Abstract
Water steam distillation is a classical method of rose oil production from the flowers of Rosa damascena Mill. This process produces considerable amount of waste water. In this study, ion-exchange column chromatography (Amberlite was the stationary phase) was used to prepare polyphenol-enriched fraction of waste water with improved biological activity. Phenol, flavonoid, and anthocyanin contents were examined before and after using column. Antioxidant activities, DNA protection ability, xanthine oxidase inhibition, and cytotoxicity of this fraction were also determined. The use of Amberlite increased phenol, flavonoid, and anthocyanin contents in fraction compared to the sample before fractionation. The IC50 values of various antioxidant assays comprises 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl-hydrate (DPPH), ferric-reducing antioxidant power assay (FRAP), and 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) which were 226.66 ± 1.25, 126.03 ± 0.11, and 241.43 ± 0.33 for waste water, and these values for fraction were 63.21 ± 0.90, 34.6 ± 0.17, and 50.59 ± 0.75 μg/ml, respectively. The Trolox equivalent values of fraction in oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) assay were 0.34 ± 0.04, and the EC50 values in cellular antioxidant activity were 91.24 ± 0.32 μg/ml. The xanthine oxidase inhibition capacity of fraction (100 μg/ml) was 96.4 ± 0.02% μg/ml. The comet assay analysis showed that this fraction (25–100 μg/ml) protects human lymphocytes against H2O2-induced DNA damages significantly. The IC50 values of cytotoxicity assay were 248.145 ± 35.56 and 227.14 ± 16.51 μg/ml after 24 and 48 h, respectively. There has been great attention to the valorization of waste materials. Recovered fraction could be considered as a proper antioxidant, DNA damage-protection agent, and xanthine oxidase inhibitor. Using a nontoxic solid phase such as Amberlite is a fruitful way to concentrate bioactive ingredients which can be used in pharmaceutical and nutraceutical industry.
Highlights
Steam distillation or hydrodistillation is the most utilizing method to obtain essential oils from aromatic plants [1]
R. damascena (Damask rose) is considered as a significant industrial member of the Rosaceae family, and rose oil is a product of hydrodistillation of this aromatic plant [1]
Waste water and solid waste biomass have been known as byproduct of this hydrodistillation process, and they have been noted as sources of potent active compounds [2]
Summary
Steam distillation or hydrodistillation is the most utilizing method to obtain essential oils from aromatic plants [1]. Rosa damascena Mill (R. damascena) essential oil is well known in the perfume industry, which is a product of the hydrodistillation method. Every year during the harvest season and production of essential oil, the low yield of essential oil production leads to generate bulky waste [2]. Ese byproducts are the cause of ecological problems. Less waste production and the recovery of respected substances with biological activities are considered in this industry [2]. Two types of water and solid waste are present in the hydrodistillation method [2]. Solid waste is reported as a rich source of polyphenols and polysaccharides [2, 3]
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