Dangerous Behavior Research Articles

Analyzing Safety Concerns of (e-) Bikes and Cycling Behaviors at Intersections in Urban Area

Extensive effort has been devoted to examining the causal relationship between contributing factors and injury severities. Given the important role of riders’ behaviors in traffic conflicts, this paper aims to analyze the causal effects of traffic conflicts resulting from riders’ behaviors at intersections. The authors collected video data on 152 traffic conflicts caused by riders’ dangerous behaviors in Jiangning District, China. This paper proposes a Bayesian-structural equation modeling (BSEM) approach. Based on the obtained BSEM path coefficient diagram, the factor loadings and path coefficients are analyzed to unveil the potential influence of factors, including personal features, dangerous behavior tendency, temporal and spatial characteristics of dangerous behavior, and the external environment. The results show that compared to human factors, environmental factors have a less direct impact on the severity of traffic conflicts; instead, they have an indirect positive impact on traffic conflicts by affecting behaviors. That is, if riders judge that road conditions are not suitable to conduct dangerous behaviors, they become more cautious in view of current road conditions and time revenue. Furthermore, dangerous cycling behaviors that continue to encroach on the time and space of motorized vehicles are prone to be more dangerous. The dangerous behaviors that continuously encroach on the time and space of motor vehicles (e.g., disobeying traffic signals and riding in a motorway) are significant predictors of serious conflicts. Considering the heterogeneity of riding behavior, these findings could be applied to develop effective education and intervention programs for preventing riders’ high-risk behaviors and improving the traffic environment.

EFEKTIFITAS SOSIALISASI SEKS PRANIKAH TERHADA PENINGKATKAN PENGETAHUAN KESEHATAN REPRODUKSI REMAJA DI PESANTREN HASBIALLAH JAKARTA TIMUR

Introduction: Lack of correct information about sex problems will strengthen the possibility of teenagers taking the wrong meaning from the mass media or peers, as a result, teenagers are at risk of committing dangerous behaviors for their health. The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of premarital sex socialization on increasing adolescent reproductive health knowledge at the Hasbiyallah Islamic Boarding School, East Jakarta in 2021. Methods: This study used an observational qualitative analysis using a cross section analytic design, using a sample of 50 respondents. Samples were taken using the total sampling method, data collection using a questionnaire. Data analysis was carried out using the wilocoxon test. Results: The univariate results showed the frequency of respondents in the pre-test with less knowledge was
 88.0 post-test 2.0. who have sufficient knowledge pre-test 46.0 post-test 12.0. who have good knowledge pre-test 46.0 post-test 85.0. while the bivariate result shows the Asymp of sig value
 0.00. Conclusion: There is an effectiveness of premarital sex socialization on increasing adolescent reproductivehealth knowledge at the Hasbiyallah Islamic Boarding School, East Jakarta in 2020.

What leads to severe multi-vehicle crashes on mountainous expressways in Western China?

This paper investigates the occurrence and severity of collisions involving multiple vehicles on mountain expressways (MMEs) in Western China. A total of 1 521 crash samples occurring on one typical mountain expressway in Shaanxi, China, between 2012 and 2017, were analysed through a partially constrained generalised ordered logit to identify the significant risk factors contributing to the severity of such crashes. Elasticity analysis was performed to quantify the effects of each independent explanatory variable on the collision severity outcomes. Fourteen total explanatory variables were found to have a significant and pronounced influence on the likelihood of MME crashes. These include the type of collision, the at-fault driver's age, driving while fatigued, cell phone use while driving, alcohol-impaired driving, speeding, risky following and dangerous overtaking behaviour, sharp curves in the roadway and slippery pavement conditions, seasons, day of the week, time of day, and adverse weather (rain/snow/fog). The impacts of the variables on the collision severity were also explored. Taken together, the findings may serve as a useful guide for developing legislation and technical countermeasures to ensure traffic safety on mountain expressways in Western China.

A possible case of Limbic-predominant age-related TDP-43 encephalopathy (LATE) in a Black Female with caregiver burden and limited resources: A Novel Diagnosis with presentation similar to Alzheimer's

<h3>Introduction</h3> Limbic-predominant age-related TDP-43 encephalopathy (LATE) is a proposed neurodegenerative disorder of older adults (typically >80 years old)⁽¹⁾. It presents primarily as an amnestic dementia and is thought to be due to a TDP-43 proteinopathy in limbic system structures, including the hippocampus. There could be coexisting hippocampal sclerosis pathology in some patients presenting with LATE. In community-based autopsy cohorts, ∼25% of brains had a sufficient burden of LATE-neuropathology changes (LATE- NC) to be associated with discernible cognitive impairment. (ADNC) ⁽³⁾. In a retrospective study described by Kapasi et Al, there exist a class I evidence that LATE-NC and Alzheimer's disease pathologic changes are associated with different trajectories of late-life cognitive decline. Persons with pure LATE-NC follow a slower trajectory compared to those with pure ADNC. LATE-neuropathology changes may be co-morbid with Alzheimer's disease neuropathological changes. Those with mixed LATE/ADNC have a steeper decline than individuals with either pathology alone ⁽⁴⁾. The following is a unique case presentation of a patient with possible LATE or a combination of LATE/AD NC as demonstrated by rapid amnestic dementia and changes in brain MRI. In addition, this case shows how the treatment is tailored based on family preference and available resources <h3>Methods</h3> A single patient case of interest was chosen and verbal consent was obtained from the patient. Our initial review was conducted with a literature search at Pubmed. 57 articles were retrieved which was narrowed down to 10 articles after irrelevant topics were excluded. The clinical presentation of the case was found to be correlated with the relevant reports in the research literature implying a possible rationale for LATE vs ADNC for the patient. <h3>Results</h3> Case presentation: This is a case of a 91-year-old female with no past psychiatric history, a medical history significant of HTN, and stable angina who presented to the memory clinic with a decline in short-term memory in the past 18 months that has progressively worsened over the past 6 -8 months. The patient would forget conversations and has been misplacing items at home. The patient would engage in dangerous behaviors to include forgetting the stove on. Also associated were neuropsychiatric symptoms of agitation, irritability, and insomnia. The patient became easily irritable and would attempt to hit others. These behaviors were all new to this patient and her family was very concerned. Taking care of her became increasingly challenging and they decided to consult professional help. The patient became increasingly dependent on all ADLs except feeding and toileting. She had been unable to perform all IADLS for the past two years. On MMSE, she scored 24/30 with most points lost in immediate recall. Further neuropsychiatric testing revealed deficiency in verbal fluency, clock drawing, delay recall, and word list learning. The MRI of the brain indicated a decrease in Hippocampal volume at 7 percentiles for her age as per NEUROQUANT evaluation; almost 2 standard deviations below the mean. Mild/moderate chronic white matter microvascular ischemic changes were also seen. No acute ischemia was noted. The caregiver burden was extremely high and memory medication was not a priority for the family. The family did not qualify for Medicaid and declined much-needed social services that could provide respite and promote social engagement. Paying out of pocket was a hindering factor. A low-dose second-generation antipsychotic was initiated with good remission of agitative symptoms. <h3>Conclusions</h3> The patient's advanced age, delayed onset of the cognitive impairment, precipitous memory decline, and the findings on brain MRI are suggestive of a possible diagnosis of LATE versus LATE ADNC. However, this diagnosis or other forms of dementia cannot be ruled out without a brain biopsy. This case indicates that further research on diagnosing and targeting patients with TDP-43 might greatly improve the disease burden. Furthermore, the differences in social-economic status can greatly add to disparities in dementia care. <h3>This research was funded by</h3> None

It’s all in the mind: The relationship between mindfulness and nomophobia on technology engagement while driving and aberrant driving behaviours

This study investigated the relationship between mindfulness and nomophobia on technology engagement while driving and aberrant driving behaviours. Nine hundred and ninety participants completed an online survey (Female: 68.6%; Age: M = 51.2 years, SD = 15.7, Range = 18.0–84.0 years) that assessed mindfulness, nomophobia, technology engagement while driving, aberrant driving behaviour, and self-reported crashes and infringements during the past two years. Structural equation modelling (SEM) was used to examine the relationships between mindfulness and nomophobia, on one hand, with self-reported engagement with technology while driving and general aberrant driving behaviours (combination of errors, lapses and violations) on the other. The results of the SEM showed that, as expected, mindfulness shared negative relationships with nomophobia, engagement with technology and aberrant driving behaviours, while all other relationships were positive. In terms of engagement with technology, there were direct and indirect paths between nomophobia and mindfulness and engagement with technology. The results of this study demonstrate the positive influence mindfulness can have on nomophobia, engagement with technology while driving, and dangerous driving behaviours that have been associated with crash risk. Mindfulness practices may reduce the effect of nomophobia on engagement with technology while driving and increased dangerous behaviours as a result. This will be increasingly important as modern work and social practices encourage people to increasingly use the phone while driving, and the technology within smart devices, and connectivity of these to the vehicle, increase. More research is needed to understand whether mindfulness-based interventions can reduce nomophobia, and thereby improve driving behaviours and reduce crash rates.

Психологические и организационноправовые аспекты использования полиграфа с целью оценки надежности кандидатов для службы в силовых структурах

The article presents results of the study of organizational, legal and applied aspects of the use of polygraph by polygraph examiners of security, defense and law enforcement agencies (n=89) for the evaluation of reliability of candidates to service. The authors identify such challenging organizational, legal and applied aspects as: exceeding the permitted load on a polygraph examiner, lack of time for a high-quality pre-test conversation, the pressure of third parties on a polygraph examiner and the absence of any clear criteria in the determination of separate factors of risk of socially dangerous behavior. Moreover, the majority of polygraph examiners noted that there is a need for annual advanced training. Following the results of this study, the authors give practical recommendations on the identifi ed aspects.

Barriers to accessing and continuing mental health treatment among individuals with dissociative symptoms

ABSTRACT Background Dissociative disorders (DDs) are characterized by interruptions of identity, thought, memory, emotion, perception, and consciousness. Patients with DDs are at high risk for engaging in dangerous behaviours, such as self-harm and suicidal acts; yet, only between 28% and 48% of individuals with DDs receive mental health treatment. Patients that do pursue treatment are often misdiagnosed, repeatedly hospitalized, and experience disbelief from providers about their trauma history and dissociative symptoms. Lack of dissociation-specific treatment can result in poor quality of life, severe symptoms requiring utilization of hospitalization and intensive outpatient treatment, and high rates of disability. Objective Given the extensive and debilitating symptoms experienced by individuals with DDs and the infrequent utilization of treatment, the current study explored barriers to accessing and continuing mental health treatment for individuals with dissociative symptoms and DDs. Method A total of 276 participants with self-reported dissociative symptoms were recruited via online social media platforms. Participants completed a survey which featured 35 possible barriers to accessing treatment and 45 possible reasons for discontinuing treatment, along with open text boxes for adding barriers/reasons that were not listed. Results Results showed 97% of participants experienced one or more barriers to accessing treatment (M = 9 barriers) and 92% stopped treatment with a provider due to at least one of the reasons captured in the survey (e.g. limited insurance coverage, poor therapeutic alliance, disbelief from providers, etc.; M = 7 barriers). Conclusions The most frequently endorsed barriers were structural barriers, such as those related to finances, insurance, and lack of provider availability. It is imperative more service providers are trained to treat dissociation and that insurers and health care systems recognize the need for specialized, dissociation-focused treatment.

What if children with psychiatric problems disagree with their clinicians on the need for care? Factors explaining discordance and clinical directions

BackgroundChildren and adolescents in mental healthcare often perceive their care needs and necessary treatment differently from their clinicians. As such discordance between young patients and clinicians may obstruct treatment adherence and compromise treatment outcomes, it is important to understand the factors associated with it. We therefore investigated the factors associated with patient–clinician discordance with regard to care needs in various areas of functioning.MethodsA cross-sectional study involving 244 children/adolescents aged 6–18 participating with their clinicians in treatment at a specialized mental healthcare center. As a previous study conducted by our research group had found the greatest patient–clinician discordance in three CANSAS care needs—“mental health problems,” “information regarding diagnosis and/or treatment,” and “making and/or keeping friends”—we used univariable and multivariable statistics to investigate the factors associated with discordance regarding these three care needs.Resultspatient–clinician discordance on the three CANSAS items was associated with child, parent, and family/social-context factors. Three variables were significant in each of the three final multivariable models: dangerous behavior towards self (child level); severity of psychiatric problems of the parent (parent level); and growing up in a single-parent household (family/social-context level).ConclusionsTo deliver treatment most effectively and to prevent drop-out, it is important during diagnostic assessment and treatment planning to address the patient’s care needs at all three levels: child, parent and family/social context.

Reducing violation behaviors of pedestrians considering group interests of travelers at signalized crosswalk

Violating traffic signals behaviors of Pedestrians are common phenomenon. How to reduce or even eliminate these dangerous behaviors has attracted deep attention from researchers and governments. This paper proposes signal control algorithm considering dual-flow (SCACDF), which prioritizes the interests of travelers groups and aims to use real-time traffic data to predict future short-term traffic conditions, redistribute the green time for pedestrians and vehicles, timely meet the traffic demand of pedestrians and reduce the probability of traffic accidents. A typical signalized crosswalk is employed as a case study. Experiments, which are implemented in AnyLogic software, are conducted to investigate the impact of the proposed algorithm under different levels of traffic demand (pedestrian demand and vehicle demand) scenarios. The results show that compared with traditional timing signal control, the proposed algorithm could reduce pedestrian violation rates and improve traffic safety in multiple scenarios. Under low vehicle density, the pedestrian violation rate dropped respectively by 28.8% and 45.3% on average when the green splits ratio is 0.5 and 0.7. Especially when the green splits ratio is relatively large, the pedestrian violation rate drops from 22.6% to 14.3% under the proposed control algorithm. In most cases, the re-segmentation of the red-man phase under the proposed algorithm could have a certain negative impact on vehicle traffic per unit time. However, when the green splits ratio is 0.5, the algorithm even improves the total traffic volume per unit time including pedestrians and passengers. In addition, the factors that affect the proposed algorithm and the optimal scope of application are also briefly discussed.

Complex functional brain network properties in anorexia nervosa

BackgroundAnorexia nervosa (AN) is a disorder characterized by an incapacitating fear of weight gain and by a disturbance in the way the body is experienced, facets that motivate dangerous weight loss behaviors. Multimodal neuroimaging studies highlight atypical neural activity in brain networks involved in interoceptive awareness and reward processing.MethodsThe current study used resting-state neuroimaging to model the architecture of large-scale functional brain networks and characterize network properties of individual brain regions to clinical measures. Resting-state neuroimaging was conducted in 62 adolescents, 22 (21 female) with a history of AN and 40 (39 female) healthy controls (HCs). Sensorimotor and basal ganglia regions, as part of a 165-region whole-brain network, were investigated. Subject-specific functional brain networks were computed to index centrality. A contrast analysis within the general linear model covarying for age was performed. Correlations between network properties and behavioral measures were conducted (significance q < .05).ResultsCompared to HCs, AN had lower connectivity from sensorimotor regions, and greater connectivity from the left caudate nucleus to the right postcentral gyrus. AN demonstrated lower sensorimotor centrality, but higher basal ganglia centrality. Sensorimotor connectivity dyads and centrality exhibited negative correlations with body dissatisfaction and drive for thinness, two essential features of AN.ConclusionsThese findings suggest that AN is associated with greater communication from the basal ganglia, and lower information propagation in sensorimotor cortices. This is consistent with the clinical presentation of AN, where individuals exhibit patterns of rigid habitual behavior that is not responsive to bodily needs, and seem “disconnected” from their bodies.

DUDE - a universal prevention program for non-suicidal self-injurious behavior in adolescence based on effective emotion regulation: study protocol of a cluster-randomized controlled trial

BackgroundNon-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) has become a substantial public health problem. NSSI is a high-risk marker for the development and persistence of mental health problems, shows high rates of morbidity and mortality, and causes substantial health care costs. Thus, there is an urgent need for action to develop universal prevention programs for NSSI before adolescents begin to show this dangerous behavior. Currently, however, universal prevention programs are lacking.MethodsThe main objective of the present study is to evaluate a newly developed universal prevention program (“DUDE – Du und deine Emotionen / You and your emotions”), based on a skills-based approach in schools, in 3200 young adolescents (age 11–14 years). The effectiveness of DUDE will be investigated in a cluster-randomized controlled trial (RCT) in schools (N = 16). All groups will receive a minimal intervention called “Stress-free through the school day” as a mental health literacy program to prevent burnout in school. The treatment group (N = 1600; 8 schools) will additionally undergo the universal prevention program DUDE and will be divided into treatment group 1 (DUDE conducted by trained clinical psychologists; N = 800; 4 schools) and treatment group 2 (DUDE conducted by trained teachers; N = 800; 4 schools). The active control group (N = 1600; 8 schools) will only receive the mental health literacy prevention. Besides baseline assessment (T0), measurements will occur at the end of the treatment (T1) and at 6- (T2) and 12-month (T3) follow-up evaluations. The main outcome is the occurrence of NSSI within the last 6 months assessed by a short version of the Deliberate Self-Harm Inventory (DSHI-9) at the 1-year follow-up (primary endpoint; T3). Secondary outcomes are emotion regulation, suicidality, health-related quality of life, self-esteem, and comorbid psychopathology and willingness to change.DiscussionDUDE is tailored to diminish the incidence of NSSI and to prevent its possible long-term consequences (e.g., suicidality) in adolescents. It is easy to access in the school environment. Furthermore, DUDE is a comprehensive approach to improve mental health via improved emotion regulation.Trial registrationGerman Clinical Trials Register (DRKS) DRKS00018945. Registered on 01 April 2020, https://www.drks.de/drks_web/navigate.do?navigationId=trial.HTML&TRIAL_ID=DRKS00018945

Approval of Coercion in Psychiatry in Public Perception and the Role of Stigmatization.

Background: Coercion is routinely used in psychiatry. Its benefits and drawbacks are controversially debated. In addition, the majority of persons with mental health problems are exposed to stigmatization and are assumed to be dangerous. Stigmatization is associated with negative consequences for individuals with mental illness such as disapproval, social rejection, exclusion, and discrimination. Being subjected to coercive measures can increase the stigmatization of the affected persons, and stigmatization might lead to higher approval for coercion.Aims of the Study: This study aims to examine the approval for coercive measures in psychiatry by the general public, and to explore its relation with person- and situation-specific factors as well as with stigmatization.Method: We conducted a representative survey of the general population (N = 2,207) in the canton of Basel-Stadt, Switzerland. Participants were asked to read a vignette depicting psychopathological symptoms of a fictitious character and indicate whether they would accept coercive measures for the person in the vignette. Desire for social distance and perceived dangerousness were assessed as measures of stigmatization.Findings: The person in the case vignette exhibiting dangerous behavior, showing symptoms of a psychotic disorder, being perceived as dangerous, and treatment being understood as helpful increased approval of coercion in general, while familiarity of the respondents with mental illness decreased approval.Conclusions: The public attitude regarding the approval of coercion in psychiatry is highly differentiated and largely follows the current legal framework and medical treatment guidelines. Higher approval occurred in situations of self-harm or harm to others and when coercive measures were thought to have a beneficial effect for the affected persons. A considerable part of the approval for coercion is predicted by stigmatization. With the increasing severity of coercive measures, the influence of person- and situation-specific factors and of familiarity with mental illness decreased and generalizing and stigmatizing attitudes became stronger predictors for the approval of more severe measures.

Anomaly detection for weblog data analysis using weighted PCA technique

Many methods have been developed to protect web servers against attacks. Anomaly detection methods rely on generic user models and application behavior, which interpret departures as indications of potentially dangerous behavior from the established pattern. However, due to a lack of evaluations and comparisons of various anomaly detection techniques, engineers may still decide which detection methods should not be used. Furthermore, even if engineers use an unusual detection technique, re-implementation will take a lifetime. We offer a comprehensive analysis and evaluation of six existing log-based detection techniques, including three monitored and three unchecked modes, as well as an open toolkit that allows for simple reuse, to address these problems. The different anomalies are detected with weighted PCA techniques. There are four datasets BGL, Liberty, Spirit & Thunderbird, which are used. The weighted PCA is compared with traditional KNN methods. The weighted PCA provided better results as compared to the KNN algorithm.

Active Suppression Method of Dangerous Behaviors for Robot-Assisted Vascular Interventional Surgery

The procedure of vascular interventional surgery (VIS) is very complicated. It requires doctors to wear the protecting suits and manipulate the flexible instruments (catheters and guidewires) for a long time to complete the treatment, which may fatigue the doctors and lead to misoperation. Besides, the X-ray radiation in the operating room is also bad for doctors&#x2019; health. So, to solve the above challenges, a novel robot-assisted system was developed for VIS, which realizes the separation of the doctor and the operating room; a preliminary method was used on the slave side to reduce the excessive collision force when the tip of the catheter travels through the curved blood vessel, and the active enhancing safety method of the robot-assisted system was proposed to reduce the danger caused by doctors&#x2019; misoperation (dangerous behaviors) during the surgery. Finally, to verify the proposed methods, a series of experiments <i>in vitro</i> were conducted, and experimental results indicated that the method of assisting the deflection of the tip of the catheter has the potential to reduce the excessive collision force, the collision force at the tip of the catheter was reduced by 0.104 N when a misoperation occurred during the operation procedure under the condition of the active enhancing safety method, and the stronger sense of the tactile presence was generated by the master manipulator when the total force of the slave side was greater than 1.0 N. Therefore, based on the above results, we believe that the proposed methods are effective.

Medical and legal safety measures for people with psychiatric pathology and dangerous behavior

Medical safety measures are located in a complex area of medico-legal interference and social protection, involving close collaboration and a smooth flow of information and persons between courts and medical and administrative institutions. Whenever a person with psychiatric pathology commits crimes or antisocial acts, he or she can be redirected to a specialized medical service where they can be hospitalized against their will. Involuntary medical hospitalization finds applicability in the Law no. 487/2002 on mental health and the protection of persons with mental disorders, this representing the framework regulation in the matter of involuntary hospitalization. The medical security measures have a pronounced character of protection of the perpetrator and a low degree of coercion, being also ordered in the interest of those who have come into conflict with the criminal law. Through these characteristics, security measures become procedural measures. Depending on the nature of the act, the person in question may be involuntarily hospitalized under Law no. 487/2002, if the act is of a civil nature, but there are situations in which the act falls under criminal incidence, the person being investigated under Article 248 of the Criminal Code of Procedure. In such situations, there is an overlap between the civil and the criminal side, the laws can help each other or they can lead to forensic problems.

Factors Affecting Human Damage in Heavy Rains and Typhoon Disasters.

Floods due to heavy rains or typhoons are frequent annual hazards in Japan. This study aims to reduce disaster fatalities and contribute to disaster risk reduction. This retrospective observational study analyzed fatalities caused by heavy rains or typhoons. In Japan, 578 fatalities, related to seven occurrences of heavy rains and 16 typhoons, occurred between 2016 and 2020. Moreover, 13,195 houses collapsed due to hazards. Furthermore, 334 (73.2%) of the 456 fatalities were > 60 years old. Heavy rains caused more local area destruction due to floods and landslides than typhoons although wind- and disaster-related mortalities were found to be caused by typhoons. Human damage was eminent in older people because of their vulnerabilities and possibly dangerous behavior. Many fatalities were due to floods (46.9%) and landslides (44.1%). Indoor and outdoor mortalities due to heavy rains or typhoons were 157 (55.9%) and 124 (44.1%), respectively, and 24 (21.8%) of 124 outdoor mortalities occurred in vehicles. The number of recent flood mortalities in Japan correlates with the number of destroyed houses. Analyzing the victim's locations in the 2020 Kumamoto Heavy Rain using hazard and inundation maps suggested the difficulty of ensuring the safety of people living in dangerous areas. This study showed the characteristics of flood damage by heavy rains and typhoons in Japan and reports that flood damage is increasing because of the hazard size and community aging. Disaster risk reduction, disaster education, and evacuation safety plans for the elderly using hazard maps were important for strengthening disaster resilience.

A Qualitative Evaluation of the Use of Facial Recognition Technology for Opioid Substitution Treatment in Community Pharmacies

ABSTRACT Introduction: Opioids are used as analgesics and are available as prescription opioids, over-the-counter opioids or illicitly as heroin. Increasingly opioid addiction has become prevalent. Opioid addiction or dependence results in the addicts indulging in harmful or dangerous behaviour including unsafe opioid injecting. To address this issue, approved opioid substitution therapy (OST) has been introduced in Australia. It has been identified informally that community pharmacies have issues in dispensing OST because of less than robust patient verification processes. This has led to input errors, misidentification of patients, and refusal to dispense when the patient is not recognised in the records. Facial Recognition Technology (FRT), a form of artificial intelligence, has been used to recognise patients, dispense, and confirm medication ingestion. Some pharmacies in Victoria have commenced using FRT to address the mis-identification issues and help with better record keeping and auditing. Methods: A study to evaluate the pharmacy stakeholders’ (pharmacists, pharmacy assistants and pharmacy owners) experience of using FRT to dispense OST was conducted over 2019–2020. To evaluate the stakeholder’s views, an innovative evaluation approach termed ‘integrated model of evaluation (IMoE)’ was used. The stakeholders (pharmacies) views about use of FRT for OST and its impact on business practice (medication dispensing process and record keeping) improvement was evaluated. Semi-structured questionnaires were used to conduct interviews with individual stakeholders. To obtain a well-rounded perspective about the experiences with FRT, 11 key participants including three pharmacy owners, six pharmacists and two pharmacy assistants were interviewed. Interviews were transcribed and analysed using thematic analysis. Analysis compared and contrasted experiences and perspectives of OST dispensing prior to and after introduction of FRT. Results: The data was collated and analysed as per the IMoE framework. The framework focuses on five components including context, intervention, change, outcomes, and emergent program theory. As per the IMoE framework, the data is analysed inductively and used to formulate a theory explaining the changes because of the OST. As per this assessment process, the findings indicate a positive perception of the utility of FRT in OST program in specific and the pharmacy context in general. The employment of FRT was seen to be conducive to reducing time to pharmacy dispensing and time saving. Where there were issues, it was because of unfamiliarity with the technology or integration problems. Improvement in integration and scaling up of FRT in more pharmacies will yield efficiencies and economies of scale. Conclusions: This study presents an important view about the concerns and opportunities pharmacy stakeholders have in the use of FRT. This will help stakeholders better understand the way to implement facial recognition in the pharmacy sector and in what way they should disseminate information to better inform the public of its pros and cons.

Design and implementation of a program for the prevention of socially dangerous behavior of students in the Internet environment

Design and implementation of a program for the prevention of socially dangerous behavior of students in the Internet environment

Impact Of Social and Technological Distraction on Pedestrian Crossing Behaviour: A Case Study in Enna, Sicily

The safety of pedestrians in the city depends on numerous factors such as crossing habits (traffic behaviour, traffic culture), infrastructural elements and overall traffic conditions. Among the most critical urban areas are those near pedestrian crosswalks with traffic lights. Several studies focus on collecting pedestrian and infrastructure data through a combination of video recording and manual counting and/or the administration of interviews or surveys. Among the factors analysed are pedestrian crossing behaviour, pedestrian volume, waiting time, risk and infrastructure elements and other influential parameters. The literature shows that there are gender and age differences. Although the number of accidents involving pedestrians distracted by their smartphones is certainly rarer when compared to driver-related accidents, it is essential to investigate this kind of distraction and analyze possible strategies for its mitigation. Children are more likely to cross the road in groups and, there are evidence, that group can be a distractor too. There is also evidence of behavioural characteristics, i.e., pedestrians who use a mobile phone while crossing the road have a higher violation rate and are more likely to be late. A comparison of national and international studies shows that cognitive distraction among pedestrians resulting from phone use reduces risk awareness and increases dangerous behaviour. Many actions are generally performed by pedestrians’ mobile phones, such as receiving calls, writing and sending e-mails, text messages and instant or voice messages, listening to music, watching videos and podcasts, using social networks and taking photos. All these actions people of all age groups (and in particular the under-15s) are inclined to do wherever there is reception, regardless of environmental circumstances. The age of children approaching the web and social networks is dropping dramatically. The results show that pedestrians who use mobile phones tend to be distracted and disregard signs, and those who use them while crossing the road have a reduced speed that puts them at greater risk of an accident. The analysis of a case study confirmed some of the results already known in the literature and laid the foundations for further investigations such as questionnaires to pedestrians and the analysis of other urban crossings in high density areas such as offices, banks and schools.

Origin of a Risk-Based Security System

In general, from a long-term perspective, we implement various systems aimed to improve our lives. The exception, however, is war, which — by definition — assumes achieving certain benefits through losses. Therefore, in the case of armed conflicts, it is impossible to ensure stabilisation and balance of social relations, as every military conflict, while serving future goals, simultaneously ruins the present ones. After all, war is the manifestation of risks undertaken in the name of uncertain objectives and a tragedy experienced both by losers and winners. War always entails losses, suffering and widespread crime, as well as blurs the concept of moral good. From this point of view, war appears to be foolish and dangerous to life and health. Nevertheless, militarisation has been the most pronounced trend underlining the dynamics of history, driving technological progress and civilisational development, even at the cost of abandoning transcendental hope for the better. War, although an unquestionable evil, does not deter people, but rather entices them, as exemplified by various dangerous behaviours in common risk-taking at various levels.