Dam Station Research Articles

Using continuous online monitoring measurements to determine the Serayu River’s water quality status

Abstract The Serayu River is a national strategic river that provides essential water to local water companies, industrial operations, agriculture, and household irrigation in the surrounding community. The Serayu River’s condition is currently deteriorating due to erosion and pollution. The primary goal of this investigation is to quantify the Serayu River’s water pollution. Data from continuous online monitoring stations at Wanganaji Dam (upstream) and Gerak Serayu Dam (downstream) will be used to assess temperature, DO, pH, TDS, DHL), turbidity, and ammonia levels. The research methodology for this study included descriptive statistical analysis and the STORET method, which is based on the regulatory framework established in the Republic of Indonesia by Ministerial Decree Number 115 of 2003 and Government Regulation Number 22 of 2021. The results show that the water quality upstream of the Serayu River (Wanganaji Dam Station) partially meets most of the measured parameters while still meeting the required quality standards. Meanwhile, the water quality in the downstream part of the Serayu River (Gerak Serayu Dam Station) has DO values (3.68-4.98 mg/L), turbidity (36.78-95.48 mg/L) that exceed the required quality standards. The water quality at the Serayu River’s two dams ranges from moderate to heavily polluted.

Disaggregation Model of Tigris River Inflow into a Proposed Makhol Reservoir Using Parametric Approach

Since Makhol dam is planned to be constructed on Tigris River to the north of Baiji discharge measurement station, it is essential to study the nature of inflow into this reservoir. The information concerning this inflow is of great help in operating and management of the prospective reservoir. From our point of view, it is necessary to know how these inflows are distributed and contributed to Tigris from different upstream sources. Disaggregation flow models are stochastic generation techniques, that used to divided data into lower time scales from higher time scales using parametric approaches with two main categories: spatial and temporal. In the streamflow disaggregation model, historical data statistics (mean, skewness, standard deviation, maximum, and minimum) can be preserved while distributing single-site values to several sites in space and time. In this study, the aggregated streamflows data at a key station will be disaggregated into a corresponding series of discharges at sub-stations that are statistically similar to those observed by applying Stochastic Analysis Modeling and Simulation (SAMS 2010) software. To investigate the appropriate the disaggregation method for modeling monthly flow data, we used the annual and monthly data flow of five gauging stations in the Tigres River in Iraq (Mosul Dam station on Tigris river, Asmawah on AlKhazir river, Eski Kalak on Upper Zab, Dibs Dam on Lower Zab, and Baiji station on Tigris river) for the duration 2000–2020. The application approach's statistical outcomes were contrasted with their historical counterparts and the results showed that most years and months at all stations were in good agreement with the historical data. Therefore, we argue that this method have ability to be used when making decisions about water management strategies in these regions which is essential for water resource managers and decision makers.

Analysis of the reality of electric power service in the right side of the city of Mosul, a study of urban geography

After studying the reality of electric power service, which is the backbone of the development of cities and their civilized, technological and economic progress after their recent entry into the various fields of life. By reviewing the service reality of this sector in the study area, the results showed that there is a significant lack of infrastructure in electrical power services from major and secondary stations with voltage 11/33/132/400 K.V. as a result of the significant destruction of its infrastructure. Which was the reason why the study area was unable to benefit from the energy generated from the Mosul dam station, which made there a significant shortage of this service towards the population and covered the annual increase of energy required for the study area.

Features of cathode-anion composition of water in the reservoir subject to anthropogenic contamination

The assessment of the ionic composition and water quality in the Troitsky reservoir of Chelyabinsk region (Russia) was given. Water samples were taken from headstream (station 1), central (station 2) and dam (station 3) parts of the reservoir from the average level in spring (May), summer (July), autumn (September) in the period of 2019-2020. It was established that the mineral composition of water and its ecological safety depends on the season of the year and the movement of the water mass from the headstream to the dam. The highest level of ions is found in spring water samples due to flood water ingress, the smallest - in summer and autumn due to their inclusion in biota life processes. Maximum ion levels are present in water samples from the headwaters and decreases during the water movement towards the dam. In terms of metals' index for chromium (VI), manganese (excluding the year of 2019), iron and nickel, water corresponds to the “slightly polluted” category; cadmium and lead — “clean”; aluminum, copper, and zinc - “clean”. By the WPI magnitude regardless of the season of the year and the sampling point, the water belongs to the 3rd quality class “moderately polluted”. Being ampholytes, lead, aluminum, and zinc in water with a weakly alkaline medium reaction increase their reactivity and due to this directly affect not only the concentration of each other, but also the level of iron, nickel, and copper. The variability formation of cathode-anion composition of water in the reservoir based on PCA results is by 86.2% due to the influence of natural and anthropogenic factors. Priority water pollutants (chromium (VI), nickel, manganese) enter the reservoir from specific anthropogenic sources, as evidenced by the ranking of indicators by residual unexplained variance value.

An integrated approach for assessing surface water quality: Case of Beni Haroun dam (Northeast Algeria).

In this paper, we use an integrated approach to carry out a comprehensive evaluation of water quality in the Beni Haroun (BH) dam, the largest surface water resource in Algeria. Several techniques have been employed under the same framework, including the Canadian Council Ministers Environment Water Quality Index (CCME-WQI), principal component analysis and factor analysis (PCA/FA), the K-means clustering, and the ordinary least square (OLS) analysis. A data set of 22 physicochemical parameters has been collected, over a period of 11 years, from three sampling stations: Ain Smara (ST1) and Menia (ST2), both located upstream of "Wadi Rhumel," and BH dam station (ST3), located at the dam site. The PCA/FA enables the identification of seven key factors that influence significantly BH dam water quality. The average values of CCME indices at the BH dam were 17, 40, 42, and 32 for drinking, irrigation, industry, and aquatic life purposes, respectively, which indicate poor water quality, according to the CCME categorization scheme. Besides, the K-means algorithm has been proven to be a very useful machine learning tool to detect that the major source of BH dam pollution is "Wadi Rhumel." Finally, OLS analysis, along with the Mann-Kendall test, highlighted the positive trend of BH dam's water quality.

Влияние изменения климата на температуру в провинции Хузестан

The effect of climate changes on mean annual air temperature (MAAT) with AOGCM models in Khuzestan province in Iran is investigated in this study. Seven models of AR4 AOGCM models including HADCM3, CNRMCM3, CSIROMK3.0, GFDLCM2.0, INMCM3.0, IPSLCM4, and BCM2.0 for future period (2040–2069) under A2, B1 and A1B emission scenarios is considered with respect to observed period (1982–2011). For downscaling AOGCMs data, LARS-WG model was used. Investigation of (MAAT) in 9 selected stations during 1982 to 2011 years showed increasing trend of mean slop in all stations. Maximum and minimum increasing changes occurred under A2 scenario in Shahid abbaspour Dam and Dezful stations with 2.1 °C and B1 scenario in Abadan station with 1.3 °C and A1B scenario in Abadan station with 1.9 °C. Spatial analysis of (MAAT) under two GHG emission scenarios for whole of Khuzestan province showed increasing changes from northwest to southeast of study area. The results has also showed that there are more uncertainties in AOGCM models than emission scenarios.

Evaluation of a new e-learning resource for calibrating OSCE examiners on the use of rating scales.

Rating scales have been described as better at assessing behaviours such as professionalism during Objective Structured Clinical Examinations (OSCEs). However, there is an increased need to train and calibrate staff on their use prior to student assessment. An online e-learning package was developed and made available to all examiners at the Institute of Dentistry at the University of Aberdeen. The package included videos of three OSCE stations (medical emergency, rubber dam placement and handling a complaint) which were recorded in two different scenarios; (excellent and unsatisfactory candidate). These videos were recorded to meet a pre-defined marking score. The examiners were required to mark the six videos using pre-set marking criteria (checklist and rating scales). The rating scales included professionalism, general clinical ability and/or communication skills. For each video, examiners were given four possible options (unsatisfactory, borderline, satisfactory or excellent), and they were provided with a description for each domain. They were also required to complete a questionnaire to gather their views on the use of this e-learning environment. Fifteen examiners completed the task. The total scores given were very similar to the expected scores for the medical emergency and complaint stations; however, this was not the case for the rubber dam station (P-value .017 and .036). This could be attributed to some aspects of the placement of the rubber dam being unclear as commented on in the examiners questionnaires. There was consistency in the selection of marks on the rating scales (inter-examiner correlation ranged between 0.916 and 0.979). Further studies are required on the field of e-learning training to calibrate examiners for practical assessment; however, this study provides preliminary evidence to support the use of videos as part of an online training package to calibrate OSCE examiners on the use of rating scales.

GEOMETRIC ASPECTS EVALUATION OF GNSS CONTROL NETWORK FOR DEFORMATION MONITORING IN THE JATIGEDE DAM REGION

Many factors led to dam construction failure so that deformation monitoring activities is needed in the area of the dam. Deformation monitoring is performed in order to detect a displacement at the control points of the dam. Jatigede Dam deformation monitoring system has been installed and started to operate, but there has been no evaluation of the geometry quality of control networks treated with IGS points for GNSS networks processing. Therefore, this study aims to evaluate the geometric quality of GNSS control networks on deformation monitoring of Jatigede Dam area. This research data includes the GNSS measurements of five CORS Jatigede Dam stations (R01, GG01, GCP04, GCP06, and GCP08) at doy 233 with network configuration scenarios of 12 IGS points on two quadrants (jat1), three quadrants (jat2), and four quadrants (jat3 and jat4). GNSS networks processing was done by GAMIT to obtain baseline vectors, followed by network processing usingparameter method of least squares adjustment. Networks processing with least squares adjustment aims to determine the most optimal by precision and reliability criterion. Results of this study indicate that network configuration with 12 IGS stations in the two quadrants provides the most accurate coordinates of CORS dam stations. Standard deviations value of CORS station given by jat1 configuration are in the range of 2.7 up to 4.1 cm in X-Z components, whereas standard deviations in the Y component are in the range 5.8 up to 6.9 cm. An optimization assessment based on network strength, precision, and reliability factors shows optimum configuration by jat1.

Genetics of Threshold Characters and Distribution Cow Calving Traits in Holstein Friesian Cattle at Holeta Bull Dam Station, Ethiopia

Data collected from at Holeta Bull Dam Station from 118 sires and 902 dams were used to asses distribution of threshold traits as affected by sire variance and calving traits cows. The traits studied were type of birth (normal, abnormal), sex ratio, and female calves reached to age at first calving. Variance analyses were made to estimate effect of sire variances and repeatability of cows on the above threshold traits. The result showed that from the total of 1223 female births, 67.7% reached to productive age. Sire affected type of birth (P<0.05), sex ratio (P<0.01), and female calves reaching to productive age (P<0.0001). The distribution of calf production traits of cows showed that 30.8% of cows calved only once, 27.7% calved abnormal births at least once in their life time and 27.3% left the herd without producing any female progeny. The probability of a cow repeating abnormal birth, given the previous birth was abnormal, was very high (0.96). It is commendable to test semen for genetic disorder other than milk yield trait to expand dairy production in the country. The number of female calves reaching to productive age can be increased through introduction of sound reproductive management and improving survivability of calves.

Estimating the volume of water losses from the Euphrates River for agricultural activity between the Indian and Nasiriyah dam stations

The water losses of the agricultural activity mean the difference between the (theoretical) or optimal water requirements of the plant and the actual processing in the field. Determining the size of these water losses has a significant impact on determining the amount of possible utilization of the vital water resource. The need of the study area of ​​water in the agricultural activity includes the need of the two agricultural activities, plant and animal, and this need varies depending on the size of the water needed by one crop and therefore the total crops. This need varies according to the degree of economic and social development of this or that region on the one hand

낙동강 중, 하류 및 덕동호의 시·공간적 남조류 군집 특성

Temporal and spatial characteristics of cyanobacterial communities at the monitoring stations for Harmful Algal Bloom Alert System (HABAS) in Nakdong River and Lake Dukdong were investigated for two years (2013 to 2014). A total of 30 cyanobacterial species from 14 genera were found at the survey stations. Microcystis sp. showed maximum cell density in the total cyanobacterial community in August, 2014 at ND-2 and in September, 2013 at ND-3 station. Lynbya limnetica and Geitlerinema sp., non-target species for alert criteria showed maximum cell density at ND-1 (August, 2013) and Dam station of Lake Dukdong (September, 2014), respectively. Total cyanobacterial cell density and the relative abundance of four target genera (Microcystis, Anabaena, Aphanizomenon and Oscillatoria spp.) for alert criteria was relatively lower in the mesotrophic Lake Dukdong than at the eutrophic riverine stations of Nakdong River, indicating cyanobacterial density and the RA of target genera is affected by the trophic state of the monitoring stations. Simulating the alert system using phycocyanin concentration as an alert criterion resulted in the longer period of alert issued compared to the period of alert issued using the current criterion of harmful cyanobacterial cell density due to the influence of phycocyanin concentration from non-target cyanobacterial species.

Estimation of Sediment Load from West Bank Valleys to Mosul Dam Reservoir

The estimation of sediment yields from watersheds is an important factor in studies, design and operation of hydraulic structures. Due to the rare of measured values of runoff and sediments load, the Water Erosion Prediction Project (WEPP) which is work under the Geographical Information System (GIS) to be GeoWEPP was applied to estimate the runoff, sediment load and sediment concentration that enters the Mosul DamReservoir from the western bank.Mosul Dam located on Tigris River, north of Iraq which is one of the biggestmulti purposes dam for irrigation, power generation, and flood control. The runoff and sediment loads are estimated for the years 1994-2012 based on daily data of rainfall depth of the Mosul Dam Station. The estimated average sediment load for the considered period were, 17.4, 1.5and 1.1*103Tons for the three mainly basins Swedy, Carnold and Al-Salam respectively.This mean that the total sediment load entered the reservoir for the for the considered period is 380*103 ton, while the volume of this sediments is 317*103 m3 if we considered that all the sediment deposits in the reservoir with trap efficiency 100%. Key words: Mosul Dam, Surface runoff, Sediment yield.

Statistical and trend analyses of rainfall: a case study of Bharathapuzha river basin, Kerala, India

This study aims to determine trends in the annual and seasonal total rainfall over Bharathapuzha catchment of Kerala using 33 years (1976–2008) of monthly rainfall data at four raingauge stations (Eruthempathy, Mangalam dam, Thrithala, and Malampuzha dam). The procedure is based on the nonparametric Mann–Kendall test for the trend and the nonparametric Sen’s method for the magnitude of the trend. From Mann–Kendall analysis for annual rainfall and southwest monsoon rainfall, a positive trend was observed for Eruthempathy and Malampuza dam stations. However, at all four stations considered, a negative trend was observed for the northeast monsoon rainfall, positive trend for nonmonsoon rainfall and premonsoon except at Eruthempathy. From Sen’s analysis, it was observed for an annual rainfall series a maximum increase of rainfall at Malampuza dam by 1.55 mm/year and a maximum reduction at Thrithala station by −5.80 mm/year. For southwest monsoon, a maximum increase of 2.09 mm/year at Eruthempathy station, and a maximum reduction of −9.81 mm/year observed at Thrithala station. On the other hand, a maximum reduction of −2.63 mm/year observed at Mangalam Dam station for northeast monsoon. For nonmonsoon, a maximum increase of 0.85 mm/year observed at Malampuza Dam and 2.20 mm/year at Thrithala. A similar trend observed from liner regression analysis, existed for annual and seasonal rainfall series estimated by Mann–Kendall Z statistics and Sen’s Slope method. Overall trend analysis for annual rainfall reveals stations in the north and east shows an increasing trend and stations in the south and west a decreasing trend. Current study will direct the future planning and management of water resources at Bharathapuzha river basin.

WATER QUALITY IN THE GHESHLAGH RESERVOIR (IRAN) AND DOWNSTREAM THE DAM

In 1979, the Gheshlagh river continuum was affected by the construction of Gheshlagh dam. More than three decades after presence and operation of this dam, there is a necessity to evaluate water quality in Gheshlagh reservoir. Therefore, water quality data was determined monthly from October 2008 to September 2009, to evaluate the impact of Gheshlagh dam presence and operation on the reservoir's water quality. Eight parameters were analyzed (dissolved oxygen, biological oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand, ammonia nitrogen, mercury, lead, arsenic and fluorine) to evaluate water quality status at five sampling stations. Four sampling stations were located in the reservoir (stations A, B, C and D) and one sampling station was located downstream the dam (station E). Estimated organic pollution index showed that the most remote station situated at 7.2 km upstream the dam (station A) had a non-polluted status. In sampling station D, the organic pollution index reached the highest pollution level (3.8), whereas in sampling station E the value of this index was lower (3.4) than that at station D. Additionally, water toxicity was mainly explained by the presence of mercury (9*10(-4) mg l(-1)) that was occurred in a concentration of 9 times higher than the its maximum acceptable concentration proposed by the World Health Organization. In general, the water quality in the Gheshlagh reservoir is lower than that in the downstream of the dam.

Studying temperature component variations in relation with the increase of the atmosphere carbon dioxide in Fars province, Iran

This study has attempted to survey the relationship between temperature variations in Fars province and the variation in the rate of carbon dioxide emitted into the atmosphere. For this purpose, the temperature data (mean, minimum and maximum) of Shiraz, Abadeh, Lar, Doroodzan dam, Zarghan and Fasa stations, were extracted from Iran Meteorology Organization in a 15-year statistical period (1990-2005). First, the going trend in the temperature data of the above stations was studied. Then the relation between the rate of atmosphere carbon dioxide as registered in Manaloa station with the temperature parameters of these stations have been evaluated by using two-variable correlation and linear regression in both monthly and annual scale. The obtained results indicate that three parameters of mean, minimum and maximum temperature have the rising trend in all stations, among which the minimum temperature has allocated the highest rate of increase to itself. Furthermore, the results indicate that the highest correlation between the atmosphere carbon dioxide and temperature parameters is related to the months of February, March and October that the minimum temperature has allocated the highest correlation coefficient in both monthly and annual scale. Also, among the studied stations, the minimum temperature of Fasa station has the most significant coefficient with the rate of atmosphere carbon dioxide.

Forecasting daily stream flows using artificial intelligence approaches

This study compares three different artificial intelligence approaches, namely, gene expression programming (GEP), adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) and artificial neural networks (ANNs), in daily stream flow forecasting of Alavian Dam Station on the Soofi-Cahi River in the Northwestern Iran. The study demonstrates that the optimal results were obtained from the triple-input models, including stream flows of current and 2 previous days, and that the GEP model performed better than the ANN and ANFIS models in daily stream flow forecasting. It was found that the optimal GEP model with coefficient of determination R 2 = 0.924, root mean square error = 0.908 m3/s and scatter index = 0.354 in the test stage was superior in forecasting daily stream flow to the optimal ANN and ANFIS models.

극치호우사상에 기초한 설계강우의 지속기간

설계강우의 지속기간은 수공설계에서 고려해야할 가장 중요한 인자 중의 하나이지만 이와 관련해서 연구성과의 부족은 효과적인 설계를 어렵게 하는 요인이 되고 있다. 우리나라의 수공설계에서는 첨두홍수량을 구하기 위해 임계지속기간을 고려하고 있다. 이를 위해 다양한 지속기간별로 유출계산을 실시하고 가장 큰 첨두홍수량이 얻어지는 지속기간을 설계강우의 지속기간으로 설정하고 있다. 이와 관련하여 이러한 방법론이 적절한지를 관측극치호우를 기초로 평가한 연구는 찾아보기 어렵다. 본 연구에서는 설계호우의 지속기간을 평가하기 위해 연최대호우사상 계열과 댐유역의 강우유출자료를 평가하였으며 그 결과는 다음과 같다. 우리나라에서 극치호우 사상들이 보여주는 가장 빈번한 지속기간은 24시간 내외였다. 한편, 유역면적과 강우의 지속기간은 뚜렷한 경향성을 가지고 있지 않았으며 다만 유역면적이 커질수록 면적강우의 지속기간의 범위가 보다 폭넓게 나타나는 특성이 관찰되었다. 유역전체에 강우가 균등하게 내리는 경우를 가정할 수 있을 경우 적절한 설계강우의 지속기간은 대체로 24시간 내외를 가진다고 평가할 수 있었다. Rainfall duration of design storm is one of most important factors of hydrologic design. However the study is rare to investigate the characteristics of rainfall duration, this make it difficult the efficient design procedure. In Korea, the critical storm duration has been used for calculating peak discharge for design. The critical storm duration is defined as the storm duration which produces the biggest flood peak discharge in considering various storm durations. However the suitability of this critical storm duration has not been proved in actual rainfall runoff relationships. In this study, annual maximum storm events and observed maximum rainfall-runoff data at dam stations are evaluated to assess the design rainfall duration, and the results are as follows. The most frequent rainfall duration is about 24 hours as extreme storm events in Korea. There was no significant trend between basin areas and design rainfall durations. The bigger basin area shows wider rainfall durations. The duration of 24 hours is most appropriate for the fixed design storm duration if the rainfall is uniformly distributed throughout the whole basin area.

Made in Scotland (from girders?) BDS conference site visit to Loch Sloy dam and hydroelectric power station

This article provides a description of the site visit to Sloy dam at Loch Sloy, and the Sloy hydroelectric power (HEP) station at Loch Lomond carried out as part of the 16th biennial conference of the British Dams Society in Glasgow 2010. The visit took place on 28 June 2010 and included tours of the turbine hall, the control room, the high-pressure pipelines and the concrete buttress dam. The visit included a presentation on Scottish and Southern Energy's dams and reservoir assets as well as the construction of the dam and power station and future site improvement plans.

Modelling of evaporation from the reservoir of Yuvacik dam using adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference systems

Adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) models are proposed as an alternative approach of evaporation estimation for Yuvacik Dam. This study has three objectives: (1) to develop ANFIS models to estimate daily pan evaporation from measured meteorological data; (2) to compare the ANFIS model to the multiple linear regression (MLR) model; and (3) to evaluate the potential of ANFIS model. Various combinations of daily meteorological data, namely air temperature, relative humidity, solar radiation and wind speed, are used as inputs to the ANFIS so as to evaluate the degree of effect of each of these variables on daily pan evaporation. The results of the ANFIS model are compared with MLR model. Mean square error, average absolute relative error and coefficient of determination statistics are used as comparison criteria for the evaluation of the model performances. The ANFIS technique whose inputs are solar radiation, air temperature, relative humidity and wind speed, gives mean square errors of 0.181 mm, average absolute relative errors of 9.590% mm, and determination coefficient of 0.958 for Yuvacik Dam station, respectively. Based on the comparisons, it was found that the ANFIS technique could be employed successfully in modelling evaporation process from the available climatic data.

Effects of a Microcystis aeruginosa bloom and bacterivory on bacterial abundance and activity in a eutrophic reservoir

We investigated the changes in bacterioplankton abundance, composition, and fractions of cells incorporating leucine associated with a Microcystis aeruginosa bloom and enhanced protozoan grazing in a eutrophic reservoir. Bacterial community composition and leucine incorporation were studied by means of fluorescence in situ hybridization and microautoradiography. To alter the levels of protozoan grazing and the interactions of bacteria with the M. aeruginosa bloom, a manipulation experiment using size-fractionation and dialysis bag techniques was conducted. Samples collected from the Microcystis-poor dam area and the Microcystis-rich middle part of the reservoir were incubated as <0.8 μm, <5 μm, and unfiltered treatments in dialysis bags at their collection sites and, in parallel, one of each of the treatments from one site was transferred to and incubated at the other site. The sample transfer from the dam to the middle part induced a decrease in abundances and doubling times of total bacteria, Betaproteobacteria, and of the R-BT065 cluster (a subgroup of Betaproteobacteria), whereas the transfer to the dam station revealed the opposite trends. In the presence of flagellates and the M. aeruginosa bloom, both abundance and fractions of cells incorporating leucine of Betaproteobacteria and of the R-BT065 cluster transferred to the middle station decreased dramatically, while members of the Sphingobacteria-Flavobacteria lineage became the dominant part of the community. While Gammaproteobacteria accounted for a minor proportion of the total community, their relative proportions and activity increased at the middle station, likely being stimulated by the increased resource availability.