Property Damage Research Articles

Fire-Net: Rapid Recognition of Forest Fires in UAV Remote Sensing Imagery Using Embedded Devices

Forest fires pose a catastrophic threat to Earth’s ecology as well as threaten human beings. Timely and accurate monitoring of forest fires can significantly reduce potential casualties and property damage. Thus, to address the aforementioned problems, this paper proposed an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) based on a lightweight forest fire recognition model, Fire-Net, which has a multi-stage structure and incorporates cross-channel attention following the fifth stage. This is to enable the model’s ability to perceive features at various scales, particularly small-scale fire sources in wild forest scenes. Through training and testing on a real-world dataset, various lightweight convolutional neural networks were evaluated on embedded devices. The experimental outcomes indicate that Fire-Net attained an accuracy of 98.18%, a precision of 99.14%, and a recall of 98.01%, surpassing the current leading methods. Furthermore, the model showcases an average inference time of 10 milliseconds per image and operates at 86 frames per second (FPS) on embedded devices.

Abstract We012: Sheet like extracellular matrix secreting single cell microvesicles for reprogrammed endothelial cell therapy towards vascular regeneration

To enhance cell survival and engraftment for cell therapy, cell encapsulated injectable biomaterials have been widely used. However, the challenges were hypoxia and nutrient shortage in the core, inflammatory cell infiltration and limited distribution of cells from injection sites. Encapsulation of single cells in sub-100-micron microgels with higher surface to volume ratios provides more efficient oxygen and mass exchange. However, typical production of single-cell-laden microgels by microfluidics devices results in cell damage and compromised biological properties. We hypothesized that stimuli responsive amphiphilic copolymer bearing RGD peptides may self-assemble around single cells induced by cell adhesion moieties would result in single cell microvesicles (MV). A stimuli responsive amphiphilic copolymer GPM (Gelatin Poly glycerol sebacate Methacrylate) was synthesized by grafting hydrophobic synthetic polymer PGS into hydrophilic natural polymer gelatin via methacrylation followed by aza-Michael addition reaction. Single cell microvesicles of endothelial cells (EC-MVs) were fabricated by self-assembly of GPM at room temperature. For in vivo studies, sub-50-micron EC-MVs made of reprogrammed endothelial cells (rECs) were clustered into 200 micron spheres (mGPM) using sodium alginate and injected into a hindlimb ischemia model to investigate cell survival and biological function. The mGPM microspheres functioned as a barrier from immune cell infiltration and also enhanced cellular distribution. The encapsulated rECs were released over 2-4 wks in vivo and were shown robust engraftment, migration, and survival in limb tissues, promoting blood flow recovery and sustained vascular regeneration over 6 months. Interestingly, in in vitro culture, rEC-MVs secreted sheet like extra cellular matrix (ECM) which appeared to make an important role for vessel formation (neovascularization) in vivo (Figure 1). The current study clearly demonstrated the favorable biological applicability of GPM single cell MVs toward vascular regeneration by reprogrammed ECs.

Extreme Weather Injuries and Fatalities, 2006 to 2021

Extreme weather has major implications for state and national health care systems; however, statistics examining weather-related injuries and fatalities are limited. To examine the frequency and regional distribution of major disaster events (MDEs) in the US. This ecologic cross-sectional study of MDEs occurring between January 1, 2006, and December 31, 2021, evaluated US data on all injuries and fatalities included in the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration National Centers for Environmental Information Storm Events Database. The data analysis was performed between February 22, 2023, and April 1, 2024. Major disaster events defined as an environmental event that caused either at least 50 injuries or at least 10 deaths. All MDEs were evaluated using descriptive statistics for event type, property damage, and rural or urban classification according to the National Centers for Health Statistics Urban-Rural Classification Scheme for Counties. The location of events according to Administration for Strategic Preparedness and Response (ASPR) region and hospital bed capacity of ASPR regions were also examined. Between 2006 and 2021, 11 159 storm events caused 42 254 injuries and 9760 deaths. Major disaster events accounted for 209 weather events (1.9%) but caused 19 463 weather-associated injuries (46.1%) and 2189 weather-associated deaths (22.4%). The majority of MDEs were caused by extreme heat (86 [41.1%]) and tornadoes (67 [32.1%]). While a larger proportion of MDEs occurred in urban areas (151 [75.1%]) vs rural areas (50 [24.9%]), rural MDEs caused a median of 9 (IQR, 2-16) deaths per event vs 4 (IQR, 0-14) deaths per event in urban areas. The majority of MDEs occurred in either ASPR region 4 (51 [24.5%]) or region 9 (45 [21.6%]). Certain event types, such as fires, wind, and hurricanes or storms, were geographically concentrated, while extreme heat and floods affected regions across the US equally. Urban counties had disproportionately greater hospital bed capacity than rural counties relative to population and MDE distributions. The findings of this ecologic study indicate that while MDEs accounted for a small proportion of all weather events, they were associated with a disproportionate number of injuries and fatalities. Integrating these data into county, state, and regional hazard vulnerability analyses is crucial to ensuring preparedness and mitigating climate risk.

Automated gas-controlled cooker system design and implementation

Cooking from ancient times has evolved from using open fires to wood, gas cookers, using liquefied petroleum gas (LPG). This has also come with various adverse effects ranging from gas leakages to burnt food due to absent-mindedness, thereby creating a significant disaster that could lead to loss of life and property damage. The study aimed to reduce the rate of liquefied petroleum gas related accidents in domestic usage and improve the safety of domestic gas users. An automated method to enforce safety was proposed to avoid unwanted cooking gas flow consequences, especially in homes. The paper presents a control system using an Arduino Uno with a control design interfaced with a utensil sensor, solenoid valve, and a timer circuit to allow gas flow to commence and ignite a flame automatically. The automatic ignition apparatus, which has a high-voltage electric circuit, begins to function once the utensil detector comes in contact with silverware. The system is designed to function in different modes to ensure safety and prevent gas flow. The prototype serves as a means of curbing gas wastage and increasing the safety of people who use LPG as a source of fuel for cooking.

Research on seeds compression‐structural damage and castor oil extraction mechanism with in situ observation

AbstractCastor oil has attracted large attention for wide applications, including lubrication oil and bioenergy resources. Castor seeds mechanical pressing is widely used for oil extraction. To better research castor seeds mechanical‐structural damage behavior and oil extraction mechanism during extrusion, a self‐developed mechanical pressing test setup combined with in situ observation is built for oil output behavior. Influencing factors of working pressure, speed, temperature and creep time on oil outflow were investigated. The results indicate that seeds squeezing extraction can be divided into three stages, preloading, oil discharging, compressing consolidation stage, matching with pressing cake structural evolution. As working pressure increases, oil yield shows an upper parabola relation with pressure. When pressure exceeding 25 MPa, castor oil yield increasing tends to stabilize, reaching 38%. Speed effect showed down parabola relation on oil yield, opposite to stress factor. Creep time promoted oil output with upper parabola within 720 s. When temperature below 120°C, a linear increasing relation on oil yield presents. Oil yield decreases when above 120°C. This research provides in‐depth theoretical guidance for industrial castor oil extraction.Practical ApplicationsCastor seeds are rich in oil content. Extracted castor oil has been widely used for industrial applications such as biodiesel, lubricants, medicine. Mechanical extraction working parameters optimization can improve oil yield of castor seeds. The research provides a basic working optimization for castor seeds oil extraction. Castor oil has unique properties and has been proved to be a high promising renewable and independent energy sources. Compared with solvent oil extraction, mechanical oil pressing extraction method has higher oil quality and safety. The mechanical extracted oil is pure without organic solvent. In the research, castor seeds compression‐structural damage property and oil extraction mechanism were studied. Besides, the influence factors including compression pressure, speed, temperature and creep time are analyzed, working optimization for castor seeds oil extraction. The research provides important reference value for the mechanical pressing process and mechanical design of castor seeds in the practical applications.

The influence of social identity on attitudes toward wildlife.

Wildlife conservation depends on supportive social as well as biophysical conditions. Social identities such as hunter and nonhunter are often associated with different attitudes toward wildlife. However, it is unknown whether dynamics within and among these identity groups explain how attitudes form and why they differ. To investigate how social identities help shape wildlife-related attitudes and the implications for wildlife policy and conservation, we built a structural equation model with survey data from Montana (USA) residents (n=1758) that tested how social identities affect the relationship between experiences with grizzly bears (Ursus arctos horribilis) and attitudes toward the species. Model results (r2=0.51) demonstrated that the hunter identity magnified the negative effect of vicarious property damage on attitudes toward grizzly bears (β=-0.381, 95% confidence interval [CI]: -0.584 to -0.178, p<0.001), which in turn strongly influenced acceptance (β=-0.571, 95% CI: -0.611 to -0.531, p<0.001). Our findings suggested that hunters' attitudes toward grizzly bears likely become more negative primarily because of in-group social interactions about negative experiences, and similar group dynamics may lead nonhunters to disregard the negative experiences that out-group members have with grizzly bears. Given the profound influence of social identity on human cognitions and behaviors in myriad contexts, the patterns we observed are likely important in a variety of wildlife conservation situations. To foster positive conservation outcomes and minimize polarization, management strategies should account for these identity-driven perceptions while prioritizing conflict prevention and promoting positive wildlife narratives within and among identity groups. This study illustrates the utility of social identity theory for explaining and influencing human-wildlife interactions.

A conditional reasoning test for risk and incident propensity: Development and validation.

The present study outlines the development and initial validation of a conditional reasoning test for risk and incident propensity (CRT-RIP). Individuals carry with them a wide array of experiences, attitudes, and dispositions that may influence their proneness for risk-taking and incident involvement. Yet, measuring risk propensity has proven challenging due to the high levels of transparency found in the self-report measures that are presently available. We initially developed 28 conditional reasoning items to measure risk and incident propensity. With four developmental samples, we evaluated item characteristics. After applying item decision guidelines for conditional reasoning tests, we retained 14 items. Using three test samples and with the 14-item CRT-RIP, we assessed predictive and incremental validity over five-factor personality traits and an explicit, self-report measure of risk propensity. With one final sample, we provided further validation of the 14-item CRT-RIP. Findings demonstrate initial success in predicting various safety behaviors and outcomes. Ability to measure risk propensity and to predict safety behaviors is valuable because of the profound consequences that may proceed failure to enact safety behaviors including property damage, injury, illness, or even death. We discuss potential applications and suggest directions for future research. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Study of The Ruling of The Shipping Court in Burning Boat Accidents That Impact Losses Passenger as Consumers

Introduction: Passenger ship accidents frequently occur in Indonesian waters, resulting in injuries and fatalities. Unfortunately, the affected individuals only receive partial compensation from their travel insurance and are not granted full compensation under their consumer rights as outlined in Act Number 8 year of 1999 about Consumer Protection. This leaves them feeling disheartened about reclaiming their lost possessions.Purposes of the Research: The article delves into the legal rights of passengers impacted by sea transportation accidents, covering physical injury, loss of life, and property damage. The Shipping Court conducted a thorough investigation into the incident involving KM Express Cantika 77 on October 24, 2022, with a strong focus on uncovering the cause and implications.Methods of the Research: With normative juridical research methods, and based on literature data and the decision of the Shipping Court in the case of the burning of the Ferry KM Express Cantika 77 on October 24 2022 at 13.20 WITA in Naikliu Waters. By analyzing using a qualitative approach to determine the rights of passengers who got an accident.Results of the Research: The Indonesian Shipping Court decides on passenger ship accident cases only by examining the causes and impacts of the accident. It is recommended that the Shipping Court become a special court, like other special courts such as the Industrial Relations, Fisheries, and Forestry Courts. These reforms will allow the Court to examine and prosecute based on the criminal, civil, and administrative aspects of shipping incidents.

The Application of Remote Sensing Technology in Post-Disaster Emergency Investigations of Debris Flows: A Case Study of the Shuimo Catchment in the Bailong River, China

The Bailongjiang River Basin is a high-risk area for debris flow in China. On 17 August 2020, a debris flow occurred in the Shuimo catchment, Wen County, which blocked the Baishui River, forming a barrier lake and causing significant casualties and property damage. In this study, remote sensing, InSAR, field surveys, and unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) techniques were used to analyze the causal characteristics, material source characteristics, dynamic processes, and disaster characteristics after the debris flow. The results showed that the Shuimo catchment belongs to low-frequency debris flows, with a recurrence cycle of more than 100 years and concealed features. High vegetation coverage (72%) and a long main channel (11.49 km) increase the rainfall-triggering conditions for debris flow occurrence, making it more hidden and less noticed. The Shuimo catchment has a large drainage area of 31.26 km2, 15 tributaries, significant elevation differences of 2017 m, and favorable hydraulic conditions for debris flow. The main sources of debris flow material supply are channel erosion and slope erosion, which account for 84.4% of the total material. The collapse of landslides blocking both sides of the main channel resulted in an amplification of the debris flow scale, leading to the blockage of the Baishui River. The scale of the accumulation fan is 28 × 104 m3, and the barrier lake area is 37.4 × 104 m2. The formation mechanism can be summarized as follows: rainfall triggering → shallow landslides → slope debris flow → channel erosion → landslide damming → dam failure and increased discharge → deposition and river blockage. The results of this study provide references for remote sensing emergency investigation and analysis of similar low-frequency and concealed debris flows, as well as a scientific basis for local disaster prevention and reduction.

Table Disaster Exercise (TDE) Simulation Media For Improving Knowledge Of Nursing Students In Conducting Triage

Disasters are a series of events that disrupt and threaten social life with natural and non-natural causes (human factors) resulting in loss of life, property damage, and psychological impacts. One of the obstacles to overcoming health problems in disaster areas is the lack of knowledge and disaster management skills from nurses and other health workers which has an impact on poor health services. This thing gives the public the impression that medical and nursing personnel are late in responding to all disaster events. The absence of disaster learning during lectures causes graduated nurses to not have adequate knowledge and skills. Tabletop Disaster Exercise (TDE) is one Media to measure preparedness in disaster management by the reactions of training participants through scenarios. Thus, this research aims to determine Tabletop Disaster Exercise (TDE) Simulation Media to Increase Students' Triage Knowledge of Disaster Victims. The Ministry of Health Pangkalpinang Health Polytechnic is one of the higher vocational education institutions having a Nursing study program whose vision is to produce competitive nurse graduates in the emergency field. Students are expected to be equipped with knowledge about providing basic life support and the ability to deal with disasters. This study employed a quasi-experimental method with a non-equivalent control group pre-test and post-test design. The population included all nursing students at the Pangkalpinang Health Polytechnic, with a sample size of 60 respondents identified through non-probability purposive sampling. The sample was divided into two groups: a control group of 30 respondents and a treatment group of 30 respondents. The research instrument was a questionnaire administered before and after the intervention. The dependent variable was the level of student knowledge regarding the use of Tabletop Disaster Exercise (TDE) media.

DO YOU TRUST OUR PUBLIC PROTECTION? EXPLORING ITS MODERATING EFFECT IN THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PERCEIVED SUSCEPTIBILITY AND FLOOD PREPAREDNESS INTENTION

Frequent flooding in Malaysia has resulted in substantial human casualties and property damage. Pahang, situated on East Coast Peninsular Malaysia, is highly susceptible to significant flood events, especially during the monsoon season. Increasing awareness of the susceptibility to catastrophes has been observed to have a positive influence on individuals’ inclination to acquire knowledge and understanding of disaster preparedness, thereby reducing their vulnerability to such events. This research investigated the correlation between perceived susceptibility, flood preparedness intention, and trust in public protection among a sample of 200 residents from the state. The proposed model underwent testing through the application of the structural equation modelling technique, specifically the partial least squares method. The findings revealed a positive relationship between perceived susceptibility and flood preparedness intention, and this relationship weakened with higher levels of trust in public protection. This study aims to contribute to the body of knowledge regarding flood preparedness in Malaysia, particularly in Pahang.Furthermore, this study is anticipated to assist policymakers in formulating specific policies to help individuals deal with flood situations.

Shallow-landslide stability evaluation in loess areas according to the Revised Infinite Slope Model: a case study of the 7.25 Tianshui sliding-flow landslide events of 2013 in the southwest of the Loess Plateau, China

Abstract. The occurrence of shallow loess landslides induced by prolonged heavy rainfall is prevalent in loess-dominated regions, often leading to property damage, human casualties, and sediment pollution. Developing an accurate prediction model for shallow landslides in loess areas is crucial for effective landslide mitigation. In 2013, prolonged heavy rains from 19–25 July triggered mass sliding-flow loess landslides in Tianshui, China. Landslide data, along with the characteristics of the sliding-flow loess landslides, were obtained through extensive field investigations and remote sensing interpretations. The sliding-flow loess landslide event demonstrated clustering, high density, small areas, and long travel distance. The depth of the sliding surface is correlated with the saturated layer resulting from rainfall infiltration; it is typically less than 2 m deep and negatively correlated with slope steepness. Based on the common characteristics of shallow loess landslides, the mechanisms involved in the sliding-flow landslide are proposed. The Revised Infinite Slope Model (RISM) was introduced using an equal differential unit method to address deficiencies when the safety factor remains constant or increases with increasing slope greater than 40°, as calculated using the Taylor slope infinite model. The relationship between the critical depth and the slope of the shallow loess landslide was determined. The intensity–duration (I–D) prediction curve of the rainfall-induced shallow loess landslides for different slopes was constructed and combined with the characteristics of rainfall infiltration for use in forecasting regional shallow loess landslides. Additionally, the influence of loess strength on the shallow loess landslide stability was analyzed. The shallow loess landslide stability responds to slope and cohesion but is not sensitive to the internal friction angle.

Strengthening Community Disaster Education for Disaster Mitigation

Indonesia, particularly Java Island, is highly vulnerable to natural disasters, which have frequently resulted in significant loss of life, property damage, and fatalities. Given this high level of risk, it is crucial to enhance community preparedness to mitigate the impacts of such disasters. This paper highlights the critical role of disaster education in effective disaster mitigation efforts. Utilizing a library research methodology, this study involved a comprehensive review of literature, including books, journals, and secondary data related to disaster education. The findings indicate that there is currently no standardized method for delivering disaster education. Instead, various approaches are employed, including disaster training programs, awareness campaigns, seminars, simulations, and exhibitions. These alternative methods aim to improve public knowledge and preparedness, although a unified and systematic approach is still lacking.

Improving flood susceptibility forecasting with an innovative deep learning approach

Floods are often regarded as one of the natural disasters that cause the greatest damage, properly it is notoriously challenging to effectively estimate and forecast flooding. Loss of lives and properties are damaged due to flood disaster and that also affects the basic needs of people to live, property damage, agricultural and animal loss, failure of infrastructure facilities, and deterioration of health due to waterborne infections. To overcome this problem, we proposed an advanced water wave optimized adaptive generative adversarial network (AWWO-AGAN) method. The purpose of our proposed AWWO-AGAN method is to predict the flood susceptibility in order to rescue people from flood disaster. The research collected rainfall regions dataset in India for flood susceptibility and the collected data is preprocessed using Continuous Wavelet Transform (CWT) to clean the unnecessary data. Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA) method is employed to extract the data features. The simulation findings of the result use a Python tool. The findings demonstrated that the suggested framework performed better than other traditional methods. The metrics used to assess the performance of proposed method in terms of accuracy (96%), Precision (93.25%), sensitivity (94%) and specificity (97%).The parameter of specificity provides a high prediction level of flood susceptibility in suspected areas and the results would be beneficial for real-time flood predictions.

Estimating the loss-reduction effects of disaster preparedness and mitigation: An empirical study of US coastal states.

As extreme weather events like floods and storms continue to increase, it is crucial to examine the degree to which various disaster preparedness and mitigation investments can lower these risks. In this research, we empirically examine the effects of multiple federal disaster aid programs on reducing subsequent flood- and storm-related damages across US coastal states. Our analysis distinguishes aid programs and their funded projects targeting different emergency management functions, including preparedness, nonstructural and structural mitigation, emergency response and protective measures, and rehabilitation of public infrastructure. We construct panel data of more than 1800 US counties over the years 2000-2019 and estimate a fixed-effects model with time-varying county-level socioeconomic and demographic characteristics. We find that disaster aid generally helps mitigate property damages, although this loss-reduction effect varies by program. Among all aid programs, the Emergency Management Performance Grant results in the largest reduction of future flood damages. The Public Assistance grants supporting emergency work are also found to exert a strong effect on risk reduction. We also find that the impacts of disaster aid are higher in coastal counties. Our study is one of the first few examining the resilience implication of disaster aid in coastal counties, and our results underscore the importance of investing in capacity building, contingency planning, and consistency in maintenance.

Next Generation EU Product Liability – For Digital and Other Products

Abstract The new Directive on Product Liability is hard to overestimate, as it is nothing less than a complete overhaul of the 1985 Product Liability Directive (PLD), which still lies at the heart of EU tort law. One focus of the reform act is the challenge posed by digital transformation. To accommodate the new category of digital devices, the concept of product is widened so as to include software and related services, and the strict ex ante perspective for the finding of product defect is attenuated to account for continued control of the manufacturer post-marketing. Further to broadening the scope of application, the protective perimeter of the Directive is expanded, namely to include data used for private purposes. The second focus of the reform act, of at least equal importance, are changes to the liability regime for products of any kind, regardless of their digital nature or elements. Thus, e-commerce intermediaries such as platforms are ushered into the scope of the Directive as new defendants, alongside manufacturers, importers, and distributors. With a view to quantum, the € 500 retention for property damage had to go, together with the authority of the Member States to impose a cap on liability under the Directive. Unfortunately, there was no time to revisit the foundations of product liability. Thus, the new Directive holds on to the consumer protection gospel of product liability and excludes commercial property from the scope of protection, even though there is no good reason to discriminate against business interests. As before, national law must and will step in to fill in the gaps in Union law, perpetuating the double-track liability systems that the 1985 Directive helped to create.

Experimental research on damage characteristics of red sandstone under the combined action of temperature, water and stress

In order to study the damage properties of red sandstone under combined action of temperature, water and stress, the uniaxial compression test was carried out for red sandstone after immersing in water for 0.5 h, 1 h and 3 h at 25 ℃, 55 ℃, 85 ℃ and 95 ℃, the mechanical properties, characteristic stress points, acoustic emission RA-AF parameters and failure forms of red sandstone were analyzed, the damage constitutive equation was established, and the damage properties of red sandstone were studied. The results showed: (1) temperature could significantly improve the saturated water content percentage of red sandstone. With the increase of temperature, the saturated water content percentage showed a trend of increase first and then decrease, and was the largest at 55 ℃; with the increase of temperature, the mechanical parameters (peak intensity, elasticity modulus, and stress at start point of expansion) decreased first and then increased, and was the smallest at 55 ℃; (2) the ratio of crack initiation stress to peak stress (σci/σf) initially increases and then decreases with rising temperatures for the same soaking duration. Conversely, it initially decreases and then increases with extended soaking time at the same temperature. The RA-AF acoustic emission signals predominantly occur in the tensile region at each stage account for a relatively large proportion, with the proportion of signals in the shear region significantly increasing as soaking time extends, corresponding well with the observed damage patterns. (3) By considering the damage due to temperature and water as Initial damage to red sandstone and the damage due to stress as load-induced damage, a damage variable based on the Weibull distribution function was established. The comprehensive damage constitutive equation derived from this can be applied to water-saturated red sandstone below 100 ℃. The findings provide theoretical reference for practical engineering applications.

The impact of increased risk on civil liability for property damage

In the article, the author substantiates the expediency of liability even in the absence of fault for damage caused by activities or objects that carry an increased risk of causing property damage to other subjects. It is noted that civil legislation consists mainly of norms aimed at positive regulation, establishing the rules of lawful behavior. The will and awareness of the fulfillment of duties, laid down in the norms of civil legislation, are directed precisely at lawful behavior. The will and awareness as prerequisites for the entry of persons into the civil circulation determine legal regulation and give the behavior of persons, in accordance with the established norm, legal significance. The possibility of choice, which a person realizes in the permitted activity, is connected with the will. In turn, choice is often directly or relatively based on risk as an element of decision making. In the course of the study, a conclusion was formed that in accordance with the distributive manifestation of the principle of justice of tort liability in civil law (distributive justice), the distribution of burdens and benefits of useful, but risky types of activities should take place as follows. The one who receives the benefits and has to bear the burden is the price of co-existence in the social world. It is unfair if the subject of risky activity will transfer the burden of loss from such activity to the victims, leaving only the benefit behind. Normative ascertainment in a number of cases of no-fault liability is dictated precisely by the just desire to restore the violated property sphere of the victim at the expense of the person who caused the damage, who risked engaging in an activity that creates an increased danger for others, and who was aware that the implementation of this activity could lead to accidental damage. It should be noted that the above-mentioned arguments for the implementation of the principle of justice, according to which «the one who increases the danger for those present above the usual level through his activities, must also bear responsibility for this increase», are also relevant in the course of defining other types of special torts. Particularly in cases of civil liability in the field of providing medical services. A certain medical activity carried out using X-ray or laser devices, to a large extent, always contains an increased risk of unforeseen complications due to the impossibility of full control over it by medical professionals; therefore it is quite appropriate to attribute such activity to the source of increased danger.

Impact of post-ion implantation annealing on Se-hyperdoped Ge

Hyperdoped germanium (Ge) has demonstrated increased sub-bandgap absorption, offering potential applications in the short-wavelength-infrared spectrum (1.0–3.0 μm). This study employs ion implantation to introduce a high concentration of selenium (Se) into Ge and investigates the effects of post-implantation annealing techniques on the recovery of implantation damage and alterations in optical properties. We identify optimal conditions for two distinct annealing techniques: rapid thermal annealing (RTA) at a temperature of 650 °C and ultrafast laser heating (ULH) at a fluence of 6 mJ/cm2. The optimized ULH process outperforms the RTA method in preserving high doping profiles and achieving a fourfold increase in sub-bandgap absorption. However, RTA leads to regrowth of single crystalline Ge, while ULH most likely leads to polycrystalline Ge. The study offers valuable insights into the hyperdoping processes in Ge for the development of advanced optoelectronic devices.

Influence of Xe+ and Ga+ milling species on the cathodoluminescence of wurtzite and zincblende GaN

III-nitride materials, such as GaN and its alloys, are essential for modern microelectronics and optoelectronics due to their unique properties. Focused ion beam (FIB) techniques play a crucial role in their prototyping and characterization at the micro- and nanoscale. However, conventional FIB milling with Ga ions presents challenges, including surface amorphization and point defect introduction, prompting the exploration of alternative ion sources. Xenon-based inductively coupled plasma or plasma FIB has emerged as a promising alternative, offering reduced damage and better sample property preservation. Despite extensive research on FIB-induced damage in GaN, systematic comparisons between Ga and Xe ion milling on the luminescence characteristics of GaN remain limited. This study aims to fill this gap by evaluating and comparing the extent of FIB-induced damage caused by Ga and Xe ions in wurtzite and zincblende GaN through cathodoluminescence measurements. Our findings indicate that Xe ion milling yields higher integrated intensities compared to Ga ion milling, attributed to shallower implantation depths and reduced lattice disorder. We also observe a decrease in integrated intensity with increasing ion beam acceleration voltage for both wurtzite and zincblende GaN layers. This study provides valuable insights into optimizing FIB-based sample preparation techniques for III-nitride materials, with implications for enhancing device performance and reliability.