Firefighters Research Articles

Forest Fire Hazard Forecasting Based on Google Earth Engine Open Satellite Data

Introduction. Forest fires cause significant damage to both the natural fund and the national economy. In recent years, their harmful influence has increased due to global warming, and in Ukraine also due to the armed conflict. Thus, traditional methods of patrolling (ground and air) are not only costly, but also dangerous due to mines and possible shelling of border areas. Therefore, the role of surveillance using satellite systems is increasing. Space monitoring is more efficient and covers a larger area of ??the Earth's surface. Another important advantage is open access to information. The purpose of the paper is to build a mathematical model for determining fire danger based on climatic and biophysical satellite data for the forests of Ukraine, as well as a similar climatic zone with the possibility of further scaling to other climatic regions and types of vegetation cover. To adhere to the principles of open science, Google Earth Engine (GEE), a cloud-based platform that provides open access to dynamic collections of pre-processed Earth remote sensing results, was chosen. Results. Climatic and biophysical data for the forests of Ukraine for the years 2017-2020 were collected using the tools of the Python library for working with GEE data. Further, the obtained data were processed by two methods: linear (PCA) and non-linear (UMAP) in order to obtain statistically independent attributes. Both obtained datasets were subjected to statistical processing using the Bayesian method. Finally, for each point on the map for which information was collected, an indicator was calculated that predicted fire danger if the obtained value was greater than 1 and its absence in the opposite case. The resulting model showed its efficiency on training data. On the test dataset (data on Polish forests for the same period), the results turned out to be worse, in particular, the model using PCA did not predict absence of fire danger, and the model using UMAP generally showed lower performance. This can be due to both the imperfection of the model and the small size of the test dataset or factors unrelated to natural processes (in particular the human factor). Conclusions. An approach to forest fires forecasting based on satellite data is proposed. The obtained results indicate that the model is already effective at this stage, although machine learning methods have not yet been applied. However, it needs further improvement, so work on the model will be continued. Along with improving the quality of forecasts, attention will be paid to the geographic expansion and the creation of a web application. Keywords: fire danger in forests, satellite data, correlation, PCA, UMAP, hard-to-reach areas.

Development of national post-fire restoration system to assess net GHG impacts and salvage biomass availability

In light of the recent unprecedented wildfires in Canada and the potential for increasing burned areas in the future, there is a need to explore post-fire salvage harvest and restoration and the implications for greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Salvage logging and replanting initiatives offer a potential solution by regrowing forests more quickly while meeting societal demands for wood and bioenergy.This study presents a comprehensive modeling framework to estimate post-fire salvage biomass and net GHG emissions relative to a ‘do-nothing’ baseline for all of Canada's harvest-eligible forests. Forest ecosystem carbon emissions and removals were modeled at 1-ha spatial resolution for Canadian forests using the Generic Carbon Budget Model (GCBM) from 1990 to 2070 using several forest inventory data sources with future harvest and wildfires.Building upon previous research, our work integrated the Canadian Forest Fire Danger Rating System fire intensity to estimate fire severity of future wildfires. For 2024 to 2070, we assessed the changes in ecosystem carbon, emissions from harvested wood products, and substitution benefits from avoided emissions-intensive materials, relative to a forward-looking baseline. Our prototype system provides a comprehensive framework, configuration files, links to datasets to quantify the net GHG of post-fire restoration, and sample results for validation.•Developed spatially explicit forest carbon modeling system for all of Canada's forests.•Assessed the net GHG reduction from post-fire restoration.•Used system approach to consider forests, wood products and substitution benefits.

High-resolution projections of future FWI conditions for Portugal according to CMIP6 future climate scenarios

Wildfires are catastrophes of natural origin or initiated by human activities with high disruptive potential. "Portugal, located in western Iberia, has recently experienced several large fire events, including megafires, due to a combination of factors such as orography, vegetation, climate, and socio-demographic conditions that contribute to fuel accumulation.". One approach to studying fire danger is to use fire weather indices that are commonly used to quantify meteorological conditions that can lead to fire ignition and spread. This study aims to provide high-resolution (~ 6 km) future projections of the Fire Weather Index (FWI) for Portugal using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model, forced by the Max Planck Institute (MPI) model from the CMIP6 suite, under three emission scenarios (SSP2-4.5, SSP3-7.0, and SSP58.5) for the present period (1995–2014) and two future periods (2046–2065 and 2081–2100). The results show good agreement between FWI and its subcomponents from the WRF and reanalysis. The modelled FWI reproduced the climatological distribution of fire danger Projections indicate an increase in days with very high to extreme fire danger (FWI > 38) across all scenarios and time frames, with the southern and northeastern regions experiencing the most significant changes. The southern and northeastern parts of the territory experienced the largest changes, indicating significant changes between the scenarios and regions. This study suggests that FWI and its subcomponents should be investigated further. Our results highlight the importance of creating new adaptation measures, especially in the areas most at risk, prepared in advance by different players and authorities, so that the increasing risk of wildfires can be mitigated in the future.

Failure mechanism and thermal runaway behavior of lithium-ion battery induced by arc faults

As the widespread of lithium-ion battery systems such as electric vehicles and energy storage systems, the number of safety incidents due to electrical faults are increasing. Many accident reports have demonstrated that arc faults have become one of the main triggers of LIB system accidents, however, the related studies are inadequate. In this study, an arc imitation system is employed to investigate the influence of different arc energies on battery safety valve, as well as the electrochemical characteristics of faulty batteries. The results show that the minimum arc power to breach the safety valve ranges from 110 to 441 W. The maximum temperature rise rate on the battery surface can exceed 15 °C/s with arc power of around 1000 W. Further, the testing of in-situ and ex-situ indicate the faulty batteries undergo degradation and failure due to that moisture in the air enters the battery interior, resulting in increased internal resistance, loss of active materials and cyclable lithium. Finally, the faulty battery has no valve opening during thermal runaway, and the ignition time is four hundred seconds earlier than that of the normal battery, indicating more severe fire dangers. The results are valuable for safety design of battery systems in relation to arc faults, as well as the characteristic for fault detection and early warning.

A Multi-Scale Deep Learning Algorithm for Enhanced Forest Fire Danger Prediction Using Remote Sensing Images

Forest fire danger prediction models often face challenges due to spatial and temporal limitations, as well as a lack of universality caused by regional inconsistencies in fire danger features. To address these issues, we propose a novel algorithm, squeeze-excitation spatial multi-scale transformer learning (SESMTML), which is designed to extract multi-scale fire danger features from remote sensing images. SESMTML includes several key modules: the multi-scale deep feature extraction module (MSDFEM) captures global visual and multi-scale convolutional features, the multi-scale fire danger perception module (MFDPM) explores contextual relationships, the multi-scale information aggregation module (MIAM) aggregates correlations of multi-level fire danger features, and the fire danger level fusion module (FDLFM) integrates the contributions of global and multi-level features for predicting forest fire danger. Experimental results demonstrate the model’s significant superiority, achieving an accuracy of 83.18%, representing a 22.58% improvement over previous models and outperforming many widely used deep learning methods. Additionally, a detailed forest fire danger prediction map was generated using a test study area at the junction of the Miyun and Pinggu districts in Beijing, further confirming the model’s effectiveness. SESMTML shows strong potential for practical application in forest fire danger prediction and offers new insights for future research utilizing remote sensing images.

A brief descriptive analysis of a pilot study of peer support training and supervision for Texas firefighters

Background Peer support has been shown to reduce the incidence and severity of mental health disorders among firefighters. This pilot project had two aims: (1) to assess training satisfaction and knowledge, self-efficacy, and skills development of Texas firefighters participating in the International Association of Fire Fighters (IAFF) Peer Support Training, and (2) to determine if newly trained peer support specialists would use monthly phone supervision. Methods The study included 14 Texas firefighters who enrolled in the IAFF Peer Support Training. Pre- and post-tests were administered to evaluate training satisfaction, skills development, self-efficacy, and behavioral health knowledge of participants. Use of phone supervision over 6 months following the training was also recorded. Results Overall, participants reported high satisfaction with the training provided. While self-efficacy regarding detection of mental health issues and therapeutic empathy skills significantly improved following the training, participants did not show a significant improvement in knowledge regarding mental health. Attendance of participants to supervision calls was less than expected, although 71% attended at least one supervision call. Conclusions This project was successful in increasing firefighters’ self-efficacy and therapeutic empathy skills, and participants were highly satisfied with the training. However, further research on follow-up supervision of peer support trainees is needed.

A national-scale sampled temperate fuel moisture database

Fuel moisture content (FMC) is important for the ignitability, behaviour and severity of wildfires. Understanding the drivers of FMC and its spatial and temporal variability can help us develop fuel moisture models and inform assessments of wildfire behaviour and danger. Here we present the first United Kingdom (UK) national-scale temperate FMC dataset of 8,057 samples of eighteen different fuel constituents collected across 58 sampling sites between 2021–2023. We sampled fuels across emerging fire-prone ecosystems in the UK across three studies: (1) UK-wide longer-term sampling characterising the spatio-temporal drivers of FMC; (2) landscape-scale measurement through the North Yorkshire Moors to investigate landscape-driven variability in FMC; (3) plot-scale intensive sampling in the West Midlands to quantify diurnal patterns and among-sampler variability in fuel measurements. This database addresses a global fuel moisture measurement gap within traditionally non-fire prone regions. The database will advance our understanding of temperate fuel moisture dynamics and forms a fundamental contribution towards the development of a fire danger rating system for traditionally non-fire prone regions such as the UK.

Evaluating the Success Rate of Distal Femur Intraosseous Access Attempts in Pediatric Patients in the Prehospital Setting: A Retrospective Analysis

Objectives Although the proximal tibia is a common site for intraosseous (IO) line placement in pediatric patients, previously published data indicate high malposition rates in infants and children at this location. Although distal femur IO lines generally demonstrate higher flow rates than those at the proximal tibia, to date, there have been no published studies assessing distal femur IO access in pediatric patients. Thus, we aimed to compare the success rates of pediatric IO line insertion attempts between the proximal tibia and the distal femur in a prehospital setting. Methods We conducted a retrospective chart review of prehospital pediatric patients who underwent at least one IO line placement attempt by Palm Beach County Fire Rescue from May 2015 to January 2024. We excluded records lacking specific documentation of IO attempt location. We compared the unadjusted success rates of distal femur to proximal tibia, and we also compared success rates after propensity score matching and multivariable logistic regression. Secondarily, we assessed the prehospital complication rate of the IO lines at each anatomical site. Results We identified 163 pediatric patients who had an IO attempt and were eligible for analysis. Median age was 1.9 years (IQR: 0.46 to 4.2 years). Among those 163 patients, there were 234 vascular access attempts, including 82 IO attempts at the distal femur and 72 at the proximal tibia. The unadjusted success rate of distal femur attempts was 89.0%, compared to 84.7% for proximal tibia attempts, a difference of 4.3% (95% CI −6.4 to 15.0%). After propensity score matching, we found an adjusted odds ratio of 2.0 (95% CI 0.66 to 6.8), favoring the distal femur for successful placement. Prehospital complication rates were similar for distal femur (5.5%) and proximal tibia (4.9%). Conclusions This retrospective analysis of pediatric patients in a prehospital setting suggests that IO line placement at the distal femur might offer a marginally higher success rate compared to the proximal tibia. Despite not reaching statistical significance, these findings support the consideration of distal femur as a viable option for IO placement in the pediatric population.

Study on Understanding the Use of Light Fire Extinguishers in Airport Terminals

Emergencies and conditions can occur at any time. Preventive measures are necessary to reduce accidents and emergencies. This research, which measures the level of understanding of tenant employees regarding the use of light fire extinguishers in airport terminals, is of significant importance. The study used a mixed methods research approach with a sample of 77 people and obtained measurable values for tenant employees' understanding of light fire extinguishers. The results included 87% of tenant employees understanding emergencies, 81.8% knowing the meaning of light fire extinguishers, 55.8% knowing how to use light fire extinguishers, 58.4% who have never participated in socialization on light fire extinguishers use, and 83.1% who did not have a certificate/license for using light fire extinguishers, provide a crucial basis for further policy-making. In the form of preventive actions, these policies will be carried out by aircraft rescue and fire fighting in the form of fire prevention outreach/training through educational innovations in using light fire extinguishers via videos accessed by all tenant employees. The success of these actions will be measured through pre/post-test results before and after the material intervention, with certificates issued to participants who meet the assessment scoring. As part of the airport community, active participation in these initiatives is not just crucial but also a responsibility and a testament to the ownership of the safety of all airport users.

The Hydrogen Vehicle in the Context of the Sustainable Development of the Green Road Transport System

Abstract The scientific work presents concrete research carried out by the authors to implement some concepts of technical and managerial nature, so that those interested in this field can get acquainted with a certain way of exposing the problems concerning the hydrogen-powered vehicle, in the context of the sustainable development of the ecological road transport system. At the moment, the car whose energy for propulsion is generated by means of hydrogen or hydrogen fuel cells does not enjoy a high popularity among users, due to the very high purchase price (where we have high technology, we also have a price to match - a fuel cell is more expensive than an electric battery), the reluctance of the population to use this type of fuel, defined by the danger of explosions and fires generated by hydrogen, and the lack of hydrogen refueling stations in Romania and in some European countries. The use of alternative fuels in internal combustion piston engines has the advantage of significantly reducing pollution due to combustion products. With regard to the direct use of hydrogen as a fuel in internal combustion piston engines, we can say that it has proved its inefficiency, because the hydrogen injected or sucked directly into the engine cylinders is unstable, produces uncontrolled burns and detonations, and in the liquid state it is very difficult to store, it requires special transport methods, hydrogen tanks must be armored with Kevlar because hydrogen in the event of a car accident can explode. For example, if we use it as a fuel in a diesel engine, hydrogen may not ignite itself because the self-ignition temperature in the cylinders of compression-ignition engines is high (600°C). However, at a normal stoichiometric ratio, hydrogen has a high flame rate, much higher than gasoline. This creates a thermodynamic cycle of the thermal engine almost perfectly, but ideally, let us not forget that in poor mixtures of air-hydrogen the flame propagation speed is considerably reduced. The compression ratio of the engine is of utmost importance because it is finally defining the thermal efficiency of the engine. In the following, we present a technical and managerial study with engineering nuances, through which readers can look and understand the stage of development, place and role of the vehicle propelled by hydrogen fuel cells. Finally, the conclusions and further directions of research and development in the field addressed are presented.

S17-01 Use of biomarkers of effect in evaluating toxicity in firefighters: Results from the US Fire Fighter Cancer Cohort Study

S17-01 Use of biomarkers of effect in evaluating toxicity in firefighters: Results from the US Fire Fighter Cancer Cohort Study

Изменения климата и лесные пожары как факторы риска здоровью (аналитический обзор)

Climate change in Russia contributes to an increase in the number of forest fires, especially in Siberia and the Far East, leading to the rise in the forest fire danger index. Increased air pollution, which is typical for a number of cities in these regions, is the reason for changes in population health due to the influx of significant volumes of smoke gases from forest fires into populated areas. Smoke from forest fires, consists of aerosols and gases and contains more than 40 pollutants. During fires, frequency of calls for emergency medical care for children tends to increase due to exacerbation of upper respiratory tract diseases, including laryngitis, pharyngitis and acute respiratory infections, as well as attacks of bronchial asthma, and longer exacerbation periods of this disease. Such respiratory dysfunctions appear a few days after fires, which should be taken into account when organizing health monitoring in such situations. Among adult population, an increase in the number of deaths from cardiovascular and respiratory diseases has been proven during forest fires, and there tends to be an increase in the number of requests for medical care for COPD, bronchial asthma, myocardial infarction, coronary heart disease and other diseases. Fires in forest highlands in the Khabarovsk Krai result in deteriorating health of patients with neurological diseases. The generalization of the results obtained by domestic and foreign studies on this issue confirms the need to improve the air pollution monitoring system during forest fires with the determination of PM for timely preventive measures by health systems, Rospotrebnadzor, FMBA and other agencies. It also seems necessary to develop modeling of pollutant spread in ambient air in settlements exposed to them, with assessments of population health risks and development of preventive measures. Given the relevance of these studies, it is advisable to hold seminars with BRICS countries within the framework of international cooperation.

Climate change and forest fires as health risk factors (Analytical review)

Climate change in Russia contributes to an increase in the number of forest fires, especially in Siberia and the Far East, leading to the rise in the forest fire danger index. Increased air pollution, which is typical for a number of cities in these regions, is the reason for changes in population health due to the influx of significant volumes of smoke gases from forest fires into populated areas. Smoke from forest fires, consists of aerosols and gases and contains more than 40 pollutants. During fires, frequency of calls for emergency medical care for children tends to increase due to exacerbation of upper respiratory tract diseases, including laryngitis, pharyngitis and acute respiratory infections, as well as attacks of bronchial asthma, and longer exacerbation periods of this disease. Such respiratory dysfunctions appear a few days after fires, which should be taken into account when organizing health monitoring in such situations. Among adult population, an increase in the number of deaths from cardiovascular and respiratory diseases has been proven during forest fires, and there tends to be an increase in the number of requests for medical care for COPD, bronchial asthma, myocardial infarction, coronary heart disease and other diseases. Fires in forest highlands in the Khabarovsk Krai result in deteriorating health of patients with neurological diseases. The generalization of the results obtained by domestic and foreign studies on this issue confirms the need to improve the air pollution monitoring system during forest fires with the determination of PM for timely preventive measures by health systems, Rospotrebnadzor, FMBA and other agencies. It also seems necessary to develop modeling of pollutant spread in ambient air in settlements exposed to them, with assessments of population health risks and development of preventive measures. Given the relevance of these studies, it is advisable to hold seminars with BRICS countries within the framework of international cooperation.

Retraction: “Culturally-informed for designing motorcycle fire rescue: Empirical study in developing country” [AIP Advances 14, 065222 (2024)]

Retraction: “Culturally-informed for designing motorcycle fire rescue: Empirical study in developing country” [AIP Advances 14, 065222 (2024)]

Penegakan Hukum terhadap Pelaku Pembukaan Lahan yang Menyebabkan Kebakaran Hutan

Abstract Forest fires caused by land clearing activities are a serious problem that threatens the ecosystem, public health, and the economy. Pollution and environmental damage in forest fire cases in Indonesia are serious problems. The purpose of this study was to determine and analyze the regulation and implementation of law enforcement against perpetrators of land clearing that cause forest fires. The research method used is normative juridical. The legal materials used are laws and regulations related to the environment and court decisions 205 / Pid.B / LH / 2023 / PN Kgn. The results of the study are that law enforcement can be used as a rule to overcome environmental problems by referring to the Law on Environmental Management and Protection, the Law on Plantations, the Law on Prevention and Eradication of Forest Destruction. The law enforcement carried out is to impose a criminal sentence on the perpetrators to imprisonment for 10 (ten) months and a fine of IDR 30,000,000.00 (thirty million rupiah). Conclusion: The Indonesian Government continues to strengthen regulations and law enforcement to address this issue, although major challenges remain regarding law enforcement in the field and compliance of perpetrators with existing regulations. Suggestions include strengthening regulations and strict law enforcement, educating the public about the dangers of forest fires, and developing firefighting infrastructure. Collaboration between stakeholders is also important in this effort. It requires commitment to handling and preventing forest fires and also requires participation from all parties to continue to protect and preserve Indonesia's forests, in order to become useful provisions for future generations

Seeing through fire with one pixel

Seeing through fire is a critical capability in various applications, such as fire rescue, industrial combustion monitoring, and scientific research. However, the intense electromagnetic radiation emitted by flames can saturate and blind conventional imaging systems, making it challenging to visualize objects or scenes obscured by fire. In this paper, we present a novel method for real-time, full-color through-flame imaging using structured illumination and single-pixel detection. By projecting a series of carefully designed light patterns onto the scene and measuring the backscattered light with a single-pixel detector, we can computationally reconstruct the obscured scene while effectively suppressing the flame's contribution to the image. The single-pixel detector's high dynamic range and sensitivity enable it to capture the weak backscattered signal without being overwhelmed by the flame's intense radiation. We demonstrate the method's effectiveness in several experiments, showcasing its ability to image static and dynamic scenes through both steady and turbulent flames at a frame rate of 15 Hz. Furthermore, we show that the proposed method can be extended to full-color imaging by using three single-pixel detectors with different color filters. The results highlight the potential of this approach for enhancing visibility in fire-related scenarios and other challenging imaging conditions. We believe that the integration of this technology into augmented reality systems could provide firefighters and other users with valuable real-time visual information, improving situational awareness and decision-making in critical situations. We also believe the method can be used for seeing through any self-luminous objects.

Beyond individual factors: a critical ethnographic account of urban residential fire risks, experiences, and responses in single-room occupancy (SRO) housing

BackgroundBurn injuries are a significant public health concern, closely linked to housing conditions and socioeconomic status. Residents in socioeconomically deprived neighbourhoods are at increased risk of exposure to hazards due to older and poorer housing conditions and limited access to fire protection measures. Individual behaviours such as substance use, smoking, and hoarding are often highlighted as primary causes of residential fires, overshadowing the broader socioeconomic and structural factors that also play a significant role in housing safety. This paper explores the correlation between inadequate housing conditions and heightened fire risks leading to burn injuries, focusing on the contextual factors shaping everyday urban fire risks, experiences, and responses of residents living in Single-Room Occupancy (SRO) housing in Vancouver’s Downtown East Side (DTES) and staff working in the fire, health, housing (social and private), and non-profit sectors.MethodsAs part of an ongoing ethnographic study, we partnered with the Vancouver Fire Rescue Services (VFRS) to conduct participant observations in private, non-profit, and government-owned SROs, modular homes, and a temporary shelter. This paper synthesizes insights from participant observations from the first author’s self-reflexive journals, including informal conversations with approximately fifty-nine individuals such as SRO tenants, SRO managers/caretakers, health workers, burn survivors, municipal staff, not-for-profit staff, and firefighters.ResultsUrgent housing-related issues contributing to inequitable everyday urban fire risks were identified, such as structural deficiencies in SRO buildings and systems, inadequate waste management and storage, and inequitable approaches to addressing hoarding. Additionally, disparities in access to information and the interaction between interpersonal and structural stigmas were significant factors, underscoring the pressing need for intervention.ConclusionCommunities like DTES, facing precarious housing conditions, disadvantaged neighbourhoods, and complex health and social challenges, necessitate a comprehensive and holistic approach to fire prevention and safety. Recognizing the interplay between housing instability, mental and physical health issues, unregulated toxic drug supply, drug criminalization, and structural inequities allows practitioners from various sectors to develop contextually driven fire prevention strategies. This multifaceted approach transcends individual-level behaviour change and is crucial for addressing the complex issues contributing to fire risks in underserved communities.

Predicting Forest Fire Area Growth Rate Using an Ensemble Algorithm

Due to its unique geographical and climatic conditions, the Liangshan Prefecture region is highly prone to large fires. There is an urgent need to study the growth rate of fire-burned areas to fill the research gap in this region. To address this issue, this study uses the Grey Wolf Optimizer (GWO) algorithm to optimize the hyperparameters in the eXtreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost) model, constructing a GWO-XGBoost model. Finally, the optimized ensemble model (GWO-XGBoost) is used to create a fire growth rate warning map for the Liangshan Prefecture in Sichuan Province, China, filling the research gap in forest fire studies in this area. This study comprehensively selects factors such as monthly climate, monthly vegetation, terrain, and socio–economic aspects and incorporates monthly reanalysis data from forest fire assessment systems in Canada, the United States, and Australia as features to construct the forest fire dataset. After collinearity tests to filter redundant features and Pearson correlation analysis to explore features related to the burned area growth rate, the Synthetic Minority Oversampling Technique (SMOTE) is used to oversample the positive class samples. The GWO algorithm is used to optimize the hyperparameters in the XGBoost model, constructing the GWO-XGBoost model, which is then compared with XGBoost, Random Forest (RF), and Logistic Regression (LR) models. Model evaluation results showed that the GWO-XGBoost model, with an AUC value of 0.8927, is the best-performing model. Using the SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) value analysis method to quantify the contribution of each influencing factor indicates that the Ignition Component (IC) value from the United States National Fire Danger Rating System contributes the most, followed by the average monthly temperature and the population density. The growth rate warning map results indicate that the southern part of the study area is the key fire prevention area.

INCÊNDIO FLORESTAIS NO BIOMA CERRADO: PREVENÇÃO E COMBATE

The Cerrado is a biome of gre a importance for Brazil’s bio diversity, but it has been suffering a great deal of degradation, especially since the 1950s, with the high number of fires being a major concern. This text the reforest aims to discuss fire prevention and fire fighting in the Cerrado biome, based on a the oretical discussion base do nauthorssuch as Kirchhoff (1992), Batista (1995), Coutinho (2000), Oliveira et al. (2023), am on go theirs. The variety of fire sand their consequences emend a holistic approach and a unified response. While natural fires can be part of the ecological cycle, fires cause da accidental your intentionally often result in serious us environment a damage. It is sentialto combine education, technology, Effie client public policies and community collaboration to sustainably manage fire and protect essential ecosystem end smoothly in Brazil, but also globally. Therefore, preserving the Cerrado is indispensable to guarantee the mains en an cantonal you its natural biodiversity, but also of an important economic system, and legislation an human action are essential in combating and preventing fires.

Survey of Current Simulation Based Training in the US Military Health System.

Simulation-based medical training has been shown to be effective and is widely used in civilian hospitals; however, it is unclear how widely and how effectively simulation is utilized in the U.S. Military Health System (MHS). The current operational state of medical simulation in the MHS is unknown, and there remains a need for a system-wide assessment of whether and how the advances in simulation-based medical training are employed to meet the evolving needs of the present-day warfighter. Understanding the types of skills and methods used within simulation programs across the enterprise is important data for leaders as they plan for the future in terms of curriculum development and the investment of resources. The aim of the present study is to survey MHS simulation programs in order to determine the prevalence of skills taught, the types of learners served, and the most common methodologies employed in this worldwide health care system. A cross-sectional survey of simulation activities was distributed to the medical directors of all 93 simulation programs in the MHS. The survey was developed by the authors based on lists of critical wartime skills published by the medical departments of the US Army, Navy, and Air Force. Respondents were asked to indicate the types of learners trained at their program, which of the 82 unique skills included in the survey are trained at their site, and for each skill the modalities of simulation used, i.e., mannequin, standardized patients, part task trainers, augmented/virtual reality tools, or cadaver/live tissue. Complete survey responses were obtained from 75 of the 93 (80%) MHS medical simulation training programs. Across all skills included in the survey, those most commonly taught belonged predominantly to the categories of medic skills and nursing skills. Across all sites, the most common category of learner was the medic/corpsman (95% of sites), followed by nurses (87%), physicians (83%), non-medical combat lifesavers (59%), and others (28%) that included on-base first responders, law enforcement, fire fighters, and civilians. The skills training offered by programs included most commonly the tasks associated with medics/corpsmen (97%) followed by nursing (81%), advanced provider (77%), and General Medical Officer (GMO) skills (47%). The survey demonstrated that the most common skills taught were all related to point of injury combat casualty care and addressed the most common causes of death on the battlefield. The availability of training in medic skills, nursing skills, and advanced provider skills were similar in small, medium, and large programs. However, medium and small programs were less likely to deliver training for advanced providers and GMOs compared to larger programs. Overall, this study found that simulation-based medical training in the MHS is focused on medic and nursing skills, and that large programs are more likely to offer training for advanced providers and GMOs. Potential gaps in the availability of existing training are identified as over 50% of skills included in the nursing, advanced provider, and GMO skill categories are not covered by at least 80% of sites serving those learners.