Damascena Oil Research Articles

The Effect of Topical Rosa damascena Mill. and Sesamum indicum L. Oils on the Avoidance of Striae Gravidarum: A Randomised Controlled Trial

IntroductionStriae gravidarum (SG) is the most prevalent physiological skin change experienced by pregnant women during gestation. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of topical Sesamum indicum L. (Sesame) and Rosa damascena Mill. (R damascena) oils because of their skin-healing properties in preventing SG in nulliparous females. MethodsThis study was a triple-blinded, randomised, controlled trial conducted on 150 nulliparous mothers in the age group of 18–35 from 16 to 20 weeks of pregnancy. Participants were randomly assigned to the R damascena oil, Sesame oil, or placebo group with a 1:1:1 randomisation ratio. They received the allocated intervention of 1 g, twice/d, without massaging the abdomen for 20 weeks. Socio-demographic and obstetric characteristics and SG risk factors were completed at baseline. Davey's and Kamini's methods were used as data-gathering tools for assessing striae and itching. ResultsThere were no significant differences between study groups in baseline characteristics. The occurrence of striae between 35 and 38 weeks of pregnancy was similar (72%, 74%, and 74% among R damascena oil, Sesame oil, and the placebo group, respectively; P = 0.919). More than 50% of participants had severe SG. The itching was reported by 40%, 54%, and 40% of participants among the R damascena oil, Sesame oil, and control groups, respectively (P = 0.129), which was mild mostly. Skin redness and itching following topical oil use were the reported side effects. ConclusionsThis study indicated that using R damascene and Sesame oil 10% did not affect the incidence and severity of striae and itching compared to the control.

Non-Pharmacological Interventions To Reduce Back Pain in Pregnant Women: A Literature Review

Back pain is pain that occurs in the lumbosacral area. The phenomenon of back pain experienced by pregnant women is one of the most frequently reported complaints. The purpose of this study was to find out what are the non-pharmacological interventions to reduce back pain in pregnant women. This study is a literature review to study non-pharmacological interventions to reduce back pain in pregnant women. Sources for conducting this literature review included ScienceDirect search studies, Google scholar, Sage journal and PubMed. There are several interventions that can be done to reduce back pain in pregnant women non-pharmacologically, namely unsupervised water exercises, Ear Acupuncture, Topical Use of Rosa Damascena (Rose) Oil, Yoga, Endorphine Massage, Effleurage Techniques and Warm Compresses and Effleurage Massage and Breath Relaxation In. Non-pharmacological interventions have significant value in reducing back pain in pregnant women and are safe to use.

Comparative Chemical Profiling and Citronellol Enantiomers Distribution of Industrial-Type Rose Oils Produced in China.

The chemical composition and aroma profile of industrial essential oils (EOs) from species of rose grown in China, including the native Kushui rose (R. sertata × R. rugosa) and R. rugosa Thunb. cv. Plena, and the recently introduced Damask rose (R. damascena Mill.), were studied in comparison by means of GC/MS and GC-FID. More than 150 individual compounds were detected in Chinese rose samples, of which 112 were identified and their quantitative content determined, representing 88.7%, 96.7% and 97.9% of the total EO content, respectively. It was found that the main constituents of the Chinese rose EOs were representatives of terpenoid compounds (mono- and sesquiterpenoids, predominantly) and aliphatic hydrocarbons. Comparative chemical profiling revealed different chemical composition and aroma profiles: while the R. damascena oil showed a balance between the eleoptene and stearoptene fractions of the oil (the average ratio between the main terpene alcohols and paraffins was 2.65), in the Kushui and R. rugosa oils, the odorous liquid phase strongly dominated over the stearopten, with a ratio of 16.91 and 41.43, respectively. The most abundant terpene was citronellol, ranging from 36.69% in R. damascena to 48.32% in R. rugosa oil. In addition, the citronellol enantiomers distribution, which is an important marker for rose oil authenticity, was studied for the first time in R. rugosa oil.

Determination of Major, Minor and Chiral Components as Quality and Authenticity Markers of Rosa damascena Oil by GC-FID.

Rose oil is traditionally produced by the water distillation of Rosa damascena and is of high economic value due to the low essential oil yield. It is therefore a common target for adulteration, which can cause harm to consumers. Current standards for authenticity control only consider the analysis of major components and overlook minor quality markers as well as the enantiomeric ratio of terpenes, which have proven useful in originality determination. The aim of this study was the development of two analytical GC-FID methods for the analysis of 21 and 29 rose oil analytes including major, minor and chiral components on a DB-wax and BGB 178 30% CD (chiral) capillary column, respectively. The total run time for both methods was within 60 min. For all target analytes, the % bias at the lower and upper calibration range varied from -7.8 to 13.2% and -13.1 to 5.2% analysed on the DB-wax column and 0.5 to 13.3% and -6.9 to 7.0% analysed on the chiral column. The chiral analysis successfully separated the enantiomers (+/-)-camphene, (+/-)-rose oxide, (+/-)-linalool, (+/-)-citronellol and (+/-)-citronellyl acetate, as well as the diastereomers of citral and β-damascenone. Both methods were applied to the analysis of 10 authentic rose oil samples and the enantiomeric/diastereomeric ratios, as well as the content of major and minor components, were determined. The identity of the analysed components in the authentic samples was further confirmed by GC-MS.

Antifungal Activity of Bulgarian Rose Damascena Oil against Vaginitis-Causing Opportunistic Fungi.

Since Bulgarian rose damascena oil is known for its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antimicrobial properties, we investigated its antifungal activity against the species of Candida, which are among the most common opportunistic fungal pathogens. Our disk-diffusion assay revealed that Bulgarian rose damascena oil effectively inhibited the growth of Candida albicans along with various bacteria. The minimum inhibitory and fungicidal concentrations against Candida albicans and Candida glabrata were all 0.25%. Under our experimental conditions, Bulgarian rose damascena oil showed better inhibitory effects on Candida glabrata and Candida albicans than several popular essential oils reported to have antifungal activity other than Origanum vulgare oil. Interestingly, Bulgarian rose damascena oil showed better antifungal activity against Candida species at acidic pH and induced cell death of Candida species in the culture medium, with cell death seen in 25-35% of the cells exposed to 0.05% Bulgarian rose damascena oil. Furthermore, Bulgarian rose damascena oil inhibited the hyphal growth of Candida albicans cultured in the RPMI medium with fetal bovine serum. These findings collectively suggest that Bulgarian rose damascena oil has antifungal activity against Candida species and thus could potentially be developed in novel therapies for vaginitis-causing pathogenic fungi.

Effect of Rosa damascena Oil Aromatherapy on Fatigue Severity in Patients Receiving Hemodialysis: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Objectives: The prevalence of fatigue in patients receiving hemodialysis is high. This study aimed to investigate the effect of Rosa damascena oil on fatigue severity in patients receiving hemodialysis. Materials and Methods: This randomized controlled trial was performed on 74 patients receiving hemodialysis in Tabriz, Iran from January 21 to February 21, 2019. The patients were conveniently recruited and assigned into two groups of intervention and control using a block randomization method with block sizes of four and six and a sequence of 1:1. Patients in the intervention group were trained to inhale three drops of R. damascena oil each night for one month. We used the Fatigue Severity Scale (FSS) for data collection and analyzed the data using the independent samples and paired t tests. Results: No significant difference was found between the two groups respecting the mean baseline fatigue scores (P=0.12). However, at the end of the study, the mean fatigue score was significantly lower in the intervention group compared to the control group (P=0.001). Conclusions: We witnessed that R. damascena oil aromatherapy significantly reduced the severity of fatigue in patients receiving hemodialysis. This useful and inexpensive technique can be utilized as a complementary method to relieve fatigue in patients receiving hemodialysis.

AROMATIC PLANTS AND ESSENTIAL OILS USED DURING LABOR WITH NOCICEPTIVE AND ANXIOLYTIC POTENTIAL

Aromatherapy is a practice applied in different sectors such as post-operative care, pain treatment and anxiety reduction. However, in Brazil, the legislation allows the use of aromatherapy by nurses since 2018, but the use of essential oils during labor is not regulated. The aim of the study was to analyze the records of the benefits of using aromatherapy during labor and the chemical components of aromatic plants that contribute to the reducing pain, duration of contractions, anxiety and stress effects resulting from childbirth. The integrative review carried out in the Scopus, MEDLINE / PubMed and Science Direct databases specified between 2010 and 2020, in Portuguese, English and Spanish. The PICo methodology (Population, Interest and Context) was used to construct the research question and select controlled and uncontrolled descriptors, which were combined with the Boolean operators "AND", "OR" and "NOT". 17 articles were selected using aromatherapy during labor, individually or in conjunction with other therapies. The most used essential oil was Lavandula officinalis (53%), and the effects were related to the decrease in the pain of contractions and childbirth, followed by Rosa x damascena oil (23.5%), although the effect of the plant is more related to the reduction in the parturient’s anxiety and stress. Aromatherapy acts both on the physiological aspects of women in labor and on their subjectivity. Chemical evidence supports the relationship between the major compounds present in the essential oils of the aromatic plants used in the study and the beneficial effects of aromatherapy in labor.

Valorization of Waste Water of Rosa damascena Oil Distillation Process by Ion Exchange Chromatography.

Water steam distillation is a classical method of rose oil production from the flowers of Rosa damascena Mill. This process produces considerable amount of waste water. In this study, ion-exchange column chromatography (Amberlite was the stationary phase) was used to prepare polyphenol-enriched fraction of waste water with improved biological activity. Phenol, flavonoid, and anthocyanin contents were examined before and after using column. Antioxidant activities, DNA protection ability, xanthine oxidase inhibition, and cytotoxicity of this fraction were also determined. The use of Amberlite increased phenol, flavonoid, and anthocyanin contents in fraction compared to the sample before fractionation. The IC50 values of various antioxidant assays comprises 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl-hydrate (DPPH), ferric-reducing antioxidant power assay (FRAP), and 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) which were 226.66 ± 1.25, 126.03 ± 0.11, and 241.43 ± 0.33 for waste water, and these values for fraction were 63.21 ± 0.90, 34.6 ± 0.17, and 50.59 ± 0.75 μg/ml, respectively. The Trolox equivalent values of fraction in oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) assay were 0.34 ± 0.04, and the EC50 values in cellular antioxidant activity were 91.24 ± 0.32 μg/ml. The xanthine oxidase inhibition capacity of fraction (100 μg/ml) was 96.4 ± 0.02% μg/ml. The comet assay analysis showed that this fraction (25–100 μg/ml) protects human lymphocytes against H2O2-induced DNA damages significantly. The IC50 values of cytotoxicity assay were 248.145 ± 35.56 and 227.14 ± 16.51 μg/ml after 24 and 48 h, respectively. There has been great attention to the valorization of waste materials. Recovered fraction could be considered as a proper antioxidant, DNA damage-protection agent, and xanthine oxidase inhibitor. Using a nontoxic solid phase such as Amberlite is a fruitful way to concentrate bioactive ingredients which can be used in pharmaceutical and nutraceutical industry.

Rosa Damascena oil improved methadone-related sexual dysfunction in females with opioid use disorder under methadone maintenance therapy – results from a double-blind, randomized, and placebo-controlled trial

BackgroundMethadone maintenance therapy (MMT) is provided to patients with opioid use disorder (OUD). However, as with all opioids, methadone impacts negatively on sexual function. To counter this, Rosa Damascena oil (RDO) has been used successfully for opioid-dependent male patients under MMT and with methadone-related sexual dysfunction (MRSD). In the present study, we tested the possible influence of RDO on sexual function and sex hormones of opioid-dependent female patients undergoing MMT and with MRSD. MethodsFifty female patients (mean age: 38.8 years) diagnosed with OUD, undergoing MMT and with MRSD were randomly assigned either to the RDO or the placebo condition. At baseline, patients completed questionnaires covering socio-demographic and OUD-related information. At baseline, and four and eight weeks later they additionally completed questionnaires on sexual function and happiness. Blood samples to assess thyroid hormones, prolactin, progesterone, and estradiol levels were taken at baseline and eight weeks later (end of the study). ResultsOver time sexual function and happiness increased, but more so in the RDO condition than in the placebo condition. Over time, prolactin decreased, and progesterone, and estradiol increased, but again more so in the RDO condition. Sex hormone levels and sexual function were statistically unrelated. ConclusionsResults from this double-blind, randomized, and placebo-controlled clinical trial showed that opioid-dependent females undergoing MMT and with MRDS did benefit from RDO administration, as sexual function and happiness increased, and female sexual hormone levels changed in positive directions.

Efficacy of topical Rose (Rosa damascena Mill.) oil for migraine headache: A randomized double-blinded placebo-controlled cross-over trial

AimTo evaluate the effect of topical formulation of Rosa damascena Mill. (R. damascena) oil on migraine headache, applying syndrome diffrentiation model. Methods and materialsForty patients with migraine headache were randomly assigned to 2 groups of this double-blind, placebo-controlled cross-over trial. The patients were treated for the first 2 consecutive migraine headache attacks by topical R. damascena oil or placebo. Then, after one week of washout period, cross-over was done. Pain intensity of the patients' migraine headache was recorded at the beginnig and ten-sequence time schadule of attacks up to 24h. In addition, photophobia, phonophobia, and nausea and/or vomitting (N/V) of the patients were recorded as secondary outcomes. Finally, gathered data were analysed in a syndrome differentiation manner to assess the effect of R. damascena oil on Hot- and Cold-type migraine headache. ResultsMean pain intensity of the patients' migraine headache in the different time-points after R. damascena oil or placebo use, was not significantly different. Additionally, regarding mean scores of N/V, photophobia, and phonophobia severity of the patients, no significant differences between the two groups were observed. Finally, applying syndrome differentiation model, the mean score of migraine headache pain intensity turned out to be significantly lower in patients with “hot” type migraine syndrome at in 30, 45, 60, 90, and 120min after R. damascena oil application compared to “cold” types (P values: 0.001, 0.001, <0.001, <0.001, and 0.02; respectively). ConclusionIt seems that syndrome differentiation can help in selection of patients who may benefit from the topical R. damascena oil in short-term relief of pain intensity in migraine headache. Further studies of longer follow-up and larger study population, however, are necessitated for more scientifically rigorous judgment on efficacy of R. damascena oil for patients with migraine headache.

Rosa Damascena oil improved sexual function and testosterone in male patients with opium use disorder under methadone maintenance therapy–results from a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial

BackgroundSome patients with opioid use disorder (OUD) are treated with methadone maintenance therapy (MMT). However, as with opioids, methadone has major side-effects; sexual dysfunction is a particularly distressing such effect. Rosa Damascena oil has been shown to reduce subjective sexual dysfunction in patients with major depressive disorders, but its influence on testosterone has not so far been tested. The aim of the present study was to investigate the influence of Rosa Damascena oil on sexual dysfunction and testosterone levels among male patients with OUD and undergoing MMT. MethodsA total of 50 male patients (mean age: 40 years) diagnosed with OUD and receiving MMT were randomly assigned either to the Rosa Damascena oil (drops) or a placebo condition. At baseline, and four and eight weeks later, patients completed questionnaires covering sexual and erectile function. Blood samples to assess testosterone levels were taken at baseline and eight weeks later on completion of the study. ResultsOver time sexual dysfunction decreased, and testosterone increased in the Rosa Damascena oil, but not in the placebo condition. Sexual dysfunction scores and testosterone levels were not consistently related. ConclusionsResults from this double-blind, randomized, and placebo-controlled clinical trial showed that Rosa Damascena oil improved sexual function and testosterone levels among males with OUD and undergoing MMT.

Rosa Damascena improved sexual dysfunction in males under methadone treatment – results from a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial

IntroductionPatients with severe opioid dependency might be treated with methadone, a pure μ-opioid-receptor, with promising results. Though, as for opioids, side effects are high, and among those, sexual dysfunction is among the most disturbing side effects.AimsInvestigating the influence of Rosa Damascena oil to improve sexual dysfunction among male methadone users.MethodsA total of 60 male patients (mean age: 30 years) with diagnosed opioid dependence and currently under treatment of methadone were randomly assigned either to the verum (Rosa Damascenca oil drops) or placebo condition. At baseline, and four and eight weeks later, patients completed self-rating questionnaires covering sexual dysfunction and happiness.ResultsOver time sexual dysfunction decreased and happiness increased in the verum, but not in the placebo condition.ConclusionsResults from this double blind, randomized, and placebo-controlled clinical trial showed that Rosa Damascena oil improved sexual dysfunction and happiness among male opioid addicts while under substitution treatment with methadone.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

Preparation and Analysis of Rosa damascena Essential Oil Composition and Antimicrobial Activity Assessment of Related Fractions

Hospital-acquired infections, also known as nosocomial infections, are associated with increased hospital stay lengths and mortality rates. Increasing resistance to antibiotics usually results in more complexity of related management. Novel antimicrobial compounds derived from natural sources may be useful for addressing antibiotics resistance. Traditionally, plants have been used to prevent and cure infectious diseases. The aim of this study was the determination of volatile constituent of Rosa damascena oil as well as antimicrobial activity of essential oil and its related fractions against pathogens causing nosocomial infections. The essential oil was fractionated by column chromatography using silica gel as stationary phase. The column was eluted by petroleum ether: diethyl ether by increasing polarity (1:0, 1:1, 0:1). All four samples were analyzed by GC/MS. Antifungal and antibacterial activity of essential oil and its fractions were performed using microdilution method according to CLSI protocol. The analysis of essential oil and fractions reveals that nonadecane and heneicosane are the major fatty acids. The essence has weak activity on bacteria and fungi growth. Major compounds were fatty acid in fraction 1, which had the least effects on microorganism, while the active fractions (2, 3) were indicated alcoholic monoterpene that had the best antifungal and antibacterial effects. In addition, fractions 2 and 3 showed good antifungal and antibacterial effects on nosocomial isolates, especially antibiotic-resistant organisms. It seems that these fractions might have the potential to be a candidate for further investigation of novel antibiotics in management of nosocomial infections. However, further clinical studies are needed to corroborate the outcome of this study.

The Effect of Topical Rosa damascena (Rose) Oil on Pregnancy-Related Low Back Pain: A Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial.

The study aimed to assess the efficacy of topical rose oil in women with pregnancy-related low back pain. A randomized controlled clinical trial was conducted on 120 women with pregnancy-related low back pain. Patients were allocated to 3 parallel groups to receive topical rose oil (in the carrier of almond oil), placebo (carrier oil), or no intervention. All groups were followed for 4 weeks. All participants were evaluated by Visual Analog Scale and the Roland-Morris Disability Questionnaires to assess the pain intensity and its impact on daily activities before and after the intervention. Significant decrease in pain intensity compared to carrier oil or no intervention was observed. The rose oil also improves the functional ability of these patients in contrast with no intervention, while its effect on function is not significant compared to carrier oil. Rose oil reduced pregnancy-related low back pain intensity without any significant adverse effect.

Adjuvant Rosa Damascena has a Small Effect on SSRI-induced Sexual Dysfunction in Female Patients Suffering from MDD.

Treating major depressive disorders (MDD) with selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) may impact negatively on sexual function. On the other hand, a satisfying sexual life is associated with overall life satisfaction. Therefore, managing this negative side effect of SSRIs may have an important role in the treatment of MDD. In a former study, adjuvant Rosa damascena oil improved sexual dysfunction in male patients suffering from both MDD and SSRI-induced sexual dysfunction (SSRI-I SD). The aim of the present study was to test whether the same pattern of results would be observed among female patients suffering from both SSRI-I SD and MDD. In a double-blind, randomized and placebo-controlled clinical trial, a total of 50 female patients (mean age: 34 years) treated with an SSRI and suffering from MDD and SSRI-I SD were randomly assigned either to the verum (Rosa damascena oil) or to the placebo condition. Patients completed self-ratings of depression and sexual function at baseline, 4 weeks later, and at the end of the study 8 weeks after its start. Sexual desire, sexual orgasms, and sexual satisfaction increased over time. Patients in the verum group reported decreased pain. Overall sexual score increased in the verum as compared to the placebo condition. Whereas in male patients suffering from both MDD and SSRI-I SD adjuvant Rosa damascena oil improved sexual function, data on female patients are less robust and suggest only modest effects on female sexual function.

Rosa damascena oil improves SSRI-induced sexual dysfunction in male patients suffering from major depressive disorders: results from a double-blind, randomized, and placebo-controlled clinical trial

BackgroundA substantial disadvantage of psychopharmacological treatment of major depressive disorder (MDD) with selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) is the impact on sexual dysfunction. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether the oil of Rosa damascena can have a positive influence on SSRI-induced sexual dysfunction (SSRI-I SD) of male patients who are suffering from MDD and are being treated with SSRIs.MethodIn a double-blind, randomized, and placebo-controlled clinical trial, a total of 60 male patients treated with an SSRI and suffering from MDD (mean age =32 years) and SSRI-I SD were randomly assigned to take either verum (R. damascena oil) or a placebo. Patients completed self-ratings of depression and sexual function at baseline, at 4 weeks later, and at the end of the study, 8 weeks after it started.ResultsOver time, sexual dysfunction improved more in the verum group than in the control group. Improvements were observed in the verum group from week 4 to week 8. Self-rated symptoms of depression reduced over time in both groups, but did so more so in the verum group than in the control group.ConclusionThis double-blind, randomized, and placebo-controlled clinical trial showed that the administration of R. damascena oil ameliorates sexual dysfunction in male patients suffering from both MDD and SSRI-I SD. Further, the symptoms of depression reduced as sexual dysfunction improved.

Effect of essential oil of Rosa Damascena on human colon cancer cell line SW742.

In this study, we report the effect of the essential oil of Rosa Damascena on human colon cancer cell line (SW742) and human fibroblast cells. Colon cancer is the second most common fatal malignancy. Owing to the existence of many side effects and problems related to common treatments such as surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy, alternative treatments are being investigated. Some herbal medicines have shown promising results against different types of cancers. Herbal medicines used have included the use naturally occurring essential oils. The essential oil of Rosa Damascena was obtained by distillation and its effect on SW742 cell-line and fibroblast cells were investigated with cell culture. The cells were cultured and different volumes of essential oil were induced to the cells. After48hincubation, cell survival was measured and using statistical analysis, the findings were evaluated and reported. This study showed that soluble part of Rosa Damascena oil increases cell proliferation in high volumes and the non-soluble component decreases cell proliferation. The effects of essential oils, such as Rosa Damascena, on cell proliferation require more thorough investigation.

Chemical Composition and Antimicrobial Activity of Rosa damascena Mill Essential Oil

Rosa damascena Mill. a plant from Rosaceae family is traditionally used for treatment of many disorders especially against infectious diseases. The antimicrobial activity of R. damascena oil was determined against a large number of microorganisms including Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria, yeast and filamentous by micro broth dilution assay. The oil was analyzed by GC and GC-MS. Chemical composition of oil revealed the presence of β-citronellol (48.2 %), geraniol (17.0 %), β-phenylethyl benzoate (5.4 %) and phenyl ethyl alcohol (5.1 %) as the main components. The MIC values of oil were in the ranges of 0.125–1 μl/ml. Enterococcus faecalis, Enterococcus faecium, Salmonella typhimurium and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were less sensitive to R. damascena oil. The oil exhibited the antimicrobial activity against a large number of microorganisms especially against Proteus vulgaris and Klebsiella pneumonia. This oil could be used as a natural antimicrobial agent in treatment of infectious diseases; more clinical studies should be done for demonstration of its efficacy.

Chemical variability of essential oil components of two Rosa x damascena genotypes growing in Iran

detailed GC-MS analysis in order to determine possible similarities or differences among them. The oil obtained from the aerial parts of the white sample of Rosa x damascena yielded 0.035% v/w with 21 components. The major constituents of the total amount of 99.50% were: citronellol (53.61%), nonadecane (17.57%), geraniol (12.59%), heneicosane (5.46%), and phenyl ethyl acetate (2.95%). The pink species yield was 0.025% v/w with 40 components, representing 99.64% of the total composition. The major components were: citronellol (34.7%), nonadecane (14.5%), heneicosane (10.3%), β-caryophyllene (7.8%), and nerol (5%). Constituents are listed in order of their elution from a DB-5 column in Table 1, showing the variations of the amounts and compositions of essential oils for two specimens of R. x damascena from Central Iran (Kashan area). Percentage variations of the main components from the oils of these plants are as below: citronellol (34.7–53.61%), nonadecane (14.5–17.57%), β-caryophyllene (0.18–7.8%), geraniol (0–12.59%), nerol (0–5%), and heneicosane (5–10.3%). The target compounds with the characteristic rose scent of the essential oil of R. damascena, such as citronellol, geraniol, nerol, and phenyl alcohol, are found in our samples. The white flower shows a total result of 66.2% for citronellol and geraniol as the monoterpene alcohol contents while the second specimen shows 39.7% for citronellol and nerol. They also contain some components that do not contribute to the fragrance formation, like paraffins (heptadecane, nonadecane, heneicosane, and tricosane). The terpenoide components are classified in Table 1. As can be seen, the major amount of the white flower oil belongs to monoterpene alcohols (67.8%), while the pink sample represents 41.9% for these compounds. The R. damascena oil from china has 54.39% of monoterpene alcohols [12], while Turkey samples 1 and 2 have 27.33% and 78.66% [13] and Bulgarian rose oil shows 57.6% [14]. Our plants have no significant amounts of monoterpene hydrocarbons, whereas the pink one shows some sesquiterpenes (10.4%).

A Comparative Investigation on the Composition of Rose(Rosa damascena Mill.) Oil Produced by Using Two Different Methods

The essential oil of petals of Rosa damascena Mill. from two different factories (a private factory and Gulbirlik factory in Isparta) in Turkey were analysed by a combination of GC and GC-MS. Thirty two components were identified, accounting for 97.4 %from sample A (Gülbirlik factory in Isparta). The major constituents of sample A were citronellol (48.0 %), geranial (12.2 %), nonadecene (11.0 %), nonadecene (3.6 %), heneicosane (3.3 %) and methyl eugenol (2.8 %). The other components such as phenyl ethyl alcohol, geranyl acetate, linalool, geranial and farnesol were present in small amounts. 37 compounds were characterised, representing 93.4 % the R. damascena oil from Sample B (a private factory). The principal components detected in the oil of sample B were citronellol (43.0 %), geraniol (19.9 %), nonadecene (9.8 %), heneicosane (3.7 %), nonadecan-9-ene (3.1 %), farnesol (2.0 %), geranyl acetate (1.8 %) and methyl eugenol (1.9 %). The results show that it is need to harvesting to end-product storage and to establish for Standard composition and high quality oil.