Dangerous Geological Processes Research Articles

Natural and anthropogenic factors that determine the activity of geological processes of the Abakan agglomeration

Relevance. As a result of the construction and operation of buildings and structures within the Abakan agglomeration, there is an activation of existing and the formation of new engineering and geological processes accompanied by accidental destruction of constructions. In order to minimize economic and socio-environmental damage, timely development of scientifically sound urban planning and architectural planning solutions is necessary. It would take into account the results of design studies of engineering protection of the territory from dangerous manifestations of engineering and geological processes. Generalization of the available survey results in order to typify the engineering and geological conditions of the urban area will optimize the construction development of urban areas, develop reliable schemes of engineering protection against the manifestations of dangerous engineering and geological processes. Aim. To establish natural and anthropogenic factors that determine the activity of dangerous geological processes in the territory of the Abakan agglomeration. Methods. Collection, systematization and analysis of available territorial geological, hydrological, hydrogeological, environmental information, results of engineering surveys. Results and conclusions. At a qualitatively new level, a set of maps has been compiled on the factors that determine the development of dangerous geological processes. The authors have carried out a GIS analysis of morphometric indicators of the relief of the agglomeration territory: maps of the steepness and exposure of the slopes were constructed. The analysis of the collected data made it possible to establish the regional characteristics of the components of the geological environment and propose a zoning scheme for the territory for its construction development and engineering protection. The authors identified four taxa during zoning: territories favorable for construction that do not require significant engineering training; territories conditionally favorable for construction, requiring preliminary engineering training; territories conditionally unfavorable for construction, requiring significant costs for engineering training; territories unfavorable for construction. The boundaries of the taxa are based on the analysis of the geomorphological features of the territory. The conducted research was performed for the agglomeration territory for the first time.

Determining the Stability of a Potentially Dangerous Landslide Slope

Abstract Due to the acceleration of construction of civil, industrial and infrastructure facilities in our republic and the expansion of their area, the construction of many facilities is carried out in mountainous, and foothill areas with complex relief and geomorphological conditions, which in most cases are potentially dangerous landslide slopes. To protect these facilities from the negative impact of dangerous geological, natural-technogenic, and anthropogenic processes, to assess the risks arising from the impact of these processes on building structures, to promptly prevent negative phenomena and dangerous situations, to assess the engineering and geological conditions of the construction area to determine the stability of the slope, conducting research in these areas is of great practical importance. Mountainous regions are characterized by the complexity and diversity of geological, hydrological, hydrogeological, and tectonic conditions. Landslides are the most common natural and man-made processes that pose a threat to the safe operation of infrastructure facilities, civil and industrial construction in mountainous and foothill areas. In addition to infrastructure facilities, landslides can destroy vegetation, destroy the habitat of fauna, and also destroy fertile soils located in the area of their activity (Nikolic, 2015; Krivoguz & Bespalova, 2020). The main objective of this article is to apply the results of practically implemented and verified studies in other territories of our republic with similar geomorphological structure and engineering-geological conditions, to correctly assess the negative manifestations caused by landslides and other man-made and anthropogenic impacts, as well as to calculate the stability of the slope and scientifically and technically substantiate measures for engineering protection against landslides.

ENGINEERING PREPARATION OF THE SOIL BASE FOR THE FOUNDATIONS OF THE CONSTRUCTIONS OF THE DERHACHI SOLID WASTE LANDFILL

After conducting engineering and geological investigations, it became necessary to provide scientific support for construction in terms of engineering preparation of the soil base for the foundations of the structures due to extreme unsustainability in the plan and depth of the rocks. Such engineering-geological conditions significantly impact the choice of foundation structures and the justification of measures to reduce or eliminate the negative effect on the environment and the development of dangerous geological processes and phenomena. We thoroughly studied the deformation and strength properties of the supporting soil layers and developed recommendations for their engineering preparation and improvement of the indicators. Bulk soil is present in local depressions: construction debris, sand, and compacted loam. Based on the analysis of physical and mechanical properties, we could conclude that this soil cannot be used as a soil base for the foundations of buildings due to its loose composition and enrichment with organic substances and must be completely replaced during the production of earthworks. They can be used as a basis for laying engineering networks. After excavation pits for individual columns, before setting up the preparation, it is necessary to carefully inspect the soil foundation to ensure that it is the same engineering and geological element specified in the project. The soil base of the foundations is redeposited subsidence loess loams, which have mostly lost their subsidence properties, but local inclusions with subsidence properties have remained in the thickness of these soils. If there are lenses of soils in the soil base with indicators of physical and mechanical characteristics that are lower than those adopted in the project and that have a thickness of less than one meter, they should be removed and replaced with sand or sand-crushed soil with layer-by-layer compaction and compaction quality control. Doing so will create the same soil conditions for the building foundation. The performed scientific and technical support of the construction made it possible to choose a method of technical soil reclamation—partial replacement of weak soils with sand and crushed stone, which, after layer-by-layer compaction, can withstand a significant load and stability under vibrational influences. Keywords: landfills, solid household waste.

Foreign Experience Review on Engineering Protection of Seashores and Hillslopes

Introduction. During design, construction and operation of buildings and structures in the coastal areas there arises a serious problem of engineering protection of coasts and hillslopes from the dangerous geological processes, which include the coastal erosion, underflooding of territories, hillslope erosion, gravitational (slope) processes, such as intensification of landslides, etc. These processes often result in significant economic damage usually related to the non-recoverable loss of valuable coastal territories, deformation of buildings and structures, damage and destruction of the objects of transport and engineering infrastructure. In this regard, the study of the advanced foreign experience in engineering protection of the coastal areas and the evaluation of the possibility of it to be implemented in Russia is a relevant scientific and engineering task.Materials and methods. To prepare the review, the following data was used: field observation data with photographic evidences of the objects of engineering protection of seashores and hillslopes obtained by the authors during a business trip to the People's Republic of China (PRC) in October–November 2023; study and analysis of literature sources in the subject area, including the methods and technologies implemented in the Netherlands, Japan, the USA, Great Britain, Italy; summary and systematisation of the coastal protection methods for further development of their classification and evaluation of the possibility of implementing thereof in the Russian Federation.Research results. The main principles of design, the advanced methods and technologies of coastal protection used in China have been defined. They include: construction of the multi-level protective structures, such as the multiple-row breakwaters of special shape in combination with the stepped retaining walls, the vertical walls consisting of the driven piles, anchoring and spray-concrete covering of the slopes in combination with the metal meshes; terracing in combination with the retaining reinforced concrete (horizontal and vertical) crossbeams; the sloping wave-absorbing reinforced concrete surfaces; the meshy structures and fences combating the Aeolian processes, etc.The main methods used in the Netherlands, Japan, the USA and Italy for comprehensive protection of the large territories have been defined. Such as: the network of dams, weirs, wave breakers, coast paving, regulation of the flows by water locks and barriers, creation of the artificial protective islands; artificial replenishment with sand; creation of the green spaces along the coast; forming the dunes — natural or artificial hills of sand or pebbles located along the coast; creation of the concrete structures, stone jetties, floating constructions and even artificial reefs.The importance of management was emphasised, including the early warning systems for storms and tsunamis, weather and marine condition monitoring systems, as well as dissemination of the warning messages and evacuation plans among the population in the areas of potential threat.Discussion and conclusion. Based on the results of the review, the main conclusions were formulated. The recommendations were given on the possible ways of improving the coastal protection of the Caucasian Black Sea Coast and other coastal areas of the Russian Federation based on the advanced foreign experience.

Экзогенные процессы формирования современной геоэкологичеcкой ситуации в Белгородской области

According to the “Fundamentals of state policy in the field of environmental development of the Russian Federation for the period up to 2030”, it is the anthropogenic factor that has a greater impact on the environmental situation in our country. In such conditions, the risk of dangerous geological processes increases significantly. The authors found that exogenous geological processes in combination with anthropogenic factors make a significant negative contribution to the ecological situation in the region. The object of the study is exogenous geological processes occurring on the territory of the Belgorod region. The subject of the study is exogenous geological processes, anthropogenic processes, and their contribution to the current state of the ecological situation in the Belgorod region. The purpose and objectives of the study are as follows: to study the characteristics and patterns of development of exogenous geological processes in the Belgorod region; methods and technologies for the rapid detection and prediction of the occurrence of exogenous geological processes, as well as preventive measures to reduce them in the region are developed. The authors have come to the following conclusions: On the territory of the region, the development of erosive, landslide, karst, Aeolian and suffusion processes has a significant impact on the environmental situation, the manifestation of which is primarily due to the geological structure of its parts, physical and geographical conditions, the deve­lopment and condition of the mining industry and agriculture. The dominant exogenous geological process that makes the greatest contribution to the formation of the ecological situation of the Belgorod region is linear erosion. The degree of damage to the territory of the region by erosion processes is quite high. Intensive erosion dismemberment is one of the main indicators of the unfavorable ecological and geomorphological condition of the territory. The influence of the anthropogenic factor on exogenous processes is expressed, first of all, in environmental pollution, landscape transformation and changes in the hydrological regime. The possibility of neutralizing exogenous geological processes in order to ensure the safety of the population of the Belgorod region should be justified by knowledge of the engineering and geomorphological conditions of the territory. To do this, it is necessary to create a strict modern system for monitoring exogenous geological processes, which will reduce the risks associated with them, more accurately predict their occurrence and obtain more reliable data. The solution of this problem is possible within the framework of the regional monitoring center for exogenous geological processes.

Проявления опасных геологических и техногенных процессов на урбанизированных закарстованных территориях Пермского края в 2023 г􀉨􀉞􀉭

Exogenous geological processes (EGP) on the territory of Perm Krai have a wide development. Karst occupies a special position in this list, as this process is widespread, and, in addition, can serve as a catalyst for associated hazardous geological processes. Therefore, under the guidance of the Ministry of Natural Resources of Perm Krai, the work on assessment of manifestations of dangerous geological processes within the urbanized karst territories of the region has been carried out. The aim of the study is a set of field and office works allowing assessing the consequences of hazardous geological processes in the karst territories of Perm Krai to make appropriate management decisions to minimize the negative impact on infrastructure and facilities, and ensure the safety of the population in the future. The results of this study for 2023 are presented in the article.

Automation of digital elevation model analyzing when solving problems of economic development of karst territories

The combination of geographic information systems (GIS) and remote sensing data analysis tools will make it possible
 to assess in a short time and with high accuracy the suitability of an area for the construction of land or linear structures in the
 areas where dangerous geological processes are developed. In this article we use the example of karst area in Kisherstky district
 of Perm region as an example to carry out the karts hazard zoning of the territory according to geomorphological indicators by
 analyzing ALOS-DEM digital elevation model (DEM). Patterns in the distribution of karst forms in the study area were evaluated
 depending on the dissection of the relief, its slope and distance from the watercourses. Based on the patterns, an integral map
 was constructed. The approach allows to do zoning the territory with respect to the studied danger geological process in a short
 time and with high accuracy, which is due to the use of patterns of forms distribution in the analysis.

ASSESSMENT OF KARST-SUFFUSION HAZARD OF THE CHAYANDA–ESPO OIL PIPELINE IN YAKUTIA

Link for citation: Nechaev D.A., Strokova L.A. Assessment of karst-suffusion hazard of the Chayanda–ESPO oil pipeline in Yakutia. Bulletin of the Tomsk Polytechnic University. Geo Аssets Engineering, 2023, vol. 334, no. 7, рр. 78-92. In Rus. The study is relevant due to the need to identify dangerous sections of oil and gas pipelines located in underdeveloped and sparsely populated areas, due to the development of dangerous geological processes. This study aims to assess the intensity and forecast the development of karst-suffusion processes within the pipeline route located in southern Yakutia, and to determine the most significant factors that activate this process. Methods: processing engineering and geological survey data, digitization of geological maps and decoding satellite images to build factor maps that affect the activation of the karst process: geological structure of the route; curvature, slope, surface exposure; map of surface drainage density and density of total tectonic fracturing. We created a map of the density of karst occurrences along the route according to the route survey and data from engineering and geological surveys during construction. We compiled a map of the susceptibility of the route territory to the development of karst-suffusion processes based on the Frequency Ratio method. Results. We carried out a description of the engineering and geological conditions of the pipeline route. To assess the karst-suffusion hazard of the pipeline route, calculations were made of the expected sizes of sinkholes in the base of structures using the method of G.M. Shakhunyants. Using the method of the ratio of particulars, the correlations between factors and foci of karst occurrences along the pipeline route were obtained. The susceptibility map developed on the basis of these results makes it possible to determine specific site boundaries for determining solutions for monitoring the development of the exogenous process and optimizing the pipeline operation processes. Therefore, the application of such methodology can be applied to other extended gas and oil pipelines located in difficult geological conditions.

The influence of dangerous geological and technogenic processes during engineering and geological research and environmental safety for construction in the modern period

Problems Statement and Purpose. Reliability of construction, protection of the territory from dangerous geological and technogenic processes, assessment of impact of construction and reconstruction objects on the environmental safety of the territory should be based on high-quality materials of engineering investigations. Today in Ukraine, the conditions of construction and reconstruction have significantly increased the requirements for the quality and composition of engineering research. At the same time, there are a number of natural and social factors that increase the degree of geotechnical and environmental risks during construction, there is no system that ensures the mandatory implementation of state regulations, which has an extremely negative effect on the quality of research materials. These questions are of particular importance given the volume of work that awaits us in the reconstruction of our country. The purpose of article is to once again draw attention to the problems in the field of engineering and geological investigations for construction, which largely depend on the safety and comfort of our living, to formulate proposals for improving the state of affairs in anticipation of the large-scale recovery of our country and the possibility of entering the regulatory field of the EU. Data & Methods. The legislative framework of Ukraine in the field of engineering and geological investigations for construction has been analyzed. Results. The article provides an analysis of the state with the legislative base in Ukraine regarding engineering surveys, the system that ensures mandatory compliance with the requirements of regulatory documents, factors that increase man-made and environmental risks in construction, proposed measures aimed at improving the quality of survey materials. 4 factors have been established that systematically affect the quality of engineering and geological investigations and the safety of construction: 1) most accidents and deformations of buildings and structures are associated with processes in the "base - foundation" system; 2) about 80% of the territory of Ukraine is characterized by complex engineering and geological conditions, with manifestations of almost all dangerous geological processes: seismicity, karst, landslides, reworking of banks, subsidence, soil swelling, etc.; 3) a significant increase in the specific weight of construction in conditions of dense urban construction and reconstruction of existing buildings in the total volume of construction; 4) social and economic conditions. An example of a change in the qualitative characteristics of underground hydrosphere (chemical composition and increase in the aggressiveness of groundwater), which had an impact on the reliability of construction and the ecological component at the studied area, has been considered.

Картирование опасных геологических объектов и процессов северной и центральной частей шельфа Баренцева моря по данным гидроакустического комплекса НИС «Академик Николай Страхов»

Mapping of dangerous geological objects and processes by hydroacoustic methods is being intensively developed in the areas of the Arctic shelf of Russia. Considerable experience has been accumulated in identifying of these objects and in compiling of thematic maps showing their properties, spatial distribution and correlation with geological and tectonic structures. A large amount of data and the development of economic activity make it necessary to develop a methodology for compiling these maps, design of legends and an approach to updating them. The paper presents map samples of dangerous geological objects compiled according to the data of RV “Academik Nikolai Strakhov” expeditions.

Application of quantitative methods for the assessment of landslide susceptibility of the Aghsuchay river basin

Problem statement. Azerbaijan is making a lot of efforts to reduce the impact of dangerous geological processes on natural geosystems, but they still cause huge damage. To a greater extent, the region of the Greater Caucasus, namely the southern slope, is subject to such processes, where the whole range of dangerous geological processes occurs: earthquake (7-8 b and above), landslides, landslides, screes, mudflows, etc. All of them are large-scale processes in terms of damage - they affect large areas and lead to economic losses. Purpose - to identify the main factors of the formation and spread of landslides in the basin of one of the most mudflow-bearing rivers not only in Azerbaijan, but also in the South Caucasus - the Agsuchay river, identify the conditions for their formation, assess the risk of the territory's susceptibility to landslide processes, as well as ways to prevent and protect. Research method. To assess landslide susceptibility and create maps of the potential development of landslides in the basin of the Agsuchay river we used the Frequency Ratio method (FR). Research results. For minimize damage from landslides on the example of the Agsuchay river basin a detailed study of the factors (hypsometry, slope angles (slope steepness) was carried out by us. Also slope exposure, geological structure (lithology), distance from faults, average annual precipitation, distance to the erosion network, distance to roads and land use) that determine the development of landslide processes with taking into account the mechanism of their development, as well as an analysis of the obtained values of landslide susceptibility and their potential development was studied. In the ArcGIS software environment, using the “Raster Calculator” spatial analysis tool, summing up each landslide factor multiplied by its weights, a map of the landslide susceptibility of the Agsuchay river basin was obtained. In the river basin Agsuchay we identified over 120 landslide areas. Most of the landslides were recorded along the Baskal tectonic cover, the Steppe Plateau, as well as on the slopes of the Langyabiz ridge, and also partially on the slopes of the Nialdag ridge. Conclusion. Using the natural boundary classification method in the ArcGIS software environment, the study area was divided into five landslide potential zones: very low, low, medium, high, and very high. The result of the analysis showed that zones with very low, low, medium, high and very high landslide development potential are: 13.75; 24.48; 31.51; 20.51 and 9.74% of the study area, respectively. Ultimately, the reliability of the obtained models was evaluated using AUC ROC (area under the error curve) analysis, which showed high performance of the method used (82%). Due to the high reliability, the method used can be used to assess the landslide susceptibility not only of the territory of Azerbaijan, but of similar regions of the Alpine-Himalayan belt.

ENGINEERING AND GEOLOGICAL STUDIES OF THE TENGIZ DEPOSIT

In this article, a study of geological and ecological loads on the geological environment at the Tengizfield, located in the Zhyloy district of Atyrau region of the Republic of Kazakhtan, is carried out. Soil tests by dynamic sounding (STDS) were performed on all drilling wells for sandy soils. In the process of performing engineering and geological exploration, static sounding of soils was performed at the projected sites of GDP-1 (gas distribution plant) and Torch, with the measurement of hydrostatic pore pressure. Physical and mechanical properties of soils, chemical properties of soils and chemical properties of groundwater were determined during laboratory studies. In the studied territory, the soils composing the engineering-geological section to a depth of up to 25 m are saline with an average degree of salinity. All lithological-facies groups of soils also contain a significant amount of carbonates and gypsum in their composition. For loamy silt (IGE-1b), according to the combination of physico-chemical and mechanical characteristics (fluid consistency, high degree of salinity, high degree of compressibility and low strength, the possibility of manifestation of thixotropic properties under dynamic influences), this soil belongs to the category of weak water-saturated clay soils. Weak soil (IGE-1b) is observed at a shallow depth in some areas. The available geotechnical data is not enough to accommodate areas of weak soils. At the same time, heavy sandy loam (IGE1a) and light sandy clay (IGE-8) have swelling properties of a weak degree. Chemical analysis of groundwater samples taken within the studied territories showed a high degree of mineralization, groundwater belongs to the brackish group, a subgroup of strongly brackish waters. Dangerous geological processes that could negatively affect the construction conditions are characterized by the processes of secondary salinization of soils.

Расчет нагрузки на противоселевые сооружения

Purpose: to explore the territory of the alpine-climatic resort “Alpika-Service” in the North-Western Caucasus near the village of Esto-Sadok, Krasnopolyansky settlement district of Adler region of Sochi in field conditions for dangerous geological processes; on the basis of the conducted field survey of the territory, to determine the zones of mudflow accumulation, to assess the state of the existing mudflow protection structures; to make the necessary calculations of the mudflow in the program for designing flexible engineering protection systems DEBFLOW and to propose measures to stabilize the situation on this basis. Methods and materials. In the course of research, the types of mudflow protection structures were described, it was determined that, according to climatic zoning, the site belongs to subarea III B1. The morphometric parameters of mudflows were determined by sampling and field surveys. On the basis of the DEBFLOW software, the calculation of the load on each designed barrier was carried out. Results: three mudflow basins were found on the territory of the facility, which, during prolonged heavy rains and snowmelt, form mudflows causing damage to Olympic infrastructure facilities, including the Aibga-2 cable car and engineering protection facilities, a technological road, an antenna-mast building no. 2, a pedestrian crossing of the Alpika-Service alpine-climatic resort. Conclusions. On the basis of field surveys, it was determined that the existing mudflow protection facilities are not enough to ensure the complete safety of the Olympic facilities and adjacent buildings. According to the calculations, the recommendations to stabilize the situation, namely along the Sulimovsky stream were given: installation of flexible mudflow protection barriers, placement of a network of catch drains and implementation of erosion-control measures.

ОСОБЛИВОСТІ ОЦІНКИ ВПЛИВУ НА ДОВКІЛЛЯ ПОВЕРХНЕВИХ ВОД

The purpose of this study is a systematic analysis of the features of the environmental impact assessment of surface waters. The article is a continuation of a series of publications on environmental impact assessment of water resources. Method. In the scientific study on the peculiarities of surface water environmental impact assessment, a systematic approach was used to analyze the characteristics of surface water environmental impact assessment (EIA) in the following areas: surface water EIA procedures, terminology, nature and documentation; assessment of the impact of planned (economic) activity on surface water; description of activities related to surface water. In order to achieve this goal, the following tasks were performed: the procedures, duration, nature and documentation of ATS for surface waters were studied and characterized; the assessment of the impact of the planned (economic) activity on surface water was investigated and discussed; the description of activities related to surface water was analyzed. The results. The regulatory and legal aspects of the issue (laws, DBN, methodological recommendations), procedure, term, nature, materials of surface water EIA were considered. The total term of EIA can be from 60 to 120 days. The EIA report includes a variety of materials that reflect the study of the given territory; materials provided by the customer; information of the State reporting balance of surface water use in the relevant district, etc. It should be noted that EIA includes the study of the territory of surface water in the process of preparatory and construction works, during the exploitation of surface water, description of the resources that will be used, SPZ, water use and drainage. Assessments of the impact on surface water of planned (economic) activities have been studied, as well as a description of measures regarding surface water have been analyzed. The study was carried out on the basis of reports from EIA for planned activities on surface water bodies. The probable impact on surface waters is recommended to be carried out according to biological, hydromorphological, chemical and physicochemical indicators, as well as the general level of clogging and silting at the local level. The assessment includes contamination of the massif of surface waters by household and other garbage. A description of the environmental factors that are likely to be affected by the planned activity and its alternative options is carried out, including the health of the population, the state of fauna, flora, biodiversity, land, soils, water, air, climatic factors, material objects, including architectural, archaeological and cultural heritage, landscape, socio-economic conditions and relationships between these factors. And an assessment of the possible impact on the environment of the planned activity is also carried out, in particular, the magnitude and scope of such impact. An assessment is carried out according to the types and amount of expected waste. It is also necessary to evaluate the activities of companies, enterprises, institutions, etc., which are in the zone of influence of such planned activities. It is necessary to take into account the existence of an approved river basin management plan, dangerous geological processes to which the morphological effects of waters can lead when assessing the EIA. When evaluating, it is recommended to use modern research methods. The study did not consider the issue of the results of the public discussion regarding such planned activities with surface water. The scientific novelty consists in the systematic analysis of the features of the environmental impact assessment of surface waters. The study was conducted for all participants who can study and perform EIA. Practical significance. The results of the research can be used in the educational process of the National university of water and environmental engineering, in particular, in the specialty 103 "Earth Sciences" and other institutions of higher education when teaching hydrological, natural, geographical, economic, ecological and geological disciplines. The results will find their application in the legislative and executive work of local self-government bodies when developing programs for the socio-economic development of territorial communities. Research materials will contribute to the rational use of water resources in the regions of Ukraine.

Автоматизированное картографирование разрывных нарушений в районе перешейка Поясок (Сахалин) по данным дистанционного зондирования

Automated mapping of disturbances in the earth’s crust allows you to quickly identify areas of development of dangerous geological processes, and to determine the measures that should be taken to organize the safe operation of extended linear structures (roads and railways, pipelines, power lines) that run through areas with difficult natural conditions. The main trigger mechanism causing the activation of dangerous geological processes is displacements in zones of active faults in the earth’s crust. Monitoring the state of fault zones and timely detection of manifestations of hazardous processes are urgent tasks for ensuring the sustainable development of regional infrastructure. The area of the Poyasok isthmus (Sakhalin Island) was chosen as the object of research, along the territory of which there are automobile and railway roads, power lines, and the main pipeline of the Sakhalin-2 project was laid along the isthmus coast. Lineament analysis of space images and SRTM data using the LEFA software package by binary morphological erosion method to highlight boundaries, as well as made selection long lines by performing mathematical operations using Canny algorithms, with subsequent Hough transformations, were carried out to identify faults of research territory. The obtained intermediate data were processed using the tools of the QGIS software package and made it possible to compile a map of disjunctive disturbances for the area under study. Lineament analysis made it possible to identify faults that bound the block megastructure of the Poyasok isthmus from the north and south. The saddle of Poyasok isthmus separates the large Central Sakhalin and South Sakhalin segments of the Hokkaido-Sakhalin system of island uplifts. Structures of the Central-Kamyshovy and South-Kamyshovy lifted megablocks (3 orders) in the West-Sakhalin Mountains adjoin directly to the saddle. The southern part of the Central-Kamyshovy mega-uplift is represented by a series of uplifts separated by narrow depressions bounded by faults. The number of uplifts increases with the distance to the north from the Poyasok isthmus. The northern part of the South-Kamyshovy mega-uplift is divided by faults of the northern-east strike into block structures. The obtained data are suitable for performing detailed seismic zoning.

Influence of engineering and geodynamic processes on stability of transport infrastructure

The article deals with the issues of the mechanism of development of landslides and the factors acting on them, the classification of engineering and geodynamic processes, the division of landslides by types and volumes, as well as the development of landslides by years, and periods (seasons) on the new railway line "Tashguzar-Baisun-Kumkurgan". The number of dangerous geological processes on the adjacent Tashguzar-Boysun-Kumkurgan railway from 2006 to 2020 was 370. In quantitative terms, their activity by year fell on 2007-2010, and the next phase continued in 2012-2014.

Выявление природных и техногенных разуплотненных зон в подработанном массиве по данным высокоточных гравиметрических наблюдений

The paper presents the results of gravimetric studies at the potassium salt deposit in order to obtain information on the development of negative engineering-geological processes in the rock mass caused by subsoil development. A methodology was developed for high-precision monitoring gravimetric observations, which makes it possible to determine the change in the field over time. A physico-geological model of gravimetric monitoring, representing a homogeneous geological medium with an isolated area in which rock density changes have occurred, has been created. For the purposes of gravimetric monitoring, a method for processing and interpreting dynamic gravity anomalies based on the synthesis of qualitative and quantitative methods for extracting geological information from gravimetric data has been adapted. The result of the interpretation is the area of distribution, the probable interval of depths of rock decompaction, as well as the magnitude of the change in rock density, which characterizes the intensity of the process of decompaction. Examples are given of testing the developed technology for dividing decompressed zones into natural and man-made zones at the Verkhnekamskoye potash deposit in order to improve the safety of its operation. It is shown that the results of monitoring gravimetric observations can predict areas of dangerous geological processes and control subsidence of the earth's surface.

Digital Transformation of Hazardous Geological Processes Monitoring on the Example of the Baikal Natural Territory

Baikal Natural Territory (BNT) is the territory that adjacent to Lake Baikal, which is a unique natural object and, in accordance with the UNESCO Convention, a "World Natural Heritage". Baikal is in the central part of the Baikal Rift Zone (BRZ) – the most active seismic zone located in the middle of Russia. The development of the BRZ leads to the emergence of dangerous geological processes that can lead to a violation of the balance in the Lake Baikal ecological system and the surrounding area. In addition, these processes and phenomena pose a real threat to the smooth functioning of mainline communications, hydroelectric power plants and strategically important industries in the region, which, according to the classification of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia, belongs to the first category of danger. To ensure systematic monitoring and forecasting of the environmental situation of the BNT, systematic observations are organized, as well as obtaining and analysing information about the activity of hazardous geological processes in digital form. The digital transformation of monitoring of hazardous geological processes, resulting from the digitalization of processes and the development of appropriate infrastructure, provides the possibility of using new models and methods, more flexible approaches to the analysis of ongoing processes and the prediction of possible extreme events. In this paper, a digital platform is proposed that provides support for the digital transformation of the monitoring of hazardous geological processes using the example of BNT. The platform under consideration may be used for ecological monitoring of BNT area.

Improving the reliability of 3D modelling of a landslide slope based on engineering geophysics data

Landslides are among the most dangerous geological processes, posing a threat to all engineering structures. In order to assess the stability of slopes, complex engineering surveys are used, the results of which are necessary to perform computations of the stability of soil masses and assess the risks of landslide development. The results of integ-rated geological and geophysical studies of a typical landslide slope in the North-Western Caucasus spurs, composed of clayey soils, are presented. The purpose of the work is to increase the reliability of assessing the stability of a landslide mass by constructing a 3D model of the slope, including its main structural elements, identified using modern methods of engineering geophysics. Accounting for geophysical data in the formation of the computed 3D model of the slope made it possible to identify important structural elements of the landslide, which significantly affected the correct computation of its stability.

Structure and classification of landslides

The construction of large-scale projects in complex geomorphological conditions requires special attention to the study of endogenous processes. One of the most common and dangerous geological processes are slope processes (the development of landslides, landslides, ravines, avalanches). Landslide processes can cause significant damage to human economic activity. For a qualitative assessment of landslide phenomena, including the identification of areas with the greatest danger and the elimination of their consequences, it is necessary to study the structure of landslides and the mechanisms of their formation. The article discusses the concept of a landslide process, the structure of landslides, and also presents the most common options for classifying these processes.