Dangerous Areas Research Articles

Arterial Vascularization of the Forehead in Aesthetic Dermatology Procedures: A Review.

Background: The growing popularity of aesthetic procedures on the face raises the question of their safety. The forehead region is crucial aesthetically, but due to its abundant vascularization, it is also one of the most dangerous areas for dermatologic procedures, especially in the glabella area. The purpose of this article is to review the literature on the arterial vascularization of the forehead to identify potential high-risk zones for aesthetic dermatology procedures. Methods: A database search (PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and Embase) was conducted, and the titles and abstracts of all identified studies were screened, followed by full-text evaluation. Results: We identified 714 articles during the database search, and 25 articles were included in the review. The included studies used cadaveric dissection and computed tomography applied to cadavers as well as Doppler ultrasonography on volunteers to evaluate the forehead arteries (supratrochlear (STrA), supraorbital (SOA), central (CA), paracentral artery (PCA), and frontal branch of superficial temporal artery(FBSTA)). A total of 1714 cases involving the forehead arteries were analyzed. The included arteries were observed over a relatively large area, and their locations varied. The CA and PCA in cadaver studies were observed in an area of 0.2 to 10.8 mm and 0.8 to 16.2 mm, respectively, on the entire path from the glabellar point to the frontal prominence point. The distances from the midline in cadaveric studies at various measurement points ranged from 0.6 to 28.0 mm for the superficial branch of the STrA and 13.6 to 40.7 mm for the deep branch of STrA. In case of SOA, the distance from the midline ranged from 23 to 32 mm. Measurements from the midline in Doppler studies ranged from 0 to 23 mm for STrA and from 10 to 50 mm for the SOA. In studies using computed tomography, STrA was observed at a distance of 11 to 21 mm and the SOA at a distance of 21 to 32 mm, both lateral to the midline. Conclusions: Medical professionals should be aware of zones where frontal arteries are more likely to be encountered. The glabella region appears to be one of the most dangerous areas for dermatologic procedures. It is believed that the supratrochlear, supraorbital, and the paracentral arteries may cause ophthalmic complications due to occlusion of the ophthalmic artery, while this risk for the frontal branch of the superficial temporal artery seems to be low but cannot be completely excluded.

Stability prediction of roadway surrounding rock using INGO-RF

In order to more accurately classify the stability of roadway surrounding rock and identify dangerous areas in a timely manner to prevent roadway collapse and other disasters, an INGO-RF roadway surrounding rock stability prediction model is proposed. This model combines the improved Northern Gok algorithm (INGO) and Random Forest (RF) based on the analysis of influencing factors of roadway surrounding rock stability. First, three strategies were employed to enhance the Northern Gob algorithm (NGO): Logistic chaotic mapping, refraction reverse learning, and improved sine and cosine. Subsequently, INGO was utilized to optimize the number of decision trees and the minimum number of leaf nodes for RF species in order to improve the prediction accuracy of RF. Secondly, a data set consisting of 34 groups of roadway surrounding rock data is selected. The input indexes of the model include roof strength, two-wall strength, floor strength, burial depth, roadway pillar width, ratio of direct roof thickness to mining height, and surrounding rock integrity. Meanwhile, surrounding rock stability is considered as the output index. Particle swarm optimization backpropagation neural network (PSO-BPNN), genetic algorithm optimization support vector machine (GA-SVM), Sparrow search algorithm optimization RF (SSA-RF) models were introduced to compare the prediction results with the INGO-RF model, and the results showed that: INGO-RF model has the best performance in the comparison of various performance indicators. Compared with other models, the accuracy rate (Ac) in the test set has increased by 0.12∼0.4, the accuracy rate (Pr) has increased by 0.07∼0.65, and the recall rate (Re) has increased by 0.08∼0.37. The harmonic mean (F1-Score) of the recall rate increased by 0.08∼0.52, the mean absolute error (MAE) decreased by 0.1428∼0.4285, the mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) decreased by 7.15%∼28.57%, and the root mean square error (RMSE) decreased by 0.1565∼0.3779. Finally, the data on surrounding rock conditions of roadways in multiple mining areas in Shanxi Province were collected to test the INGO-RF model. The results indicate that the predicted outcomes closely align with the actual results, demonstrating a certain level of reliability and stability. It shows that it can better meet the practical needs of engineering and avoid the occurrence of mine disasters.

RISKS OF INJURY AND HEALTH DAMAGE WHEN USING BLACKSMITH EQUIPMENT

The article identifies the need to analyze the risks of injury and health damage when using blacksmith equipment which is due to the implementation of the latest technologies for the successful economic development of the country, the introduction of a risk-oriented approach, as well as the implementation of international standards in all sectors of the economy. It was noted that international standards are based on the use of a risk-oriented approach in solving issues of safety and occupational health of employees. Therefore, this requires the implementation of new approaches and the formation of new relationships in particularly dangerous areas of production. The general state of occupational injuries and deaths of workers in Ukraine for the period starting from 2022 to 2024 (four months of the current year) is given. The given data indicate an increase in the number of accidents at work which is further complicated by the war. These data indicate an increase in injuries at work which is a bad indicator and the need to implement modern risk-oriented technologies in the metallurgical industry. Analyzing the situation in the metallurgical industry where blacksmith equipment is widely used it should be noted that the main causes of injury and death of workers are organizational. This proves that the risk management system at enterprises is imperfect and needs to be improved and brought into line with international standards. Scientific approaches to determining the risks of injury and damage to the health of workers (operators) when using blacksmith equipment are considered. It is shown that modern technologies of metal processing by forging as one of the methods of pressure processing, use more and more robotic complexes which have risks associated with the organization of work in the conditions of the probability of physical impact of their individual elements and substances on workers. The dangerous and harmful factors that accompany the work of operators when using the MKP10 forging manipulator are given. The operation of the MKP10 manipulator is considered as an example. Tables and diagrams of the manipulator are made in accordance with the DSTU ISO 12100:2016 standard. The calculation of the risk indicator of the MKP10 manipulator was also performed which showed that the risk is average in terms of its damage and probability indicators. This leads to the need to apply risk management to control such risk and reduce it to acceptably small values.

Control Robotic Arm Workstation Using IoT System for Education

Robotics play an important role in the era of modern technology. Robots can be defined as mechanical devices programmed to perform manipulative tasks under automatic control. Robotic arm is usually used in conjunction with aids such as machines and fixtures. As advancement in robot technology have become an integral part of automation in the manufacturing process. This research gives an idea of how robotic arm can be controlled using internet systems. Therefore, it also a way to reduce the risk of humans being in dangerous areas. The emergence of technology has managed to witness the evolvement of a new era known as the Internet of Things (IoT). The purpose of the research is to control robotic arm workstation using IoT system for education. The research is use Arduino uno Wi-Fi microcontroller and blink application to control IoT system. By using Arduino microcontroller, the robotic arm can directly connect to the internet. Therefore, the implementation of control robotic arm using IoT based on internet connectivity of students.

Research on the consequences of hydrogen leakage and explosion accidents of fuel cell vehicles in underground parking garages

Explosion risks in confined spaces hinder the widespread use of hydrogen fuel cell vehicles. This study investigates the consequences of hydrogen leakage and explosion accidents from fuel cell vehicles parked in underground garages. Results indicated that downward leaks generate a larger flammable gas cloud size, peak value of VQ8, and areas of danger 3, 1.2, and 2 more times than upward leaks. Meanwhile, upward leaks result in more extensive damage to steel structures and glass. Flammable gas cloud continuous accumulation occurs between beams owing to parking near a wall, whereas the flammable gas cloud maximum extent decreases by half upon parking adjacent to side walls. However, the radius of burns and minor injuries does not vary with parking position. Compared to a single-vehicle situation, multiple surrounding vehicles considerably expand the range of flammable gas clouds and burn hazard area with increases of 57.9% and 53%, respectively.

Machine learning-based seismic characterization of deepwater turbidites in the Dangerous Grounds area, Northwest Sabah, offshore Malaysia

Machine learning-based seismic characterization of deepwater turbidites in the Dangerous Grounds area, Northwest Sabah, offshore Malaysia

Flood risk zoning of cascade reservoir dam break based on a 1D-2D coupled hydrodynamic model: A case study on the Jinsha-Yalong River

Large-scale earthquakes and huge landslide surges may cause the failure of cascade reservoirs, resulting in massive downstream flooding. The flood risk zoning of cascade reservoir dam breaks is crucial for local governments to formulate emergency plans and for individuals to garner their awareness of the flood risks. This paper presents a flood risk zoning approach based on a one-dimensional and two-dimensional coupled hydrodynamic model. The flooding area simulated by the coupled hydrodynamic model was divided into a Deadly Zone (D-zone) and an Escape Zone based on whether there is sufficient time for the public to evacuate the danger area under a specific evacuation generation time (EGT). A case study was conducted on the Jinsha-Yalong River (JYR), a confluence river located in Panzhihua City, to map the risk zones. This study considered a dam-break flood in Yalong River encountering two river flood scenarios in Jinsha River (scenario A: the annual average flow; scenario B: a 1000-year return period flood). Two evacuation scenarios (EGT of 30 and 60 min) were also considered; thereafter, four combined evacuation scenarios (A-EGT30, A-EGT60, B-EGT30, and B-EGT60) were simulated. The coupled hydrodynamic model is demonstrated to be effective through the analysis of water balance and hydrographs of special section discharge. The results show that: (1) in comparison to scenario A, scenario B reached its maximum flood extent approximately 5 min earlier, signifying that flood spread speed increases with the increase in flood magnitude; (2) the D-zone area was 127.7 % larger in scenario A-EGT60 compared to A-EGT30 and 120.8 % larger in scenario B-EGT60 compared to B-EGT30. These findings underscore the importance of flood scenarios and EGT on flood risk zones. The proposed risk zoning method can help government agencies in the JYR and major river regions worldwide with flood management and emergency strategy development.

Emergency logistics siting-path question for engineering construction projects based on quantum particle swarm algorithm

Emergency material security is the key to post-disaster emergency relief in complex environment engineering construction projects. Aiming at the emergency logistics center site path planning problem, the uncertain parameters of congestion time and maximum rescue time are described using trapezoidal fuzzy numbers, and the emergency logistics site path model of the two-phase engineering construction project is established. A quantum particle swarm optimization model is designed to avoid premature population convergence and maintain population diversity. The particle swarm algorithm uses the quantum spin gate’s rotation angle update to represent the particle velocity update. Taking the engineering construction project in the western mountainous area as an example, the validity and applicability of the model are verified through model comparison and sensitivity analysis. The results of the example show that in the complex environment, the quantum particle swarm algorithm takes 29.35 s in convergence time, and the particle swarm algorithm takes 40.12 s, which is 36.69% higher than the efficiency of PSO. In total cost, the quantum particle swarm algorithm has a total cost of 46,632.40 RMB, and the particle swarm algorithm has a total cost of 48,319.51 RMB, which is 3.62% lower than the cost of PSO. The quantum particle swarm algorithm’s total distance is 550.57 km, and the particle swarm algorithm’s total distance is 579.35 km, 5.23% lower than the total distance of PSO. The model established in this study can scientifically select the location of emergency facilities and formulate the emergency rescue path, reduce the response time of emergency rescue and storage costs, and provide decision support for the scheduling of emergency supplies for engineering construction projects in complex and dangerous areas.

Investigation of Pipeline CO2 Leakage and Diffusion on Offshore Platforms Based on Numerical Simulation.

Pipeline transportation of CO2 is the key link to realize carbon capture, utilization, and storage. CO2 pipeline transportation may face the risk of leakage, which poses a great threat to the production process and personnel safety. It is of great significance to study the leakage and diffusion characteristics of CO2 in pipeline transportation for the safety design and personnel protection of the offshore CO2 storage platform. In order to study the leakage and diffusion characteristics of CO2 in pipeline transportation on offshore platforms, a physical model of a target platform and several numerical models were built, and a series of pipeline CO2 leakage and diffusion simulations were carried out using the method of numerical simulation. Based on the simulation results, the temperature distribution and CO2 concentration distribution on the offshore platforms after leakage were measured and analyzed. The influence of leakage direction (horizontal and oblique 45° upward) was also studied. Dangerous areas on the platform and suggestions for staff evacuation were given according to the simulation results. The research results of this work can provide guidance for the safe operation of offshore CO2 storage platforms.

Estimation of Additional Costs by Seismic Safety in Shallow Foundations Projects

Additional costs for seismic safety in shallow foundation projects for five reinforced concrete buildings with different dimensions in plan and prop, in the city of Santiago de Cuba, an area of greatest seismic danger in Cuba are evaluated. Costs of foundation plates for seismic, wind load and gravity loads are compared separately. Physical mechanical properties were obtained from testing soil samples by SPT test at the construction area. Requirements for designing foundation plates result from the structural modeling using SAP 2000 NL version 14 for combination load according to current Cuban regulations. The book Excel DISCAR 3.0 was used for designing the geotechnical and structural foundation. Budgets were calculated by using the PRESWIN program, showing increases costs for seismic safety of foundation plates between 34 to 66% in relation to similar costs obtained by wind loads or gravitational loads, significantly increasing the dimensions of foundation's plates, concrete and excavation volumes as well as total reinforcing steel weight for seismic loads.

How accessible are cities for visually impaired pedestrians? A case of Greater London

Urban planning and design aim to encourage active mobility by promoting various models that assess a city’s transportability and accessibility. In practice, these models are not attuned to a huge part of the population that have mobility impairments, therefore they uphold a flawed city design and prevent these populations from being an equal part of the inclusive city vision. We suggest an approach to develop new visually impaired mobility accessibility indices of urban space using open-source geospatial data and showcase them across different wards and boroughs in Greater London. Results show the various urban accessibility levels for visually impaired pedestrians, pointing to existing problems this community faces when navigating the city, such as challenging street network connectivity and dangerous walking areas. These indices can be used for more inclusive city planning and design, enhancing urban mobility and walkability equality, and improving this community’s quality of life.

Determination of mine fault activation degree and the division of tectonic stress hazard zones

This article conducts a comprehensive study on the activation characteristics of faults in the mine and analyzes the distribution patterns of the original rock stress field. Through quantitative research and analysis, we determine the partitioning characteristics of tectonic stress in the mine field under the dual effects of fault activation and original rock stress. The study also reveals the significant impact of different fault activation characteristics and different tectonic stress partitions on the stability of roadway surrounding rock. Using the Mohr–Coulomb strength criterion as a foundation, we investigate the mechanisms of fault activation and establish a mathematical model for fuzzy comprehensive evaluation. This model enables us to determine the strength level of fault activation in coal seam 9 of the Limin coal mine and construct a geological structure model. It has realized the transformation of fault activation degree from qualitative evaluation to quantitative evaluation. The stress state analysis software is used to draw the division of tectonic stress dangerous areas under the synergistic effect of fault activation and original rock stress. We then analyze the impact on the stability of roadway surrounding rock in these different hazardous areas. Utilizing the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method, we take into account the impact of faults on the distribution characteristics of stress fields and the stability of roadway surrounding rock. This approach enables us to more accurately and comprehensively determine the hazardous areas of tectonic stress in the mine field under the dual effects of faults and original rock stress.

Fatigue Damage Assessment of Turbine Runner Blades Considering Sediment Wear

The wear phenomenon that occurs on the blades during operation has a significant impact on the fatigue life of the blades. To address the issue of fatigue life assessment for turbine runner blades subjected to increased dynamic stress due to sediment wear, taking a specific high-head hydropower unit’s mixed-flow turbine as the research subject, a hydraulic model of the turbine was established. The wear zones of the runner blades are determined based on the distribution of the flow field’s velocity and the sediment volume fraction. According to the wear rate formula for runner blade material, the amount of wear on the blades is determined, and the dynamic stress data for the dangerous areas of the blades under different degrees of wear are calculated using a unidirectional fluid–structure coupling method. The load spectrum of the time–stress history data for the dangerous area at different levels of wear was compiled using the rain-flow counting statistical method. The operating time ratios for the flood season and the non-flood season are combined. Based on the fatigue cumulative damage theory, the total fatigue damage at the maximum stress part of the runner blade was calculated for different stages of wear, providing a reference for the life calculation of mixed-flow hydraulic turbines.

Landslide hazard assessment of the fault zone considering the fault effect: a case study of the Lixian–Luojiabu fault zone in Gansu Province (China)

The earthquake landslide hazard assessment method is mainly based on the traditional Newmark model. However, when the landslide hazard assessment is carried out along the fault zone, the calculated results are often different from the actual situation because the influence of fault effect is not fully considered. Therefore, how to construct a landslide hazard assessment model suitable for the fault zone is a technical problem to be solved by researchers. Taking the Lixian–Luojiabu fault zone in Gansu Province in China as the study area, this paper put forward the concept of fault effect correction coefficient exploringly, systematically studied the relative distance relationship between the landslide and fault zone, and the relative position relationship between landslide and upper and lower sides of the fault zone. The value table of the fault effect correction coefficient along the Lixian–Luojiabu fault zone was established, and the corresponding distribution map of the fault effect correction coefficient was drawn. Based on this, an improved Newmark model for the landslide hazard assessment along the fault zone was constructed. On the basis of systematic analysis of the slope and engineering geological rock group in the study area, the traditional Newmark model and improved Newmark model considering fault effects were used, respectively, to carry out the earthquake landslide hazard assessment under the condition of 10% exceeding probability in 50 years, and the ROC curve and Kappa coefficient methods were used to compare and analyze the evaluation results. The results showed that the AUC value and Kappa coefficient of the danger area obtained by the improved model with the Newmark model were 0.841 and 0.822, respectively, which were significantly higher than the calculated values of the traditional Newmark model, indicating that the model had a good improvement effect. The Newmark improved model, considering the fault effect, fully considered the influence of distance from the fault zone and fault upper and lower side effects, and the research results can provide a new reference for the landslide hazard assessment along the fault zone.

UDC 376.07:005.95(477-072)“364” FEATURES OF MANAGEMENT OF SPECIAL AND INCLUSIVE EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS IN THE FRONTLINE REGION

The article examines the current challenges faced by the heads of special and inclusive educational institutions in the context of ongoing hostilities in Ukraine. The aim of the article is to analyze and highlight these challenges, with an emphasis on the need to modernize management approaches in response to the growing influence of inclusive processes. The authors emphasize the critical importance of forming a new generation of educational leaders who have the necessary competencies to manage innovative educational institutions that implement inclusive approaches. This includes the recognition of universal values, ensuring the humane treatment of people with disabilities, as well as addressing the issues of their socialization and adaptation in society as a whole. Strategic directions of inclusive education require leaders who are not only aware, but also actively engaged in creating and maintaining environments where both healthy pupils and students with special educational needs can study together in specialized institutions. The article emphasizes the need for these leaders to be well aware of the latest trends in the development of special and inclusive education and to effectively manage the complex dynamics that arise in the frontline regions. In these regions, the challenges are particularly acute, with security, infrastructure preservation, staffing and adequate funding coming to the fore. The constant threat to life due to hostilities poses significant risks to the physical and psychological well-being of students and staff. The destruction of infrastructure, including educational facilities, exacerbates the difficulties of maintaining a stable learning environment. Communication problems, whether due to damaged networks or broken communication lines, make it even more difficult to manage these institutions. Staff shortages, often caused by the relocation of staff or the inability to attract qualified specialists to dangerous areas, add another layer of complexity to the management task. The article also highlights the problem of professional burnout, which is exacerbated by stressful working conditions in the conflict zone. In addition, frequent interruptions in the educational process, whether due to evacuations, damage to facilities, or other war-related disruptions, significantly complicate the ability of these institutions to fulfill their educational mission. The article concludes by emphasizing the need for rapid adaptation and innovative solutions on the part of education managers to effectively address these challenges, ensuring that inclusive education can continue to progress even in the most adverse conditions.

Rethinking peace and violence from the favelas

ABSTRACT This article reconsiders peace and security from the perspectives of community leaders, educators and activists in favelas in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, in 2019–2020. Through a critical lens, it argues that the urban violence in Rio de Janeiro resembles a form of new wars where the state is a major producer of insecurity. It questions the meaning of peace and top-down pacification processes in a city where the favelas, since their origin, have been considered dangerous areas needing to be pacified and controlled. The article introduces favela peace formation as a concept to describe alternative processes working to reduce the intersectional forms of violence in these communities: non-violent, locally legitimate peace processes working to slowly construct a positive, sustainable peace. To conclude, it discusses how favela peace formation presents a way of imagining peace as ‘care’ instead of ‘order’ in response to the state’s violent peace as ‘control’.

Decision Making to Choose Communication Network System for Teleremote Dozer Operation Using Analytic Hierarchy Process

One type of heavy equipment is a mining material pushing tool called a dozer. Dozers generally work in areas near cliffs that are prone to landslides, where these areas can be classified as dangerous areas. New technology is needed to increase the safety of dozer operators from the threat of danger when operating a dozer. Teleremote dozers are one method that can reduce the risk of accidents that can happen to dozer operators. Instead of operating the dozer from inside the cabin, the operator operates the dozer via a remote control device. There is an important aspect in operating a teleremote dozer, namely the need for a signal that will transmit data and commands from the remote control to the dozer unit operating in the field. Good and uninterrupted signal quality is the main key to good teleremote dozer operations with minimal risk. The wireless signal network system currently used by companies will enter its obsolete period. However, the old system was tough and not easily damaged. There are strategic options for supporting the signal network for teleremote dozer operations: maintaining the old network system, replacing it with a new one, or using the old and new systems in a hybrid manner. Because there will only be one strategy chosen, a decision must be made. The SWOT AHP method is used for decision making regarding the strategy to be taken. The results of the AHP SWOT will produce a strategy, which will become a benchmark for making subsequent alternatives. Determining alternative types of network systems to support teleremote dozer operations will use the AHP method.

Automated deployment mechanism of containerized communication micro-services for smart manufacturing applications

To swiftly and reliably monitor various information and the operational status of machinery across large smart manufacturing sites, this study introduces the use of LPWAN multi-mode network communication technology. This technology can automatically switch between LoRa and NB-IoT modes based on signal strength to ensure communication stability. Through wireless communication technologies such as LoRa and NB-IoT, the status information of machinery can be transmitted back to the cloud in real-time, facilitating user management. However, LPWAN multi-mode network communication modules often adopt a monolithic architecture, making maintenance and upgrades more difficult. When an application within the module needs upgrading, not only must the consistency between the development environment and the execution environment be ensured, but also a significant amount of time and resources must be spent on on-site deployment. With the development of cloud computing and virtualization technologies, containerized microservices architecture, which focuses on replacing functional modules with services, is set to become the mainstream for future industrial applications. Therefore, this study proposes a remote communication architecture based on container and microservices technologies. Utilizing the concept of microservices, this architecture divides LPWAN multi-mode network communication modules based on different functionalities and offers them to users in a more flexible service manner through containerization technology. This study also designs a mechanism to automate the entire service construction process, followed by the implementation of communication services’ automatic deployment through container management tools. Compared to manual deployment, this significantly reduces the waste of time and human resources. Finally, this study uses a large mobile pumping unit as a practical application case to verify the feasibility of the proposed architecture. In the context of flood prevention and disaster relief, large mobile pumping units are widely used to solve flooding issues. These pumps are often deployed in dangerous areas with poor signal reception, thereby also validating the value of the proposed architecture.

Rapid calculation for avalanche maps by GPGPU-based snow avalanche model

The required time for producing snow avalanche maps is influenced by computation speed of simulations. Commonly, integrating terrain assessment with dynamic flow simulation aids in mapping dangerous areas for human and structural threats. This approach enables the evaluation of avalanche paths, as well as the assessment of flow rate and thickness during avalanche movement. However, the substantial computational cost of the simulation results in long calculation times when using the Central Processing Unit (CPU). In this study, a new rapid snow avalanche simulator was developed by applying massively parallel computation with the General-Purpose computing on Graphics Processing Unit (GPGPU) technique. By avoiding slower data transfer and utilizing faster memory, computational speed could be accelerated up to 80 times faster than conventional simulation using a CPU. Additionally, the rapid calculation models were validated based on the Mt. Nasu event in 2017, and pilot studies of the avalanche map of Mt. Nasu in Japan demonstrated the usefulness of the developed model for vulnerability evaluation. A total of 123 simulations were conducted for each susceptible source area, and all simulations were completed within only 6.5 h. This high-performance calculation can significantly reduce the time cost of producing and expanding conventional avalanche maps.

Research on tree-based support generation algorithm for fused deposition modeling

A tree-based support generation algorithm based on Fused Deposition Modeling is proposed to optimize support material consumption. The algorithm first identifies dangerous facets and partitions them. Support points are obtained using either a grid sampling method or a contour sampling method based on the ratio of the horizontal projection area of the dangerous area to the area of the bounding rectangle. Then, support segments are generated from top to bottom based on specified constraint angles. Slicing the support segments with height planes at specified intervals produces sliced support points. Finally, support contours and infill are generated around these points. To ensure model quality and facilitate support removal, a predetermined distance is maintained between the top of the support and the model, and the contour diameter decreases near the model. Experimental results comparing this algorithm with alternative support generation methods demonstrate its ability to effectively support overhanging regions while reducing printing time and material consumption.