Dakahlia Governorate Research Articles

Massage Therapy Program and Telephone Follow-UpEffects on Anxiety and Satisfaction among Bronchial Asthma Children

Bronchial asthma is the most common chronic childhood illness. It is a serious public health problem all over the worldespecially among children, even with the current significant progress in the diagnosis, treatment and control of asthma in developed countries. Massage therapy is one of the most common complementary and alternative medicines used for the maintenance of safety and endurance in children and their families with asthma. Telephone follow-up is using for counseling, training, answering possible questions and follow-up children with asthma. This study aimed to evaluate massage therapy program and telephone follow-up effects on anxiety and satisfaction among bronchial asthma children.Setting: This study was done at pediatricoutpatient clinic in Aga Central Hospital at Dakahlia Governorate, Egypt. Subjects: A convenience sample of 60 children who recruited in the previously mentioned settings. Tools: four toolswas used to collect the study,toolI: a semi-structured interviewing questionnaire sheet to assess children’s knowledge regarding asthma, tool II:Spence children’s anxiety scale is a clinically valuable tool in assessment of childhood anxiety, tool III:Asthma Control Test toidentify those with poorly controlled asthma and tool IV: Short Assessment of Patient Satisfaction Scalethat is used to assess patient satisfaction with their treatment. Results: the mean score for generalized anxiety was 7.95+ 2.00 compared to 3.23+1.91 and 3.38+1.92 with highly statistically significant difference andmore than half of them were very satisfied at post-massage therapy application compared to more than three-quarters of them at follow-up three months. Moreover, there was a positive correlation between satisfaction level and asthma control with highly statistically significant difference.Conclusion:The study wasconcluded that reducing in anxiety and improving in the satisfaction level of children with bronchial asthma after massage therapyapplication combined with telephone follow up calls. Recommendations: Public health strategies should increase children and parents' awareness of the importance of using asthma control toolsand massage therapy as one of complementary therapies.

Monitoring Spatial and Temporal Changes of Urban Growth in Dakahlia Governorate, Egypt, by Using Remote Sensing and GIS Techniques. (Dept. C. ( Public Works ) )

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An analytical study of the economic effects of the encroachment on agricultural lands in Dakahlia Governorate

The phenomenon of encroachment on agricultural lands is considered a major economic problem facing the Egyptian national economy, given that the agricultural land resource is not sufficient to meet the human and animal needs of the necessary agricultural commodities due to the low agricultural production that negatively affects the Egyptian national economy, as the encroached area in Dakahlia Governorate reached about 5528 acres, representing about 7,3% of the total area of encroachment at the level of the Republic in 2019,The study aimed to address the phenomenon of encroachment on agricultural lands in all its various forms that threaten food security in Egypt in general and the Dakahlia Governorate in particular so that the phenomenon of encroachment at the governorate level and the national level can be explained through a set of goals, came in the eighth position in Dakahlia Governorate where cases of encroachment were estimated About 101,1 thousand cases, representing about 6,2% of the total number of cases of encroachment on agricultural lands on an area of 5086 acres, representing about 7,1% of the total area of land encroachment, the Dakahlia Governorate came in the field of study.

Competition of The Seedtime Production of Sugar beet Compared to The Most Important Winter Crops in Dakahlia Governorate

The research aimed at assessing the most important economic and production properties for the three seedtimes of sugar beet and also assessing some indicators of production and economic efficiency compared with the most important competing winter crops. also establishing price substitutes for the production unit of these seedtimes taking into consideration the competing ability of these crops. Through comparing these results with their counterparts of sugar beet production during the same season , it turned out that these seedtimes are less in profit than the broad been crops , while the third seedtime of sugar beet so came equal to the wheat crop and accused the clover . so price substitutes have broad been adopted to price the outcome of these seedtimes estimating 870.6, 777.1 , 731.5 pound per ton representing about 23.6% . 16.6%, 13.1% from its counterparts in 2017/2018 in sequence to equal the net return of the pound of the wheat crop . It was estimating 930, 883.5, 743.3 pound per ton representing about 32% . 32.6% , 14.9% from its comet part in the year of counterparts to equal the net return of the pound to the crop of the beans reached , it also eased 897. , 852.2 , 716.9 pound per ton representing about 27.3% . 27.9% , 10.8% from its counterparts in the year of counterparts to equal the net return of the pound of the clover , this reveals the in competency of this crop to the production seedtimes of sugar beet.

Utilization of Cyanobacteria Extracts in Improving the Microbial Quality of Soft White Cheese

The current study was evaluated to determine the prevalence of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus in raw milk in addition to some dairy products which are sold in Dakahlia Governorate, Egypt. Hundred and fifty samples including raw milk, soft cheese (Talaga cheese), kariesh cheese; Ras cheese (Romy), ice cream and yoghurt. (25 samples from each product) were collected and then subjected to bacterial examination. In order to identify recovered isolates, an array of biochemical and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used. Our results detected that E. coli was noticed in 68%, 56%, 88%, 68%, 52% and 80% of raw milk, soft cheese (Talaga cheese), kariesh cheese; Ras cheese (Romy), ice cream and yoghurt, respectively. The prevalence of S. aureus was detected in 52%, 88%, 80%, 76%, 28% and 52%, respectively. The results showed that the aqueous extracts of the cyanobacteria such as Sprirulina plantensis and Arthrospira fusiformis were evaluated for their antibacterial activity by inhibiting the growth of E. coli and S. aureus.The soft cheese treated with cyanobacteria extract and wrapped with banana leaves showed a potentially reduction of bacterial contamination than that wrapped with plastic material. The results proved that the using these species of cyanobacteria could be used a good source for the production of promising antibacterial agents.

Effect of Preplanting Treatments and Root-Promoting Hormones on Rooting and Growth of Guava (Psidium guajava L.) Montakab El-Sabahia CV Semi-Hard Wood Cuttings in Dakahlia Governorate Egypt

Ten well established mature seedling trees (22 years old) of guava cv. Montakab El-Sabahia CV., grown at the Baramoon experimental farm, horticulture research institute Dakahlia governorate, Egypt were used in present study during two seasons 2016-2017. Half of the selected trees were sprayed with Ethephon at 600 ppm applied in February of each year. The other half was left as a control without spraying. The semi-hard wood cuttings were taken in May and July. Immediately after collection, all cuttings were soaked for 3 hours in activated charcoal (AC) 15%. The experiment was laid out in complete randomized blocks design. The total number of treatments amounted to 9 treatments. IBA at 3000, 4500, 5000 ppm, Ethephon at 600ppm, Benzoic acid at 100ppm and Citric acid at 100ppm. The more favorable results were obtained in the first collecting date (May), and among the treatments, T5 (Ethephon 600ppm + Benzoic acid 100ppm + IBA 4500ppm T5) recorded the best results in percentage of rooted cuttings 70%, number of roots per cutting 4.3, length of roots 4.32 cm, root fresh weight per cutting 3.35g and survival percentage of rooted cuttings 50%.

فعالية برنامج إرشادي انتقائي لتنمية تقدير الذات لدي الموهوبين ذوي صعوبات التعلم مِن تلاميذ المرحلة الإعدادية

هدفت الدراسة إلى الکشف عن فعالية البرنامج المبنى على الإرشاد الانتقائي في تنمية تقدير الذات لدى الموهوبين ذوي صعوبات التعلم من تلاميذ المرحلة الإعدادية، وتکونت عينة الدراسة الأساسية من (10) تلاميذ من الذکور والإناث الموهوبين ذوي صعوبات التعلم بالصفين الأول والثاني الإعدادي بمدرسة عمر بن الخطاب للتعليم الأساسي الإعدادية المشترکة التابعة لمرکز طلخا بمحافظة الدقهلية، وتراوحت أعمارهم الزمنية ما بين (12 - 14) سنة، والذين حصلوا على درجات منخفضة في مقياس تقدير الذات، وتم تقسيم العينة عشوائيا إلى مجموعتين خمسة تلاميذ بالمجموعة التجريبية، وخمسة تلاميذ بالمجموعة الضابطة، وتمثلت أدوات الدراسة المستخدمة في دليل الکشف عن الأطفال الموهوبين (إعداد/ باظه، 2014)، واختبار القدرات العقلية (12 - 14) (إعداد/ موسي، 2002)، واختبار الفرز العصبي السريع (إعداد/ کامل، 1989)، ومقياس تقدير الذات (إعداد/ الباحثة)، کما طبق عليهم البرنامج الإرشادى الانتقائى المکون من( 24) جلسة، وباستخدام الأساليب الإحصائية المتمثلة في اختبار (مان ويتني) واختبار (ويلکوکسون). أظهرت نتائج الدراسة فعالية البرنامج الإرشادى الانتقائي في تنمية تقدير الذات لدى الموهوبين ذوي صعوبات التعلم من تلاميذ المرحلة الإعدادية، واستمرار فعاليته لما بعد مرحلة المتابعة. حيث وجدت فروق دالة إحصائيا بين متوسطات درجات المجموعتين التجريبية والضابطة في القياس البعدى لصالح المجموعة التجريبية، ووجدت فروق دالة إحصائيا بين متوسطات درجات القياسين القبلى والبعدى للمجموعة التجريبية لصالح القياس البعدى، ولم تظهر فروق إحصائية دالة بين متوسطات درجات القياسين البعدى والتتبعى للمجموعة التجريبية، وتراوح حجم تأثير البرنامج بين ( 0.67-0.83) مما يشير إلى تأثير البرنامج بشکل کبير في تنمية تلک الأبعاد، کما بلغت قيمة حجم التأثير للبرنامج في الدرجة الکلية 0.83، وجميعها قيمة أکبر من 0.15، وهذا يدل على أن البرنامج يسهم في التباين الکلى لتقدير الذات بقيمة 83%. الکلمات المفتاحية: الموهوبون، صعوبات التعلم، الموهوبين ذوي صعوبات التعلم، تقدير الذات، الإرشاد الانتقائي. Abstract The study aimed to reveal the program’s effectiveness, which is based on eclectic counseling, in developing self-esteem among gifted students with learning disabilities in middle school students. The basic research sample consisted of 10 gifted pupils whose ages ranged from 12 to 14 years old, from the 1st and 2nd-grade who have learning disabilities at Omar Bin Al Khattab co-educational Prep School For basic education, which is affiliated with Talkha Administrative Center in Dakahlia Governorate and who have received lower scores on the Self-Esteem scale (prepared by the researcher). The sample was randomly divided equally into experimental and control groups. Other study tools include: Handbook for Identifying Gifted Children (Prepared by Baza, 2014), Mental Abilities Test (12-14) (Prepared by Mousa, 2002), Quick Neurological Screening Test (Preparation by Kamel, 1989). The eclectic counseling program, consisting of (24) sessions, was applied to them using statistical methods (Mann-Whitney) and (Wilcoxon). The results of this study showed the effectiveness of the eclectic counseling program in developing self-esteem among gifted students with learning disabilities in the preparatory stage students, and its effectiveness continues beyond the last point of follow-up stage. Statistically significant differences between the mean scores of the experimental and control groups in the post measurement in favor of the experimental group were found. Statistically significant differences between the pre and post measurement mean scores of the experimental group in favor of the post measurement were detected. A statistically significant difference between the post measurement and follow-up measurement of the experimental group was not detected. The effect size of the program ranged between 0.67 and 0.83, which indicates the program's influence significantly in developing these dimensions. The value of the impact size of the program in the overall score was 0.83. All values are greater than 0.15. This indicates that the program contributes to the overall variance of self-esteem with a value of 83%. Key words: Gifted, learning disabilities, gifted with learning disabilities, self-esteem, eclectic counseling

Impact of Bio, Organic and Inorganic Fertilization on Growth and Chemical Constituents of Wheat Plant

Two field experiments were held in a private farm at El-Mansoura District, Dakahlia Governorate, Egypt during the 2015/2016 and 2016/2017 seasons to study the effect of bio-, organic and mineral fertilizers on the growth and chemical composition of wheat plant, Sids 12 cultivar. The experiments were carried out in a split plot design with four replicates. The main plots were assigned to organic and bio-fertilizers (control= B0O0, organic only= B0O1, Bio only= B1O0, bio+organic= B1O1). While the sub plots were allocated to five levels of mineral fertilization (0-25-50-75-100% of the recommended fertilizers of NPK doses for wheat plant). The results showed that grain yield productivity as a result of adding the organic + biological treatment (B1O1) + without adding mineral fertilizers, was almost identical to that treated with 50% of mineral fertilization without biological and organic fertilization in both seasons. While straw yield obtained due to adding biological +organic treatment (B1O1) + without adding mineral fertilizers, was almost matched with 75% of mineral fertilization without biological and organic fertilization (B0O0) in both seasons. Also, the distinction of treating organic fertilizer only appeared in comparison to the biological only, while the effect of overlap between them was the largest under all levels of mineral fertilization concerning for all characteristics of the study. From the results of this study, mineral fertilization at the level of 100% with the addition of biological and organic fertilizers can be recommended to wheat plant under the conditions of Dakahlia Governorate, Egypt.

برنامج مقترح قائم على خرائط السلوک لتنمية المفاهيم الصحية فى العلوم للتلاميذ المعاقين عقلياً

هدف البحث إلى الکشف عن فعالية برنامج قائم على خرائط السلوک لتنمية المفاهيم الصحية فى العلوم للتلاميذ المعاقين عقليا ، ذو المجموعة التجريبية الواحدة، التى بلغ عدد أفرادها (11) تلميذا، وينتمي جميع أفرادها إلى مستويات اجتماعية واقتصادية متقاربة إلى حد ما في مجموعها، واستخدام البحث المنهج الوصفي التحليلي والمنهج التجريبي، ولتحقيق ذلک تم إعداد قائمة بأهداف البرنامج المقترح، واستبانة لتحديد المفاهيم الصحية التي يمکن للتلاميذ عينة البحث الاستفادة منها في حياتهم، کما تم تطبيق اختبار المفاهيم الصحية ، ودليل المعلم، وکراسة نشاط التلميذ، وتم تطبيق التجربة بمدرسة التربية الفکرية التابعة لإدارة شربين التعليمية بمحافظة الدقهلية، وکان من أهم النتائج فعالية خرائط السلوک فى تنمية المفاهيم الصحية لدى أفراد العينة. الکلمات المفتاحية: البرامج، خرائط السلوک، المفاهيم الصحية، المعاقين عقليا. Abstract This research aimed to explore the effectiveness of a proposed program based on behaviour maps for developing health concepts in science for mentally handicapped pupils . The research utilized the experimental one group design with a total number of 11 students of quite similar economic and social levels. Among the major criteria for choosing the sample of the study was that they do not suffer from other disabilities. In addition to the experimental design, the study utilized the descriptive research. Regarding the study instruments, the researcher designed a list of the proposed program aims, an inventory to identify the health concepts, a test of health concepts. The researcher also developed the proposed program in terms of its content, literature review and related previous studies, interpreting the results of related studies, a teacher's guide and a students’ activity booklet. The treatment was administered at the School of Intellectual Education, Sherbin Educational Administration, Dakahlia Governorate. After conducting the treatment, the data were analysed. Among the most important results was the effectiveness of behaviour maps in developing health concepts. The study concluded with some recommendations and suggestions for further research in science among the study participants and similar special needs. Keywords: Programs, Behaviour Maps, Health Concepts, The Mentally Handicapped.

EFFECT OF UTILIZING HANDS-ON VERSUS OFF METHOD DURING DELIVERY OF FETAL HEAD ON OCCURRENCE OF PERINEAL TEAR

Most vaginal births are associated with some forms of trauma to the genital tract.The morbidity associated with perineal tear is significant, especially when it comes tothird- and fourth-degree tears. Different perineal techniques and interventions are beingused to prevent perineal tear such as hands on and hands off techniques. Aim: This studywas carried out to evaluate the effect of utilizing hands on versus off method duringdelivery of fetal head on occurrence of perineal tear. Design: Randomized clinical trialstudy design was used. Setting: This study was carried out at Sherbeen General Hospital,Dakahlia Governorate Egypt on 130 parturient women in the 2nd stage of labor, who wereselected by purposive sample technique and divided into two equal sample size (65). Inhands-on method group, the researcher put one hand above fetal head to maintaindownward direction toward perineum and guarding the perineum by placing the otherhand against it. In hands-off method group in which the delivery occurs without touchingthe fetal head or perineum. Two tools were used to collect the necessary data namely sociodemographicand current obstetrical data, evaluation check list to clarify perinealcondition after delivery. Results: 72.3% of hands on parturient women group had perinealtear during labor compared with 80% of hands off group, there was statistically significantdifference between hands on and hands off groups regarding degree of perineal tear(p=0.033). This study concluded that hands-on technique had significant effect ondecreasing rate, lowering degree of perineal tears and need to repair than hands-offtechnique. This study recommended that relevant nursing curriculum must entail a detailedportion about the correct manner of performing hands-on technique to increase the chanceof perineal integrity during the second stage of labor.

PREVALENCE OF NEEDLE STICK INJURIES AMONG NURSES WORKING IN THE MINISTRY OF HEALTH HOSPITALS

Exposure to needle stick injuries during any procedures involving sharps are themajor problem threatens Healthcare workers life. Healthcare workers are exposed toneedle stick injuries during performing any procedures involving sharps. The study aims toassess the prevalence of needle stick injuries or sharps stick injuries among nurses workingin the Ministry of Health and Population Hospitals in Dakhlia Governorate. A Crosssectionalstudy design was used to utilized this study and four tools were used in this study.1) Self- administered structured questionnaire about nurse's personal and occupationaldata, 2) Self-administered structured questionnaire about nurse's knowledge regardingneedle stick injuries, 3) Self-administered structured questionnaire about nurse's behaviorregarding measures obtained after needle stick injuries, 4) Self-administered structuredquestionnaire about nurse's subjective practice. The study was consists of 364 nurses whenthe population size = 6908 nurses who were working at hospitals affiliated to the Ministryof Health and Population Dakahlia Governorate. Results. This study showed that 304(83.6) from studied nurses exposed to needle stick injuries and the average score of nurses'knowledge about NSI was significantly higher among the young age nurses while theaverage practice score was significantly increased with age. Conclusion. Most of nurseshad good and fair knowledge about NSI. While more than two third of them hadunsatisfactory practice of correct behavior in their work. Recommendations. Evaluate theimpact of Needle Stick Injury on nurses' quality of life by using health assessmentquestionnaire in the different department.

Prevalence, virulence and antibiotic susceptibility of Listeria monocytogenes isolated from sheep

Objective: This study was undertaken to determine the prevalence, virulence, and antibiotics susceptibility of Listeria monocytogenes isolated from hindbrain, spinal cord, milk, and intestinal content collected from sheep in the Dakahlia Governorate, Egypt. Design: Observational study. Samples: We analyzed 472 samples, including 72 hindbrain/spinal cord samples from emergency-slaughtered sheep, 300 raw-milk samples from apparently healthy sheep, and 100 intestinal content samples from slaughtered sheep at three abattoirs. Procedures: Isolation and identification of L. monocytogenes were performed using conventional techniques. The biochemically identified isolates were confirmed by 16SrRNA gene sequencing and examined for virulence-associated genes (hlyA and iap) as well as for antimicrobial susceptibility. Results: In total, 16 (3.39%) out of 472 sheep samples [5.56% (4/72) in hindbrain/spinal cord, 4% (12/300) in milk, and 0% (0/100) in intestinal content samples] were found to be positive for L. monocytogenes. All the confirmed isolates were positive for the hlyA gene (100%); meanwhile, none of them exhibited the iap gene. Antibiotic susceptibility testing showed high resistance rates to amoxicillin, cefotaxime, erythromycin (50% each), and vancomycin (37.5%). Sulfamethoxazole–trimethoprim and tetracycline resistance rates were 25% and 12.5%, respectively. On the contrary, all isolates were susceptible to amikacin, ciprofloxacin, and norfloxacin. Interestingly, 37.5% (6/16) of L. monocytogenes isolates exhibited multidrug resistance (MDR). The multiple antibiotic resistances (MAR) index of isolates ranged from 0.1 to 0.6. Conclusion and clinical relevance: Our data highlights the importance of awareness of virulent strains of MDR L. monocytogenes of sheep samples and potentially samples from other domestic animals in Egypt.

Prevalence and potential risk factors associated with methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection in Dairy farms

Objective: A cross sectional study was conducted between June 2017 and August 2018 in around Dakahlia governorate to identify Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and to determine risk factors associated with the occurrence of mastitis in dairy cows. Design: Cross sectional study Animals and samples: 130 dairy cattle (744 samples) and 181 environmental samples (36 bedding, 37 bulk tank milk BTM, 27 feed troughs, 27 water troughs, 27 milk linear and 27 worker’s nasal swabs), with a total of 925 samples were studied. Procedures: Three hundred and seventy-two quarters were examined to detect clinical and subclinical mastitis by physical examinations and California mastitis test. In addition, bacteriological isolation and identification of Staphylococcus aureus and MRSA were carried on the above milk samples of above mentioned quarters, teat swabs and environmental samples. Results: The overall prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus and MRSA was 59.4 and 22.4, respectively. The MRSA were more prevalent in mastitic quarter (X2 = 31.146, P-value = 0.000), Holstein Friesian breed (P-value = 0.021), Old aged dairy cattle (>8 years) (P-value = 0.000), Multiparous cows (P-value = 0.000), large herd size (>=2000) (P-value = 0.000). Conclusion and clinical relevance: The present result indicates that MRSA is a major cause of mastitis in dairy farms at northern Egypt, where one of the key elements for controlling its spreading depends mainly on determining its potential risk factors responsible for its existence.

Prevalence and potential risk factors associated with methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection in Dairy farms

Objective: A cross sectional study was conducted between June 2017 and August 2018 in around Dakahlia governorate to identify Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and to determine risk factors associated with the occurrence of mastitis in dairy cows. Design: Cross sectional study Animals and samples: 130 dairy cattle (744 samples) and 181 environmental samples (36 bedding, 37 bulk tank milk BTM, 27 feed troughs, 27 water troughs, 27 milk linear and 27 worker’s nasal swabs), with a total of 925 samples were studied. Procedures: Three hundred and seventy-two quarters were examined to detect clinical and subclinical mastitis by physical examinations and California mastitis test. In addition, bacteriological isolation and identification of Staphylococcus aureus and MRSA were carried on the above milk samples of above mentioned quarters, teat swabs and environmental samples. Results: The overall prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus and MRSA was 59.4 and 22.4, respectively. The MRSA were more prevalent in mastitic quarter (X2 = 31.146, P-value = 0.000), Holstein Friesian breed (P-value = 0.021), Old aged dairy cattle (>8 years) (P-value = 0.000), Multiparous cows (P-value = 0.000), large herd size (>=2000) (P-value = 0.000). Conclusion and clinical relevance: The present result indicates that MRSA is a major cause of mastitis in dairy farms at northern Egypt, where one of the key elements for controlling its spreading depends mainly on determining its potential risk factors responsible for its existence.

Phytoremediation of Some Polluted Soils by Sudan Grass (Sorghum Sodanese L.)

A pot experiment was carried out in Soil Dep., College of Agric. Mans. Univ., to study the effect of using sudan grass for remediation of some polluted soils in Dakahlia governorate .Ten plant seeds per pot were sown on 25August,2014 and harvested on 10 October,2014. The experimental soils were taken from ten polluted locations to represent polluted soils in Dakahlia govrnorate from different sources i.e. (sewage, industry, traffic and agricultural drainage pollutions) as follows: Talkha fertilizer company adjacent area; El-Mansoura Sewage Station area; El-Mansoura Melting companies area; Town refuse - Sandob area; El-Mansoura Ratingat factory; El-Serw station Agric. Drainage; Gedilah road near El-Mansoura Institute; Sewage drainage - Meet El-Akrad area ; Sallant- Dekrnes road and El-Sallab Institute area. Data obtained from this investigation pointed out that the concentration of lead, nickel and cadmium were (6.00, 3.43 and 3.39 mg/kg) in sudan grass plant shoots which uptake and removed high values of lead, nickel and cadmium (192,122 and 104 mg/kg plant) shoots of Sudan grass plant than the roots (2.16, 2.78 and 2.13 mg/kg) and roots uptake (7.0, 9.0 and 7.0 mg/kg plant) from the studied polluted soils. It can be observed that; shoots of sudan grass extracted and absorbed more lead, nickle and cadmium than roots because this plant has a huge vegetative growth. Results, also showed that; translocation factor (2.77, 1.41 and 1.56) and biological accumulation factor were more than one (0.66,0.78 and0.72) for laed, nickle and cadmium, respectively. It can be concluded that; Sudan grass is more effective for remediation of these polluted soils in Dakahlia government and can be considered as a hyper accumulator for heavy metals.

Pathological and Molecular Characterization of H5 Avian Influenza Virus in Poultry Flocks from Egypt over a Ten-Year Period (2009-2019).

Simple SummaryAvian influenza virus (H5) remains one of the challenging zoonotic viruses in Egypt. Our study investigated the occurrence of this virus among chickens from Dakhalia governorate, Egypt over ten years through histopathological examination and molecular characterization of the virus. The molecular characterization was followed by sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of the positive samples. Importantly, we have reported several interesting pathological changes and high occurrence of the H5 avian influenza virus, the phylogenetic analysis revealed that positive samples were aligned with several Egyptian sub clades. Clearly, our study concludes the widespread of the virus among poultry flocks in Egypt and suggests further future research aims to develop an efficient surveillance program with investigation into the effectiveness of the implemented control measures for controlling this disease of public health concern.Avian influenza virus (AIV) remains one of the enzootic zoonotic diseases that challenges the poultry industry in Egypt. In the present study, a total of 500 tissue samples were collected from 100 chicken farms (broilers and layers) suspected to be infected with AIV through the period from 2009 to 2019 from Dakahlia governorate, Egypt. These samples were pooled in 100 working samples and screened for AIV then the positive samples were subjected to histopathological examination combined with real time-polymerase chain reaction (RRT-PCR). RRT-PCR positive samples were also subjected to conventional reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for detection of H5 AIV and some of these resulting positive samples were sequenced for detection of the molecular nature of the studied virus. Interestingly, the histopathological examination revealed necrotic liver with leukocytic infiltration with degenerative changes with necrotic pancreatitis, edema, and intense lymphoid depletion of splenic tissue and hyperplastic tracheal epithelium. Likewise, edema and congested sub mucosal blood vessels and intense bronchial necrosis with hyalinized wall vascular wall and heterophils infiltration were reported. Pneumonic areas with intense leukocytic aggregation mainly and vasculitis of the pulmonary blood vessels were also detected in lung. Collectively, these significant pathological changes in examined tissues cohered with AIV infection. Regarding the molecular characterization, 66 samples were positive for AIV by RRT-PCR and 52 of them were positive for H5 AIV by RT-PCR. The phylogenetic analysis revealed that the H5 viruses identified in this study were aligned with other Egyptian H5N1 AIVs in the Egyptian sub clade 2.2.1, while some of the identified strains were aligned with other Egyptian H5N8 strains in the new Egyptian sub clade 2.3.4.4. Taken together, our present findings emphasize the wide spread of AIV in Egypt and the importance of developing an efficient surveillance and periodical screening program for controlling such disease of public health concern.

RESPONSE OF TUBEROSE (POLIANTHES TUBEROSA L.) PLANTS TO CHITOSAN AND SEAWEED FOLIAR APPLICATION

Chitosan and seaweed extract are natural stimulants that are used to improve plant growth and flowering. Therefore, two pot experiments on tuberose plants were conducted during the two consecutive seasons of 2017 and 2018 at Horticulture Research Station at Mansoura, Dakahlia Governorate, Egypt. The aim of the study was to evaluate the response of tuberose plant (single flowers known as Balady variety) to different concentrations of chitosan (CHT) and seaweed extract (SWE) rates on growth, flowering, bulb production and some chemical constituents. Tuberose plant was sprayed six times per season with different concentrations and rates of natural stimulants under study i.e. T1 (control), T2 (20 ppm CHT), T3 (40 ppm CHT), T4 (60 ppm CHT), T5 (0.5 cm3/l SWE), T6 (1.0 cm3/l SWE), T7 (1.5 cm3/l SWE), T8 (20 ppm CHT + 0.5 cm3/l SWE), T9 (40 ppm CHT + 1.0 cm3/l SWE) and T10 (60 ppm CHT + 1.5 cm3/l SWE). These ten treatments were laid out in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replicates. Generally, chitosan or/and seaweed extract treated tuberose showed significant increase (p<0.05) in plant growth, flowering and bulb production. Chitosan at higher concentration plus the higher rate of seaweed extract T10 (60 ppm CHT + 1.5 cm3/l SWE) increased the plant height, leaf number per plant and leaf width as well as number of florets/spike, spike length, rachis length and spike fresh weight. In confirmation of this, the same treatment (T10) resulted in higher values of bulb diameter and dry weight of bulb compared to the other treatments under study and unsprayed plants. In most cases, total nitrogen, total phosphorus and potassium percentages in the leaves and bulbs as well as total chlorophyll in the leaves were significantly increased by using T10 followed by T4 and T9 compared to the other ones under study. Moreover, natural stimulants (chitosan and seaweed extract) should be frequently applied in the farms to get the best growth and flowering of the tuberose plants.

Effect of Ploughing Depths, Irrigation Intervals and Plant Densities on Sugar Beet Yields and Quality تأثیر عمق الحرث وفترات الری والکثافة النباتیة على انتاجیة وجودة نبات بنجر السکر

Under field conditions, two trials were performed through two years of 2015/2016 and 2016/2017 at Galia Al-Kobra, Belqas district, Dakahlia Governorate to investigate the effect of four ploughing depths (15, 20, 25 and 30 cm), two irrigation intervals (every 3 and 5 weeks) and three planting hill spacings (15, 20 and 25 cm) resulted in three plants densities (46666, 35000 and 28000 plants/fed) on sugar beet Oscar poly cultivar growth, yields and quality. The factors were set in s strip-split plot design with 4 replicates. Four ploughing depths, 2 irrigation intervals and 3 planting densities were occupied randomly in the vertical, horizontal and sub-plots, correspondingly . The attained outcomes pointed out that all factors under study individually significantly influenced leaf area index, root fresh weight/plant, dimensions of roots and yields/fed as roots and sugar. Contrary of that, % of sucrose and purity were insignificantly affected by ploughing depth treatments in mutually time of years. All the interactions among the three studied factors significantly affected the above mentioned traits in both years. From the achieved results, it could be suggested that ploughing the soil at 30 cm depth and irrigated sugar beet plant every 3 weeks at the medium planting density (35000 plants/fed) resulted from sowing on 20 cm a part between hills to give the utmost yields and quality beneath the ecological circumstances of this study.

Impact of Foliar Application with Iron, Zinc, Silicon Nano Particles and Yeast on Growth, Yield and Water Use Efficiency of Tomato Plants under Water Stress Conditions تأثیر الرش الورقی بجزیئات نانو الحدید والزنک والسیلیکون والخمیرة على النمو والمحصول وکفاءة الاستهلاک المائى لنباتات الطماطم تحت ظروف الإجهاد المائى

Two filed experiments were conducted during the two summer seasons of 2015 and 2016 in a private Farm at Gemiana village near Belqas City Dakahlia Governorate, Egypt, to study the effect of interaction between deficit irrigation water (60%, 80%, 100% of ETc) and some foliar spray treatments (nano iron, nano zinc, nano silicon and yeast extract) on plant growth parameters, chemical composition of leaves as photosynthetic pigments (Chl. a, Chl. b, total Chl. a+b), leaf mineral percentages (N, P, K) proline, yield and water use efficiency (WUE) of tomato plants (Fayruz hybrid) under drip irrigation system. A strip-plot design with three replicates was used. The vertical plots were allocated to the deficit irrigation, whereas the horizontal-plots were devoted to foliar spray treatments. Results revealed that the interaction among irrigation tomato plants at the level of 80 % Etc and spraying with different nano particles at different concentration or yeast extract significantly increased all aforementioned parameters, meanwhile deficit irrigation water treatments improved leaves proline content and WUE in both growing seasons. The best interaction treatment for increasing plant growth parameters, chemical constitutes of leaves as photosynthetic pigments (Chl. a, Chl. b, total Chl. a+b) leaf mineral percentages (N, P, K) early and total yield is irrigation treatment with 80 % Etc and spraying with nano Si at 12 ppm and can be recommended to increase growth and productivity tomato plants of under similar conditions of this study.

Prevalence of Eimeria species in sheep (Ovis aries) from Dakahlia governorate, Egypt.

Feces from 184 sheep from Dakahlia governorate, Egypt were tested for Eimeria species oocysts by using the standard floatation technique; oocysts were detected in 126 (68.4%). The prevalence was significantly higher in young sheep than adults. Eleven Eimeria species were identified: Eimeria ahsata, Eimeria bakuensis, Eimeria crandallis, Eimeria faurei, Eimeria granulosa, Eimeria intricata, Eimeria marsica, Eimeria ovinoidalis, Eimeria pallida, Eimeria parva and Eimeria webybridgensis. Oocysts of the most pathogenic ovinespecies, E. ovinoidalis, were detected in 27 (14.6%) sheep. This is the first report of E. webybridgensis in sheep from Egypt, possibly due to close similarity of their oocysts to those of E. crandallis which stated in the earlier reports. Worldwide reports on epidemiology of Eimeria spp. infections in sheep are tabulated.