silver nanoparticles. Consumption accumulates silver ions in subcutaneous fat. Prolonged exposure causes argyria-blue-gray skin. Silver inhibits Na+ and Cl absorption, disrupting electrolytes. Airborne silver nanoparticles may influence chronic pulmonary disease patients. Silver ions oxidize enzyme thiols, hindering electron transport and DNA replication. Ag+ rapidly damages DNA and RNA. Silver nanoparticle breakdown into silver ions creates germ-killing ROS. Silver nanoparticles are more hazardous than silver ions in the same atmosphere.

Review of bacteriophage and its applications

The most prevalent and ubiquitous organisms in the world are bacteria-killing viruses called bacteriophages. The aim of this paper is to highlight some application areas of bacteriophages. There are both virulent and temperate bacteriophages in the environment, but only virulent bacteriophages are used for treatment, known as phage therapy. Since their discovery, bacteriophages have been considered a vital weapon to fight human and animal illnesses of bacterial origin. Currently, the emergence of growing microbial resistance to antibiotics and attention to bacteriophage use in treatment has all but grown up again. Correspondingly, the applications of bacteriophages for biocontrol purposes have become a remarkable opportunity in a number of fields, including farms and food production. Despite their treatment effects, bacteriophages also maintain a vital relationship with their hosts through moderating microbial populations and promoting their evolution by horizontal gene transfer. Additionally, they serve as vehicles for the transfer of vaccinations, the detection of dangerous microorganisms and systems for displaying proteins and antibodies. Bacteriophages are a varied collection of viruses that are simple to handle, making them suitable for use in treatments and biotechnology research. Hence, the expansion of various phage companies for phage production and the use of phage cocktails for the treatment of various bacterial diseases at different stages is recommended.

Antifungal activity of lactic acid bacteria isolated from raw camel milk againts Alternaria alternata and identification of antifungal substance

The phytopathogenic filamentous fungi are responsible for the deterioration of various food products, such as fruits or vegetables, causing significant economic losses. They are also capable of producing several mycotoxins in infected plants and fruits.Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are considered to be natural antagonists of these dangerous microorganisms. In the present study, 16 strains of LAB isolated from raw camel milk from various regions of Algeria, were the subject of phenotypic and genotypic identification, and they were tested for their antifungal activity. The well method was performed on five strains of lactic acid bacteria against four strains of the toxigenic and spoilage phytopathogenic fungus, Alternaria alternata, isolated from the stems, leaves, roots and fruits of tomatoes and carrots. A study of nature metabolites showed that these metabolites are stable at temperature, and keep the nature of the metabolites with the treatment with proteolytic enzymes such as Pepsin, Lysozyme and Trypsin, so their activity increases with increasing the pH of the culture medium. No loss of antifungal activity of the five selected strains was observed after treatment of the metabolites by heating at 4°C, 30°C, 45°C and 90°C. Internal transcribed spacer polymerase chain reaction (ITS-PCR) analysis and 16S rDNA sequencing were used to characterize and identify LAB isolates that showed varying levels of inhibition of fungal growth. Two strains of LAB, identified as Enterococcus lactis and E. faecium, had the strongest antifungal activity, suggesting potential application in food technology as bio-preservatives against phytopathogenic and food-altering fungi.

Modeling mass transfer during osmodehydration of apple cubes with sucrose or apple juice concentrate solutions: Equilibrium estimation, diffusion model, and state observer‐based approach

AbstractThis article investigates the modeling aspects of mass transfer during osmodehydration of apple cubes. The obtained experimental data were fitted to three mathematical models: Azuara's equilibrium mass‐transfer model (AM), Fick's second law (FSL), and a Luenberger observer (LO). Two scenarios were considered for the mathematical modeling of mass transfer between the osmotic solution and the apple cubes. First, constant apple volume during the osmodehydration process was assumed. Then we included volume shrinkage in the dehydrated product as part of the model. The effect of the osmotic agent in the apple dehydration was also addressed by considering two different osmotic solutions, apple juice concentrate, and sucrose solutions, with different concentrations (40, 50, and 60 °Brix). The equilibrium parameters estimated with the AM model were similar to the parameters determined experimentally (p > .05). The LO model accurately describes the solute mass transfer dynamics during the osmodehydration process (R2 > .950). The overall findings indicate that considering the volume shrinkage as part of the model strongly influences the parameter estimation. When considering volume shrinkage in the FSL model, the estimated diffusivity parameters ranged from 1.26 to 5.05 × 10−10 m2/s for water and 0.68–19.35 × 10−10 m2/s for solutes, respectively. Not considering product shrinkage in the diffusivity model leads to overestimating both water diffusivity (29.9–76.8%) and solute diffusivity (25.3–52.8%).Practical ApplicationsOsmotic dehydration (OD) refers to a mass transfer process where solutes are transported from a hypertonic solution to a food material, while water moves from the food material towards the solution. OD improves the appearance and taste of dehydrated foods, helps inhibit the growth of dangerous microorganisms, and decreases enzymatic browning in some foods. Sucrose solutions are frequently used as osmotic solutions for food treatment in OD. An alternative to sucrose is to treat food with fruit juice concentrates. Fruit juice concentrates have low water activity and can provide bioactive compounds that enrich the dehydrated product. Understanding the effect of different factors on mass transfer during osmotic dehydration is thus critical for the efficient design, optimization, scaling‐up, and operation of OD food treatment processes. Furthermore, the proper selection of osmodehydration conditions allows us to obtain high‐quality food products with specific composition, textural/sensory properties, and microbiological characteristics. Therefore, osmotic dehydration is a food processing alternative that allows us to obtain high‐quality food products with good nutritional attributes.

Ecofriendly synthesis and characterization of Ni2+ codoped silica magnesium zirconium copper nanoceramics for wastewater treatment applications

This article investigates the effect of Ni2+ content on structural (XRD, XPS), morphological (TEM), and magnetic behaviors of silica magnesium zirconium copper nanoceramics calcined at 800 °C. The sol–gel route is followed for the silica magnesium zirconium copper/(0.0–0.7) Ni2+ samples preparation. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy is employed to analyze the chemical states of elements for the samples. The three representative binding energy magnitudes for O, Ni, and Cu reside at 534, 857, and 979 eV, consecutively. The saturation magnetization constricts with the elevation of Ni2+ content, while the magnetic hysteresis loop resembles the superparamagnetic attitude. The optical spectra present the possibility of direct and indirect transitions in the prepared nanoceramics. Energy gap (value and type), refractive index, and real and imaginary dielectric constant were extracted. The energy gap approaches 3.75 eV and 3.71 eV for direct and indirect transitions correspondingly with (0.7) Ni2+. The antimicrobial and the toxicity performance of all inspected nanocomposites were conducted against pathogenic microbes. The attained results evidenced that SMZC-0.7Ni possesses energetic antimicrobial potential against all targeted microbes. The investigated SMZC-0.7Ni nanocomposite functioned to eradicate frequent waterborne pathogens in wastewater at an appropriate dose (100 mg/L), demonstrating that SMZC can be utilized as a competent disinfectant in the municipal wastewater decontamination process. Inherently, SMZC-0.7Ni can be employed as an excellent nano-weapon against multiple dangerous microorganisms.

A Review on Drinking Water Treatment with Disinfectant

The majority of the world's natural water sources are not always safe to consume untreated. Raw water from rivers, lakes, ponds, and groundwater can include microorganisms. Waterborne diseases can be contracted by consuming it when pathogens in the water are spread through a drinking water distribution system. As it guarantees that water is free of dangerous microorganisms that cause water-borne diseases, disinfection is an essential water treatment technique. Different disinfection techniques are used to inactivate germs to fight waterborne illnesses. The primary goal of this essay is to describe various disinfection techniques, their applicability, limitations, and factors affecting the disinfection process. Chlorine by products and the effects of chlorine by products on people.

Epidemiological significance of microbiote monitoring of arctic settlements along the Northern Sea Route

Monitoring of polar ecosystems is one of the most important areas of research in the use of Arctic territories in economic activities. An important place in such work is occupied by biomedical research aimed at identifying the risks of the occurrence of foci of infectious diseases in the areas of polar settlements.The purpose: to develop an algorithm for microbiological monitoring in the Arctic region.Materials and methods: classical bacteriological, mycological research, molecular-genetic, MALDI-TOF mass spectrometric analysis, phenotypic methods for determining antibiotic resistance, methods of mathematical data processing.Results and their discussion. The paper considers the scientific and methodological principles and the main stages of microbiota monitoring in the areas of polar settlements. The results of the study of samples from several territories along the Northern Sea Route are presented. The main habitats where potentially dangerous microorganisms should be detected are indicated. The role of anthropogenic invasion in the formation of Arctic microbiocenoses is noted. The trends of increasing the number and diversity of pathogenic microorganisms, both in the natural biocenoses of the Arctic and in the areas of polar settlements, are discussed. The necessity of microbiological monitoring as an integral part of epidemiological monitoring in the areas of Arctic settlements along the Northern Sea Route is substantiated.

Современные проблемы биобезопасности и перспективы международного сотрудничества

Biological safety is one of the most important components of the overall security system of both individual states and the entire world community. Today it has become quite obvious that the problems of biosafety are more urgent than ever and require the maximum attention of the world community. Against the background of the emergence and spread of diseases caused, as a rule, by dangerous and especially dangerous microorganisms, a number of problems arise in the world not only in the field of health care, but also of a political, social and economic nature. A striking example of this is the COVID 19 coronavirus pandemic that has continued since the end of 2019. The issues related to biosafety in the agricultural sector and ecology are considered. It is obvious that constant monitoring and analysis of a wide range of biosafety problems, early development of measures to minimize the threats of exposure to already known dangerous pathogens not only on human health, but also on the environment, agricultural and food sectors are necessary. The issues related to the development of new research directions that can lead to the creation of biological systems with specified properties and functions that have no analogues in nature are discussed. In research aimed at the development of new biological technologies, to one degree or another related to the production of biological warfare, the primary and mandatory requirement is to ensure the safety of all personnel involved in these works and the availability of well-trained qualified scientists, as well as certified laboratory facilities in which these works are carried out. It is important to constantly pursue the purposeful development of multilateral international cooperation in the field of biosafety, and make creative decisions to ensure it on the territory of the Russian Federation. The importance of Russia’s active international participation in solving existing and potential biological threats within the framework of the Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention (BTWC) and the Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO) is noted.

MODELING OF DYNAMIC AIR SITUATION IN THE ZONE OF CRITICALLY IMPORTANT INFRASTRUCTURE FACILITIES

One of the urgent tasks of our time is the protection of various technical structures and facilities, including the prevention of the unauthorized actions of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) used by organized criminal groups and individual offenders. A serious threat to modern society is posed by potentially possible attacks by UAVs on critically important infrastructure facilities (CIIFs), which include airports, nuclear power plants, key information infrastructure facilities, treatment facilities, laboratories that house dangerous pathogenic microorganisms, etc. This paper deals with the problem of modeling a dynamic air situation in the zone of infrastructure facilities of critical importance. The environment model includes a model of a random flow of aircraft crossing the outer boundary of a zone related to a critically important object, and an algorithm for modeling various types and forms of unmanned aerial vehicles, the range of which is constantly expanding and updating. The developed mathematical models make it possible to study complex information systems designed to detect and prevent unauthorized actions of UAVs in the CIIF zones by the method of statistical modeling using computers or by the method of mixed modeling by converting the mathematical models, obtained during modeling, into a physical form.

Fe3O4@Ag and Ag@Fe3O4 Core–Shell Nanoparticles for Radiofrequency Shielding and Bactericidal Activity

Radiofrequency (RF) shielding is a type of electromagnetic (EM) shielding that prevents RF EM radiation from entering a building. Electrostatic fields, radio waves, and medical equipment can be insulated by multifunctional composites consisting of unique core–shell heterostructures; such materials are in high demand, given the rapid improvements in medical electronics and their expanding clinical applications, which represent a serious challenge of EM pollution in clinical settings. In order to avoid malfunction, the electronics in critical care devices in hospitals must be shielded from radiation. In order to create a material that can block radio waves while still utilizing RF to disinfect the surface, we built core–shell nanostructures to encase critical medical electronics. In this work, we discuss a polymer composite that is customized to provide EM shielding while also safeguarding critical care bioelectronics. Its bactericidal function, on the other hand, prevents nosocomial dangerous microorganisms from spreading contamination. We developed a library of Fe3O4@Ag and Ag@Fe3O4 core–shell and binary heterostructures with configurable Ag or Fe3O4 shell thicknesses. These heterostructures were subsequently combined with ethylene–vinyl acetate (EVA), a thermoplastic polymer, to create flexible composites that may attenuate incident EM radiation. The protective viability (SE) of Fe3O4@Ag core–shell and Ag@Fe3O4 binary nanoparticles in EVA was −32.1 and −20 dB, respectively. Due to localized heating, the Fe3O4@Ag- and Ag@Fe3O4-based nanocomposites exhibited “self-cleaning” behavior, displaying antibacterial activity in the vicinity of a 2.4 GHz wireless fidelity source against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Taken together, these multifunctional, adaptable composites can protect electronic gadgets from EM radiation and harness RF to render the surface antibacterial, an important attribute in clinical settings.

Development of auto sanitizer for mitigation of Covid-19 – Using solar powered aluminum structural chamber


 
 
 The use of auto sanitizer in the disinfection of human body and surfaces against dangerous micro-organisms like coronavirus diseases that are infectious is of great importance to schools, family, community, and public health. The outbreak of novel Coronavirus in late 2019, which has crippled the academic, social, and economic activities globally is as a result of unhygienic activities of living creatures like, man, and animals. But a good number of technologies can be developed to tackle the emergence of this novel infectious virus. The challenge of COVID-19 that resulted to ill-health, high death rate, and shutdown of activities was being addressed radically by different medical practitioners, engineers through various practical innovations, methods and mitigation approach - ranging from the use of face shields and respiratory facemasks to practicing of social and physical distancing. This part of preventive measures has led us to developing an Auto Sanitizer that is made of Aluminum Chamber which does not wet the cloth or human body but disinfects it against COVID-19.
 
 

LEGAL REGULATION OF MOST DANGEROUS MICROORGANISMS STRAINS HANDLING

The statutory basis of Ukraine on the treatment of strains of most dangerous microorganisms has been analyzed, and the terminology important for further understanding of the issue has been clarified. The aim of the paper is to study the state of legal regulation in Ukraine of relations in the field of treatment of strains of especially dangerous microorganisms, to pro- vide analysis of the current legislation of Ukraine in this area, as well as the practice of its application. Theoretical bases of legal support of legitimation of activity in this sphere, including that for the purpose of protection of biological safety have been established. The necessity of legal regulation of participants of relations concerning treatment of strains of especially dangerous microorganisms activity has been substantiated. The current state of legal regulation of relations in the field of strain management requires, given the intersectoral nature of the isssue, consideration of the creation of a single intersectoral authority for the supervision of hazardous biological objects. Such a authority may not only be a licensing authority, but also responsible for the introduction of a register of owners of hazardous biological objects that are not economic entities (for example, individuals – owners of collections of such biological objects).

Improving the quality of raw milk and yogurt

Milk is a part of many food products. In the expert assessment of the quality of raw materials, primary attention should be paid to its microbiological safety, since poisoning with dairy products is a common cause of diseases of the gastrointestinal tract. The experiment has been carried out on the base in the Teaching and Production Livestock Farm in the Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education “Russian State Agrarian University – Moscow Agricultural Academy named after K. A. Timiryazev” (Moscow). The purpose of the research was to improve the quality indicators of raw milk and yogurt. The method of processing raw milk, which reduces the number of potentially dangerous microorganisms in the products produced from it, has been studied. During the experiment the influence of electromagnetic radiation on organoleptic and physic and chemical parameters has been observed; the quantitative and qualitative composition of milk and yogurt microorganisms has been evaluated. The samples of raw materials had a uniform consistency without sediment and flakes, the color was milky white, and the smell was characteristic of natural cow’s milk. Electromagnetic treatment did not affect the main elements of the chemical composition of milk: the mass fraction of dry substances, fat, protein and lactose. In the experimental samples of raw milk after electromagnetic pulses treatment, the decrease in the growth rate of microorganisms including Quantity of Mesophilic Aerobic and Facultative Anaerobic Microorganisms (QMAFAnM), yeast and mold, has been noted. No bacteria of the Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coligroups have been found in the milk samples. The electromagnetic field had the negligible effect on the amount of lactic acid microorganisms in the raw material. During the experiment, there was no negative influence of electromagnetic radiation on the organoleptic, physic and chemical and sanitary-hygienic parameters of yogurt. The issues of ensuring the microbiological safety of raw milk have been described and the method for optimizing the sanitary and hygienic parameters of yogurt in accordance with the current requirements of regulatory documents has been suggest in the article.

Lipid droplets and the host-pathogen dynamic: FATal attraction?

In the ongoing conflict between eukaryotic cells and pathogens, lipid droplets (LDs) emerge as a choke point in the battle for nutrients. While many pathogens seek the lipids stored in LDs to fuel an expensive lifestyle, innate immunity rewires lipid metabolism and weaponizes LDs to defend cells and animals. Viruses, bacteria, and parasites directly and remotely manipulate LDs to obtain substrates for metabolic energy, replication compartments, assembly platforms, membrane blocks, and tools for host colonization and/or evasion such as anti-inflammatory mediators, lipoviroparticles, and even exosomes. Host LDs counterattack such advances by synthesizing bioactive lipids and toxic nucleotides, organizing immune signaling platforms, and recruiting a plethora of antimicrobial proteins to provide a front-line defense against the invader. Here, we review the current state of this conflict. We will discuss why, when, and how LDs efficiently coordinate and precisely execute a plethora of immune defenses. In the age of antimicrobial resistance and viral pandemics, understanding innate immune strategies developed by eukaryotic cells to fight and defeat dangerous microorganisms may inform future anti-infective strategies.

Sorex araneus is a pathogenic microbial threat in commercial poultry farms

Rodents can be abundant around poultry houses, share their habitat with waterfowl and can readily enter poultry houses. Infective bacteria have been found in the feces, urine, and blood of Eurasian Shrew (Sorex Araneus) that live in poultry farms. 22 shrews were caught, and their guts were examined for harmful germs. In feces, Escherichia coli and Proteus species were found in 59.09% and 18.18% of cases, respectively. Salmonella spp. were found in 72.72% of feces and urine samples. Rodents can be abundant around poultry houses, share their habitat with waterfowl and can readily enter poultry houses. Different viruses and bacteria can replicate in rodents without adaptation, resulting in high viral titres in lungs and nasal turbinates, virus presence in nasal washes and saliva, and transmission to naive contact animals. Therefore, active viruses shedding by infected rodents may play a role in transmission to poultry. Making poultry houses rodent-proof and the immediate surroundings unattractive for rodents are recommended as preventive measures against possible any viruses and bacteria introduction. It is determined that common shrews serve as a reservoir for dangerous microorganisms, which can be avoided using effective shrew-eradication measures on poultry farms.

Uji Angka Lempeng Total dan Kontaminan Koliform pada Susu Kedelai Bermerek yang Beredar di Kota Denpasar

This research aimed to testing total plate count and coliform contaminant on legal product soy milk sold in Denpasar city is qualified to Indonesian National Standard (SNI) and safe to consumption. Soy milk has high nutrition and good for growth microorganisms. Microorganisms in soy milk is good for health but be worried have a dangerous microorganisms. Samples of soy milk based on purposive method, tested with total plate count agar with pour plate method and contaminant coliform with most probable number method. The result of testing total plate count, all samples is under maximum of SNI 5 × 104CFU/g. After that soy milk sample testing of coliform contaminant, the result is all samples has negative coliform contaminant. Conclusion of the research is all of the legal product soy milk sold in Denpasar qualified to SNI No. 01-3830-1995 and safe to consumption.
 Keyword: coliform, Denpasar city, Indonesian national standard, soy milk, total plate count.

DISINFECTANTS FOR SANITARY TREATMENT OF THE SKIN OF THE ELDER OF LACTING COWS

The article highlights the relevance of udder hygiene, sources of milk contamination with microflora, udder treatment requirements, sanitary condition control of the teats skin of cow udders, as well as a list of udder treatment products authorized in Ukraine.
 Proper preparation of udder teats for milking, namely: treatment with special detergents and disinfectants, compliance with the correct milking procedure significantly reduce the risk of cows with mastitis and increase milk yield. The content of microorganisms in milk shows the hygiene of milking cows, animal health, and the presence of pathogenic and technologically dangerous microorganisms.
 Bacterial contamination of milk is significantly increased due to udder diseases in cows. This increases the bacterial contamination of milk with pathogenic microbes, and the milk becomes unfit for consumption and processing (milk from cows with mastitis must be disposed of) milking procedure significantly reduce the risk of mastitis in cows and increase milk yield.
 It is necessary to prevent the penetration of microbes into the teat duct for prophylactic mastitis measures Special products should be used to treat the udder after milking. These products have certain requirements, the main of which are: the ability to quickly destroy bacteria; to keep the skin of the teats in good condition; to protect the teat between milking; easy to wash off before milking to eliminate the risk of getting into the milk.