Damage To Infrastructure Research Articles

Numerical Simulation as Laboratory Liquefaction Test Comparison for Geological Hazard Countermeasure: A Preliminary Study

Liquefaction is a secondary hazard due to earthquakes, which is one of the geological hazards. The impairment caused can damage infrastructure on a wide scale and even cause casualties. Several phenomenal liquefaction events have been recorded throughout the world, and one of the most phenomenal is the flow liquefaction incident in Palu, Sulawesi, Indonesia, in 2018. Research on liquefaction is still ongoing today. In this study, numerical simulations will be carried out as a comparison for laboratory liquefaction tests, which aim to understand the flow liquefaction mechanism better. Laboratory modeling is presented carefully in numerical modeling, namely by creating three (3) variations in sand density layers in a box with dimensions of 120 cm x 60 cm x 40 cm. The simulation uses the assumption that the soil is perfectly saturated by placing the groundwater level at an elevation of 0 cm. The acceleration applied to the box is varied in the range of 0.3 – 0.6g. Simulation shows that deformation increases with the bigger magnitude and Peak Ground Acceleration (PGA), while the duration is not too sensitive to the results. On the other hand, the area liquefied is affected by the duration, magnitude, and PGA value.

ТЕНДЕНЦІЇ ЗАБЕЗПЕЧЕННЯ СТРАТЕГІЧНОЇ СТІЙКОСТІ РИНКУ ЕЛЕКТРОННОЇ КОМЕРЦІЇ В УКРАЇНІ

This research takes a deep look at the resilience concept which plays a vital role in building and ensuring the economic and social renewal of Ukraine during the war and postwar periods by providing considerations of key trends for strategic resilience of the e-commerce market in Ukraine. It is proposed to perceive resilience as an attribute that can be formed, secured, and developed. Resilience also can bring several advantages to enterprises, namely: overcoming and/or recovering from shock, increasing productivity, obtaining options for development, seizing new opportunities, and realizing tangible and intangible advantages. The paper points out the potential of e-commerce technologies to enable small businesses to achieve long-term resilience. The author proposes to define strategic resilience which is proposed to be understood as a dynamic process and result of the enterprise's adaptation to the negative impact due to ensuring functioning, obtaining new development opportunities, acquiring new qualities, and transitioning to a more favorable state of functioning. The development of Ukrainian e-commerce market is promising due to the increase in growth rates and volumes of online purchases, as well as the opportunities to enter foreign markets and offer cross-border online purchases of goods and services. The research allowed identifying the following tendencies of the current development of Ukrainian e-commerce market, in particular: growth of volumes and rates of use of e-commerce as a means of supporting the activities of enterprises; continuous adaptation of e-commerce enterprises to changes in consumer behavior; personalization of goods and services; spread of omnichannel commerce; spread of innovative e-commerce business models; increase of social commerce; dissemination of technological innovations; increasing role of sustainable development and social responsibility of small and medium businesses. However, there are still a number of inhibitors that slow down Ukrainian e-commerce market evolution, particularly: damage and destruction of infrastructure; disruption of logistics chains; insufficient development and monopolization of the payment services market; as well as security and data privacy issues.

Моделювання логістичних процесів імпорту морепродуктів в умовах пошкодженої інфраструктури

The article is devoted to issues of modeling the processes of finding solutions to logistical problems in fish and seafood supply to the population of Ukraine. The paper analyzes the numerous publications of Ukrainian and foreign researches on topics related to issues of marketing and logistics of fish products. The modern conditions’ assessment in which the supply of seafood is carried out is given. The problems faced by product carriers are considered, among which the main ones are hostilities, constant shelling, damage and destruction of infrastructure and energy networks of Ukraine. The Gray Wolf Optimization (GWO) metaheuristic algorithm is used to solve the given problem, which helps to solve NP-complex problems that are difficult to solve by any traditional exact methods, or these methods do not exist at all. Productivity of such type algorithms is evaluated based on five indicators: solution quality, convergence speed, computational efficiency, robustness, and flexibility. The proposed GWO-based model enabled the optimization of several objectives, including the minimization of total supply chain costs, maximization of customer satisfaction, and reduction of harmful environmental impacts, enabling an integrated approach to supply chain management.

Optimasi Geometri Lereng dengan Evaluasi Nilai Faktor Keamanan Menggunakan Software Geostudio

The slopes of the Widas watershed in Kutorejo Village, Bagor District, Nganjuk Regency were hit by a landslide, damaging a 50-meter-long road. This damage has an impact on the activities and mobility of residents. The impact of landslides caused enormous losses, both infrastructure damage and loss of life. Several studies have been carried out, in determining slope stability it is necessary to observe at the research location and determine the type of soil, soil consistency, and soil shear strength parameters. This research aims to determine the value of the safety factor (FK) on the slopes of the Widas River. This research began by conducting a case study, including interviews, collecting field survey data, taking soil samples, and laboratory testing. Slope stability analysis was carried out using Geostudio software. The research results show that the soil type is classified as Poorly Graded Sand (SP), and the soil consistency is classified as Non-Plastic soil with a liquid limit of 26.093 and a shear angle of 20° - 30°. Slope improvements were carried out by changing the slope geometry until a slope ratio of 1V:2H was obtained by creating two slope core models. The FK value increased from 1.007 to 1.107 and 1.437 to 1.585 under pore water pressure conditions. Thus, the slope modeling obtained can be used to overcome landslide problems.

Problems of marketing logistics and infrastructure in Ukraine under martial law: ways to solve them in the context of European integration

Purpose. The purpose of the article is to assess the level of development of logistics and infrastructure in the pre-war economy of Ukraine, to identify problems and peculiarities of its functioning during the martial law, as well as to formulate measures for its restoration and improvement in the context of European integration. Results. The logistics system of Ukraine in the years before the russian-Ukrainian war had a tendency to progressive development. This is evidenced by the positive dynamics of the national Logistics Performance Index. The most developed component of the domestic logistics system was the timeliness of cargo deliveries, and the least developed – the quality of trade and transport infrastructure. The hypothesis that during military operations on the territory of Ukraine, its logistics infrastructure underwent fundamental changes was confirmed. The most painful thing for the country is the destruction and damage of infrastructure and infrastructure connections. Analysis and consideration of these factors will allow logistics companies to adapt to changing, critical conditions and operate more efficiently. The phenomena and processes affecting Ukrainian logistics during martial law have been identified. Scientific novelty. The study identified factors that influenced the change in logistics services in Ukraine during the war within four groups: people, infrastructure, security, legislation. The authors proposed two groups of measures (short-term and long-term) that will resume Ukraine’s foreign trade activities, as well as improve logistics within the country in the context of its European integration. Practical value. The practical value of this study is that it can be used as a source and tool in the development of specific measures and programs for the development of the logistics infrastructure of Ukraine, in particular, the construction of new logistics routes and logistics centers.

Building sustainable and resilient communities with landslide early warning systems: A review of best practices

Introduction. Landslides are an important natural phenomenon that can have significant impacts on human communities and the environment. They can cause property damage, injury, and loss of life, making it crucial to understand their potential hazards. Materials and Methods. In this study, a systematic search was performed on Scopus database to collect relevant literature on community-based landslide early warning systems from global sources. The search utilized various keywords, including “Integrated early warning system,” “landslide early warning systems,” “community-based early warning systems,” “people-centered early warning systems,” and “resilient early warning systems.” Additionally, the snowballing technique was employed to identify further literature from the reference lists of the initial papers obtained through the initial search. Results. Totally, 157 articles, including journal publications, manuals, guidelines, books, and early warning systems, were reviewed. To enhance the discussion and comprehension of integrated early warning systems, literature without a community-based aspect was also examined. The literature was categorized into different sections such as the significance of landslide early warning systems, definitions for community-based early warning systems, and community-based landslide early warning systems for various regions worldwide, such as Africa, Asia, the Caribbean, Central America, Europe, North America, Oceania, and South America. The primary aim was to explore the utilization of community-based early warning systems by various stakeholders, including researchers, policymakers, and non-governmental organizations. Additionally, the literature on community-based landslide early warning systems was analyzed to identify methodologies used in designing the systems, which could be adapted to develop different technologies and methodologies in different regions of the world. Discussion. The given region-wise studies highlight the development and implementation of community-based landslide early warning systems (CBLEWS) in different parts of the world. These studies emphasize the importance of community involvement in the identification and management of landslide risks and the development and implementation of early warning systems. The papers present case studies that demonstrate the successful implementation of CBLEWS and its effectiveness in reducing the risk of landslides. Conclusion. The present paper emphasizes the importance of community engagement in the development and implementation of landslide early warning systems. Best practices in the establishment of such systems were reviewed, and community-based approaches were highlighted as crucial for disaster risk reduction efforts. It stresses the potential of early warning systems to prevent loss of life and property damage, promoting the creation of sustainable and resilient communities. Resume. While landslides pose a significant threat, particularly in resource-limited developing communities, Community-Based Landslide Early Warning Systems (CBLEWS) have emerged as a promising solution. This review highlights the effectiveness of CBLEWS in reducing fatalities, injuries, and infrastructure damage. Its success hinges on community participation and ownership. Suggestions for practical applications and future research directions. To empower communities facing landslides, successful CBLEWS models, hazard training, stakeholder collaboration, and context-specific warnings are crucial. Long-term impact studies, cost-benefit analyses, understanding social influences, integrating with other warning systems, exploring advanced technologies, and establishing global guidelines are key research areas for further strengthening CBLEWS and safeguarding communities.

Urban flood hazard assessment in Awka metropolis using multi-criteria decision process

Urban flooding is an escalating global threat, and Awka Metropolis in Anambra state Nigeria is no exception. The city's rapid urbanization and inadequate infrastructure have left it increasingly vulnerable to flooding, exacerbated by the impacts of climate change. Anticipated flood effects include disruption of daily life, infrastructure damage, and threats to public safety, necessitating urgent attention. This study presents a comprehensive assessment of urban flood hazards in Awka Metropolis, utilizing an integrated approach combining the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) and Flood Hazard Index (FHI) to gauge the city's flood vulnerability. The primary objectives were to identify key geophysical factors contributing to flooding, categorize these factors by their vulnerability, determine their reliability indices, delineate flood-prone zones, and generate a spatial flood extent map. The methodology encompassed data acquisition, pre-processing, Flood Modeling (evaluating slope, Elevation, Drainage Network, and flow accumulation), the application of Analytical Hierarchy Process, and the utilization of the Flood Hazard Index. The results classified Awka Metropolis into three flood risk zones: high (837.84 hectares, 14.70%), moderate (2182.65 hectares, 38.30%), and low (2678.45 hectares, 46.99%). These findings provide indispensable insights into the distribution of flood hazards across the city, enabling urban planners and authorities to strategically allocate resources, prioritize mitigation initiatives, and formulate targeted flood risk reduction strategies. Importantly, the incorporation of stakeholder input enhances the study's practical relevance and applicability in real-world urban planning and disaster management scenarios. In conclusion, this research offers a robust and multidimensional framework for assessing urban flood hazards in Awka Metropolis. The synergy of the Analytical Hierarchy Process and Flood Hazard Index equips urban planners, policymakers, and disaster management agencies to proactively tackle the mounting urban flooding challenges. The study's outcomes contribute to the development of sustainable flood risk reduction measures, ultimately enhancing the resilience of Awka Metropolis to future flood events.

Assessment of cyclone risk and case study of Gaja cyclone using GIS techniques and machine learning algorithms in coastal zone of Tamil Nadu, India

Cyclones can cause devastating impacts, including strong winds, heavy rainfall, storm surges, and flooding. The aftermath includes infrastructure damage, loss of life, displacement of communities, and ecological disruptions. Timely response and recovery efforts are crucial to minimize the socio-economic and environmental consequences of cyclones. To accelerate the time-consuming risk assessment process, particularly in geographically diverse regions, a blend of multi-criteria decision-making and machine learning models was utilized. This novel approach swiftly assessed cyclone risk and the impact of the Gaja cyclone in Nagapattinam, India. The method involved assigning weights to distinct criteria, unveiling notable vulnerability aspects like elevation, slope, proximity to the coast, distance from cyclone tracts, Lu/Lc, population density, proximity to cyclone shelters, household density, accessibility to healthcare facilities, NDVI, and levels of awareness. Daddavari, Ettugudi, Kodikarai, Vedharanyam, Velankanni, and Thirupoondi face high/extreme cyclone risk. Nagore, Nagapattinam, Pillai, Enangudi, and Sannanllur have low/no threat. To further enhance the precision of the study, machine learning algorithms like SVM, SAM, and MLC were deployed. These models were instrumental in generating pre- and post-cyclone land use maps. The influence of Gaja cyclones effects shows decreasing of agriculture land from 34% to 30%, aquaculture increase 1%, barren land decrease from 8% to 6%, Built-up land decrease from 15% to 13%, land with scrub and salt pan also decrease from 21% to 17% and 10%–8%. Mostly effect of Gaja cyclone is dramatic increase of water body from 8% to 21%. Conducting cyclone risk zone analysis and pre/post-cyclone Land Use Land Cover (LULC) detection in Nagapattinam offers valuable insights for disaster preparedness, infrastructure planning, and climate resilience. This study can enhance understanding of vulnerability and aid in formulating strategies to mitigate cyclone impacts, ensuring sustainable development in the region.

Polar climate change: a multidisciplinary assessment

The rapid environmental changes in polar regions have been attracting considerable political, public, and scientific attention in recent years. The polar amplification is recognized as a robust feature of the climate system in response to carbon dioxide (CO2) forcing, resulting in sea ice loss, ice sheet melting, and methane release from permafrost thawing. From a physical perspective, this paper examines the polar amplification and sea ice changes for past and future scenarios using satellite, reanalysis, and climate model datasets. From an interdisciplinary perspective, we discuss the potential environmental, socioeconomic, and political effects associated with these changes. The observational data showed enhanced warming and rapid changes in sea ice cover in polar regions. Under the largest future CO2 forcing, climate simulations indicate an unprecedented rise in air temperature and fast sea ice loss, even in low emission scenarios. This results in a number of physical, environmental, and social-economic effects that need to be carefully considered. Polar climate change, however, offers new opportunities, including the local increase in fisheries and the opening of new navigation routes, which substantially impact the world economy. At the same time, it also implies critical environmental consequences associated with many socioeconomic and ecological risks, such as migration or extinction of populations and species; sea level rise; an increase in frequency and intensity of extreme weather in mid-latitudes; and infrastructure damage from permafrost thawing. Even with the advances and improvements in climate modeling in recent decades, the exact nature of these nonlinear interactions is still in debate.

The Evolving Nature of Cyber Attacks and the Need for Proactive Defense Measures

IA growing and pervasive threat in today’s interconnected digital landscape. Cyber-attacks refer to malicious activities carried out by individuals or groups to compromise computer systems, networks, or data for various purposes, including financial gain, espionage, or disruption of services. The research highlights the evolving nature of cyber-attacks, with attackers constantly adapting their tactics, techniques, and procedures to exploit vulnerabilities in technology and human behavior. The analysis emphasizes the wide range of cyber-attack types, such as phishing, malware infections, ransomware attacks, distributed denial-of-service (DDoS) attacks, and advanced persistent threats (APTs). It discusses the potential impact of cyber-attacks on individuals, organizations, and even nations, including financial losses, reputational damage, compromised privacy, and disruption of critical infrastructure. Furthermore, the research acknowledges the challenges in combating cyber-attacks, including the rapid proliferation of sophisticated attack methods, the complexity of modern IT systems, and the shortage of skilled cybersecurity professionals. It emphasizes the importance of proactive defense measures, such as robust network security architectures, continuous monitoring and threat detection systems, timely patching and updates, employee education, and incident response plans. Overall, this highlights the urgency and significance of addressing cyber-attacks in today’s digital era. It underscores the need for ongoing research, collaboration, and innovation in the field of cybersecurity to stay ahead of the evolving threat landscape and safeguard the integrity, confidentiality, and availability of digital systems and data

A comparative study of Machine Learning and Deep Learning methods for flood forecasting in the Far-North region, Cameroon

Flood crises are the consequence of climate change and global warming, which lead to an increase in the frequency and intensity of heavy rainfall. Floods are, and remain, natural disasters that result in huge loss of lives and material damage. Flood risks threaten all countries of the globe in general. The Far-North region of Cameroon has suffered of flood crises on several occasions, resulting in significant loss of human lives, infrastructural and socio-economic damage, with the destruction of homes, crops and grazing areas, and the halting of economic activities. The models used for flood forecasting in this region are generally physical-based, and produce unsatisfactory results. The use of artificial intelligence based methods for flood forecasting in order to limit its consequences is a way to be explored in the Far-North region of Cameroon. The aims of the present research work is to design and compare the performance of Machine Learning and Deep Learning based models such as one dimensional Convolutional Neural Network, Long and Short Term Memory and Multi Layer Perceptron for short-term and long-term flood forecasting in the Far-North region of Cameroon. The models designed take as input the temperature and rainfall time series recorded in this region. Performance criteria used for evaluating models are Nash–Sutcliffe Efficiency, Percent Bias, Coefficient of Determination and Root Mean Squared Error. As the results of the design and performance comparison of the models, the best model for short-term flood forecasting is the LSTM model , and the best model for long-term flood forecasting is still the LSTM model. The best models obtained from the comparisons have satisfactory performance and good generalization capabilities, as reflected by the performance criteria. The results of our research work can be used for implementation of floods warning systems and for definition of an effective and efficient flood risk management policies in order to make the Far-North region of Cameroon more resilient to flood crises.

Energy efficient gateway based routing with maximized node coverage in a UAV assisted wireless sensor network.

Ad-hoc wireless sensor networks face challenges of optimized node deployment for maximizing coverage and efficiently routing data to control centers in post disaster events. These challenges impact the outcome for extending the lifetime of wireless sensor networks. This study presents a uav assisted reactive zone based EHGR (energy efficient hierarchical gateway routing protocol) that is deployed in a situation where the natural calamity has caused communication and infrastructure damage to a major portion of the sensor network. EHGR is a hybrid multi layer routing protocol for large heterogeneous sensor nodes (smart nodes, basic nodes, user handheld devices etc.) EHGR is tailored to meet two important concerns for a disaster hit wsn ie. optimized deployment and energy efficient routing. The first part of EGHR focuses on maximized coverage during node deployments. Maximized coverage is an important aspect to be considered during the event of disaster since most of the nodes loose coverage and are detached from the wireless sensor network. The first part of EHGR uses state of the art game theory approach to build a model that maximizes the coverage of nodes during the deployment phase from all participating entities i.e. nodes and uavs. Rather than fixing the cluster head as is the case in traditional cluster-based approaches EHGR uses the energy centroid nodes. Energy centroid nodes evolve on the basis of aggregated energy of the zone. This approach is superior to simply electing cluster head nodes on the basis of some probability function. The nodes that fail to achieve any successful outcome from the game theory matching model fail to get any association. These nodes will use multi hop d2d relay approach to reach the energy centroid nodes. Gateway relay nodes used with the game theory approach during the deployment of the uav assisted wsn improves the overall coverage by 25% against traditional leach based hierarchical approaches. Once the optimum deployment phase is completed the routing phase is initiated. Aggregated data is sent by the energy centroid nodes from the ECN nodes to the servicing micro controller enabled un manned aerial vehicles. The routing process places partial burden of zone formation and data transmission to the control center for each phase on the servicing uavs. Energy centroid nodes engage only in the data aggregation process and transmission of data to servicing uav. Servicing-uavs reduce energy dissipated of the entire zone which result in gradual decrease of energy for the zone thus increasing the network lifetime. Node deployment phase and the routing phase of EHGR utilize the computations provide by the mirco controller enabled unmanned aerial vehicles such that the computationally intensive calculations are offloaded to the servicing uav. Experiment results indicate an increase in the first dead node report, half dead node report, and last dead node report. Network lifetime is extended to approximately 1800 rounds which is an increase by ratio of 100% against the traditional leach approach and increase by 50% percent against the latest approaches as highlighted in the literature.

Field observations of Hurricane Ian’s wave and surge impact in the areas of Fort Myers Beach and Sanibel Island, USA

On September 18, Category 4 Hurricane Ian made landfall near Fort Myers Beach and Sanibel Island, two barrier islands on the northern Gulf of Mexico. In this paper, we present a novel set of observations from a post-event High Water Mark field survey as well as wavelet analysis of in-situ wave data. We also present a qualitative overview of some erosive effects and infrastructure damage. Measured peak surge elevations exceed 5 m, and wave plus surge elevations exceed 6.0 m (NAVD88). High Water Mark observations are consistent within the expected range produced by numerical hindcast models. A wavelet analysis, from one of the few wave records available during the storm, demonstrates the presence of long-period basin mode waves at a 40-min period. The 40-min wave appeared on the wave record before the storm surge, and the peak of this motion also occurred before the peak of the surge. In addition, the wavelet analysis reveals the presence of infragravity wave energy (periods between 30 s and 20 min). Together, these intermediate and long-period waves add over 40 cm to the total water level at peak energy. The measured field data shows a rapidly decreasing surge elevation within the first 300 m from the pre-storm shoreline, and we observe no statistically meaningful attenuation difference between the highly developed shoreline of Fort Myers and the more vegetated shoreline of Sanibel Island. However, the structural survey team observed more infrastructure damage in Fort Myers than Sanibel Island.

The paradoxical policies: Russia's rampant resource quest and the devastating toll on the planet

The Arctic's geopolitical significance and environmental vulnerabilities have sparked global attention. This paper critically analyzes Russia's evolving Arctic policy, which redefines the region as an extension of its domestic territory, emphasizing national interests. This policy shift prioritizes control over the Northern Sea Route, accentuates military fortification, and intertwines environmental rhetoric with resource exploitation. Russia's pursuit of Arctic development juxtaposes its commitment to environmental sustainability, fueling global concerns. Diplomatic rifts within the Arctic Council amplify tensions as Russia navigates a self-serving policy. Examining the Northern Sea Route's economic potential versus environmental impacts highlights the dilemma of increased shipping in ecologically sensitive zones. The militarization of the Arctic, showcased by Russia's bolstered defense measures, challenges regional security dynamics and amplifies diplomatic strains. Russia's policy inadvertently accelerates the collapse of the Arctic cryosphere, posing catastrophic threats from permafrost melting and potential viral pandemics. Furthermore, the paper delves into the environmental and public health repercussions of the conflict in Ukraine, detailing widespread pollution, infrastructural damage, and health crises. The collateral environmental damage from dam destruction exacerbates existing humanitarian concerns. This analysis underscores the intricate interplay between national interests, environmental sustainability, and global ramifications in shaping the Arctic's future.

RESEARCH OF TRANSPORT SUPPLY OF METALLURGICAL INDUSTRY BY RAILWAY TECHNOLOGICAL ROUTES

Purpose. In the conditions of a full-scale war, ensuring the stable functioning of the national economy is one of the strategic tasks. The functioning of the industrial complex, the availability of jobs and the payment of taxes to the state budget are, among other things, part of ensuring the country's defense capability. One of the main branches of Ukraine's economy is the metallurgical industry, so it needs the implementation of measures to ensure reliable and stable work even in conditions of military aggression, constant risks of air strikes and infrastructure damage. In accordance with this, the purpose of the study is to analyze and determine the structure of cargo flows of technological routes of transport service of metallurgical production (on the example of PJSC «Zaporizhstal»). The dynamics of iron ore (iron ore concentrate) and coking coal (coke) transportation volumes by means of transport were studied. Irregularity was investigated and descriptive statistics of daily volumes of transportation of iron ore (iron ore concentrate) and coking coal (coke) for metallurgical production were performed (on the example of PJSC «Zaporizhstal»). Methods. An analysis of the unevenness of the daily volume of goods received for the needs of a metallurgical enterprise (on the example of PJSC «Zaporizhstal») by technological routes of railway transport was carried out. Methods of mathematical statistics, probability theory, theory of transport processes and systems were used. As a result of the analysis of cargo flows arriving at the enterprise, it was established that the distribution of the daily volume of iron ore arriving at the Zaporizhzhia Live station is subject to symmetrical distribution laws with a relatively low variation of 18.4%. The distribution of the random value of the daily volume of coke intake also indicates a certain symmetry with a fairly high probability (59%), and is approximated by a normal distribution. Scientific novelty. As a result of the conducted research, it was established that the approximate density of the distribution of volumes of iron ore (salt-ore concentrate) and coking coal (coke) for metallurgical production (on the example of PJSC «Zaporizhstal» for 2022). Practical significance. The mathematical expectation and the level of correlation of the volumes of iron ore (iron ore concentrate) and coking coal (coke) supply to metallurgical production are established (on the example of PJSC «Zaporizhstal» for 2022). In the future, the obtained results are planned to be used as input data for a simulation model of the functioning of the transport support system of an industrial enterprise.

Harmonisasi Sosial Melalui Pendekatan Religi: Respons Kemanusiaan Bagi Masyarakat Terdampak Letusan Gunung Semeru

Indonesia, known for its geological richness, often experiences natural disasters. One such event was the eruption of Mount Semeru in December 2021 in Lumajang Regency, East Java. The incident posed complex recovery challenges. According to the National Disaster Management Agency (BNPB) report, infrastructure damage reached billions of rupiahs, and thousands of residents were displaced. The challenges extended beyond infrastructure recovery, encompassing the psychological recovery of traumatized residents. Disruptions to the local economy, family separations, and other losses exacerbated the psychosocial burden faced by the affected population. The communities impacted by the eruption of Mount Semeru faced diverse challenges, particularly in religious aspects and the fulfillment of funeral rites (Rukun Kematian). This study highlights the importance of meeting funeral rites needs at every Social Facility (Fasilitas Sosial or Fasos) as a primary foundation for post-disaster recovery. Through collaboration with BNPB, the Social Assistance Program has successfully allocated resources for meeting these needs. Surveys of each Fasos revealed their specific requirements, ranging from funeral equipment to loudspeakers. Technical assistance related to funeral rites was provided by competent practitioners. Although it has shown positive impacts, this research emphasizes the sustainability of assistance as a key factor in the long-term recovery of the affected community. As a recommendation, this assistance should continue, considering the dynamics and changing needs of the community, to ensure ongoing optimal support in facing post-disaster challenges.

Using Keyhole Images to Map Soil Liquefaction Induced by the 1966 Xingtai Ms 6.8 and 7.2 Earthquakes, North China

In March 1966, Ms 6.8 and 7.2 earthquakes occurred in Xingtai, North China, resulting in widespread soil liquefaction that caused severe infrastructure damage and economic losses. Using Keyhole satellite imagery combined with aerial images and fieldwork records, we interpreted and identified 66,442 liquefaction points and analyzed the coseismic liquefaction distribution characteristics and possible factors that influenced the Xingtai earthquakes. The interpreted coseismic liquefaction was mainly concentrated above the IX-degree zone, accounting for 80% of all liquefaction points. High-density liquefaction zones (point density > 75 pieces/km2) accounted for 22% of the total liquefaction points. Most of the interpreted liquefaction points were located at the region with a peak ground acceleration (PGA) of >0.46 g. The liquefaction area on 22 March was significantly larger than that on 8 March. The region of liquefaction was mainly limited by sandy soil conditions, water system conditions, and seismic geological conditions and distributed in areas with loose fine sand and silt deposits, a high water table (groundwater level increases before both mainshocks corresponding to the liquefaction intensive regions), rivers, and ancient river channels. Liquefaction exhibited a repeating characteristic in the same region. Further understanding of the liquefaction characteristics of Xingtai can provide a reference for the prevention of liquefaction in northern China.

Stress distribution and roof subsidence of surrounding strata considering in situ coal conversion and CO2 mineralization backfilling: Photoelastic experiments using 3D-printed models of mining faces and goafs

Coal, a reliable and economical fuel, is expected to remain the primary energy source for power generation for the foreseeable future. However, conventional mining and utilization of coal has caused environmental degradation and infrastructure damage. An in situ coal conversion method has been proposed to mitigate environmental problems and reduce CO2 emissions resulting from coal extraction and utilization. This method involves the in situ conversion and utilization of coal, backfilling of waste rock, and CO2 mineralization to backfill the goaf. In this study, the impact of mining and conversion activities on the surrounding strata was evaluated to ascertain the effectiveness and advantages of the in situ coal conversion method. Transparent stope models were created using three-dimensional printing technology. The stress distribution and deformation characteristics of the surrounding strata were examined using photoelasticity and digital image correlation methods. The results were compared with those obtained using the traditional backfill mining method. The comparison revealed that the disturbance to the surrounding strata was 14.4 times less in the in situ conversion method than in the traditional backfill mining method. Additionally, the disturbance height at the roof and the disturbance depth at the floor were 4.2 and 2.1 times lower, respectively. The roof subsidence in the in situ conversion method was 1.97 times less than that in the traditional backfill mining method. These results confirm the advantages of minimizing the disturbance to surrounding rocks and controlling the subsidence of roof strata.

ADVANCED ANALYSIS TOOLS FOR THE EUROPEAN GROUND MOTION SERVICE DATA

Abstract. This paper is focused on Advanced Differential Interferometric SAR (A-DInSAR). In the first part, the paper describes the European Ground Motion Service (EGMS), a new service of the Copernicus Land Monitoring Service. The EGMS provides consistent, regular, standardized, harmonized and reliable information regarding natural and anthropogenic ground motion over Europe. It is derived from A-DInSAR analysis of Copernicus Sentinel-1 data. The EGMS includes three main products: Basic, i.e. basic deformation maps delivered for individual and consistent frames of image stacks; Calibrated, i.e. deformation map integrated into a reference Global Navigation Satellite System network; and Ortho, which includes the East-West and Up-Down deformation, obtained by combining the ascending and descending results. The second part of the paper describes examples of data analysis. The first one is a clustering of PSI results, which highlights the so-called Active Deformation Areas (ADAs). The second one is an automatic classification of the ADAs. The third analysis concerns the differential deformation maps, which are useful to highlight areas where high deformation gradients occur. Such gradients are often associated to damages in buildings and infrastructures.

Long-lasting household damage from Cyclone Idai increases malaria risk in rural western Mozambique

Cyclone Idai in 2019 was one of the worst tropical cyclones recorded in the Southern Hemisphere. The storm caused catastrophic damage and led to a humanitarian crisis in Mozambique. The affected population suffered a cholera epidemic on top of housing and infrastructure damage and loss of life. The housing and infrastructure damage sustained during Cyclone Idai still has not been addressed in all affected communities. This is of grave concern because storm damage results in poor housing conditions which are known to increase the risk of malaria. Mozambique has the 4th highest malaria prevalence in sub-Saharan Africa and is struggling to control malaria in most of the country. We conducted a community-based cross-sectional survey in Sussundenga Village, Manica Province, Mozambique in December 2019-February 2020. We found that most participants (64%) lived in households that sustained damage during Cyclone Idai. The overall malaria prevalence was 31% measured by rapid diagnostic test (RDT). When controlling for confounding variables, the odds of malaria infection was nearly threefold higher in participants who lived in households damaged by Cyclone Idai nearly a year after the storm. This highlights the need for long-term disaster response to improve the efficiency and success of malaria control efforts.