Daily Fat Intake Research Articles

Breakfast size is associated with daily energy intake and diet quality.

The aim of this study was to investigate the role of breakfast consumption and breakfast size on daily energy, nutrient intakes, and diet quality. One-day 24-h recall data from the 2011 to 2012 National Nutrition and Physical Activity Survey (n=9341, adults ≥ 19 y) were analyzed, and respondents were classified into breakfast consumers or skippers. Breakfast consumers were further classified into quartile of breakfast size (energy intake [EI] from breakfast×100%/daily EI). Diet quality was assessed using the Healthy Eating Index for Australian Adults. General linear modeling was undertaken to compare groups, adjusting for potential confounders. Overall, 85.9% of adults consumed breakfast, contributing a mean of 19.9 ± 10.9% of daily EI for consumers. Among breakfast consumers, obtaining a higher proportion of daily EI from breakfast was associated with lower daily intakes of energy, added sugars, saturated fat, and alcohol (%E); higher intakes of dietary fiber (%E) and most micronutrients (per 1000 kJ); and better Healthy Eating Index for Australian Adults scores (Ptrend < 0.0001). Additionally, those in the highest quartile of breakfast size (>25.5% EI) had higher diet quality scores (P < 0.001) but similar daily EI (P=0.751) compared with breakfast skippers. These findings indicate that obtaining a higher proportion of daily EI from breakfast may result in more favorable dietary profiles and lower daily EI. Further research is needed to confirm this.

The differences in the consumption of proteins, fats and carbohydrates in the diet of pregnant women diagnosed with arterial hypertension or arterial hypertension and hypothyroidism

BackgroundExcessive body weight induces the occurrence of arterial hypertension. The risk associated with irregularities during the perinatal period is increased in women with diagnosed hypothyroidism. Disorders of thyroid functions during pregnancy may cause higher body weight gains. The aim of this project was to determine the differences in the average daily intake of proteins, fats and carbohydrates in women with arterial hypertension and with hypothyroidism.MethodsThe control group (Group I) included healthy women. In this group, no complications during the course of pregnancy were observed and the delivery was on the due date. Group II was comprised of patients with arterial hypertension. Group III included patients with arterial hypertension, who were diagnosed with hypothyroidism before pregnancy. The women’s eating habits and dietary composition were analyzed based on a dietary assessment.ResultsWomen with arterial hypertension (Group II) consumed the highest number of calories per day, while women with a normal pregnancy consumed the lowest amount of calories. The daily consumption of vegetable protein was similar in all study groups. The average daily consumption of fat, cholesterol and carbohydrates was the highest among women with diagnosed arterial hypertension. Women with arterial hypertension and hypothyroidism more frequently gave birth before the 38th week of pregnancy. The average daily intake of Arginine, Lysine, Methionine and Tryptophan was lower in the group of women with a normal pregnancy than in the two other groups.ConclusionsExcessive calorie intake causing significant body weight gain fostered the occurrence of arterial hypertension during pregnancy.

Nutritional Status, Dietary Intake, and Adherence to the Mediterranean Diet of Children with Celiac Disease on a Gluten-Free Diet: A Case-Control Prospective Study.

The only effective treatment for celiac disease (CD) is a life-long strict gluten-free diet (GFD). Nutritional adequacy of the GFD has remained controversial and a matter of debate for a long time. No large case-control studies on children regarding the nutritional adequacy of the GFD has been performed. In this study, children diagnosed with CD on a GFD for ≥ 2 years were recruited. Controls were age and gender-matched healthy children not affected with CD. In both groups, anthropometric measurements and energy expenditure information were collected. Dietary assessment was performed by a 3-day food diary. Adherence to the Mediterranean diet was estimated by the KIDMED index. Overall, 120 children with CD and 100 healthy children were enrolled. No differences were found between CD children and controls in anthropometric measurements and energy expenditure. In the CD group, the daily intake of fats was significantly higher while the consumption of fiber was lower in comparison with the control group. The median KIDMED index was 6.5 in CD children and 6.8 in healthy controls. The diet of children with CD in this study was nutritionally less balanced than controls, with a higher intake of fat and a lower intake of fiber, highlighting the need for dietary counseling.

Effects of daily 24-gram doses of rice or whey protein on resistance training adaptations in trained males

BackgroundLarge (48-g), isonitrogenous doses of rice and whey protein have previously been shown to stimulate similar adaptations to resistance training, but the impact of consuming smaller doses has yet to be compared. We evaluated the ability of 24-g doses of rice or whey protein concentrate to augment adaptations following 8 weeks of resistance training.MethodsHealthy resistance-trained males (n = 24, 32.8 ± 6.7 years, 179.3 ± 8.5 cm, 87.4 ± 8.5 kg, 27.2 ± 1.9 kg/m2, 27.8 ± 6.0% fat) were randomly assigned and matched according to fat-free mass to consume 24-g doses of rice (n = 12, Growing Naturals, LLC) or whey (n = 12, NutraBio Labs, Inc.) protein concentrate for 8 weeks while completing a standardized resistance training program. Body composition (DXA), muscular strength (one-repetition maximum [1RM]) and endurance (repetitions to fatigue [RTF] at 80% 1RM) using bench press (BP) and leg press (LP) exercises along with anaerobic capacity (Wingate) were assessed before and after the intervention. Subjects were asked to maintain regular dietary habits and record dietary intake every 2 weeks. Outcomes were assessed using 2 × 2 mixed (group x time) factorial ANOVA with repeated measures on time and independent samples t-tests using the change scores from baseline. A p-value of 0.05 and 95% confidence intervals on the changes between groups were used to determine outcomes.ResultsNo baseline differences (p > 0.05) were found for key body composition and performance outcomes. No changes (p > 0.05) in dietary status occurred within or between groups (34 ± 4 kcal/kg/day, 3.7 ± 0.77 g/kg/day, 1.31 ± 0.28 g/kg/day, 1.87 ± 0.23 g/kg/day) throughout the study for daily relative energy (34 ± 4 kcals/kg/day), carbohydrate (3.7 ± 0.77 g/kg/day), fat (1.31 ± 0.28 g/kg/day), and protein (1.87 ± 0.23 g/kg/day) intake. Significant main effects for time were revealed for body mass (p = 0.02), total body water (p = 0.01), lean mass (p = 0.008), fat-free mass (p = 0.007), BP 1RM (p = 0.02), BP volume (p = 0.04), and LP 1RM (p = 0.01). Changes between groups were similar for body mass (− 0.88, 2.03 kg, p = 0.42), fat-free mass (− 0.68, 1.99 kg, p = 0.32), lean mass (− 0.73, 1.91 kg, p = 0.37), fat mass (− 0.48, 1.02 kg, p = 0.46), and % fat (− 0.63, 0.71%, p = 0.90). No significant between group differences were seen for BP 1RM (− 13.8, 7.1 kg, p = 0.51), LP 1RM (− 38.8, 49.6 kg, p = 0.80), BP RTF (− 2.02, 0.35 reps, p = 0.16), LP RTF (− 1.7, 3.3 reps, p = 0.50), and Wingate peak power (− 72.5, 53.4 watts, p = 0.76) following the eight-week supplementation period.ConclusionsEight weeks of daily isonitrogenous 24-g doses of rice or whey protein in combination with an eight-week resistance training program led to similar changes in body composition and performance outcomes. Retroactively registered on as NCT04411173.

The role of breakfast in the diets of Irish adults (18–90y)

AbstractBreakfast is often referred to as ‘the most important meal of the day’ and is consumed after the longest postprandial fast (an overnight fast). Breakfast consumption has been positively linked to many health benefits and has been shown in many studies to be associated with a better diet quality. The aim of this study was to characterise breakfast in Irish adults and to investigate the contribution of breakfast to overall daily nutrient intake.Analyses were based on the National Adult Nutrition Survey (NANS) (2008–2010) (www.iuna.net). A 4 day semi-weighed food record was used to collect food and beverage intake data from a nationally representative sample of 1500 adults in the Republic of Ireland. Nutrient intakes were estimated using WISP© based on UK and Irish food composition data. Breakfast was subjectively defined by the participant and reported in the food diary. In line with recommendations on breakfast studies, this study confined analyses to nutrients derived from breakfast foods and not nutritional supplements. Usual intakes of energy and selected nutrients (from breakfast foods only and total diet (including nutritional supplements)) were calculated via the NCI-method using SAS© Enterprise Guide.Breakfast was consumed on at least one recording day by 99% of participants with an uptake of 93% of potential breakfast occasions. The mean (SD) energy intake at breakfast was 365 (162) kcal, contributing on average 19% to overall daily energy intake. Energy intake from breakfast comprised of 56% carbohydrate, 14% fat and 29% protein. The most frequently consumed foods at breakfast included breakfast cereals, white/brown/wholemeal breads and rolls, butters and fat spreads, jams and marmalades, fruits, eggs, yogurts and some meats. The most frequently consumed beverages included teas, coffees, ‘fruit juices &amp; smoothies’, waters and milk (in teas/coffees, with cereals and as a beverage). The contribution of breakfast to total daily nutrient intakes was 25% for carbohydrate, 16% for fat and 16% for protein. Breakfast also contributed to total daily intakes of dietary fibre (22%), total sugars (28%), saturated fat (18%), B-vitamins (20–32%), vitamins C (23%), D (24%), E (19%) calcium (28%), iron (26%) and sodium (18%).Breakfast was widely consumed among Irish adults and was typically a nutrient dense meal which contributed significantly to total dietary intakes of a number of important macro- and micro- nutrients but also contributed to total sugars and relatively small proportions of total fat, saturated fat, and sodium.

245 Effects of dietary macronutrient content on fecal microbiota populations and metabolite concentrations of healthy adult dogs

Abstract Diet is one of the greatest influences on gut microbiota number and activity, and one that can rapidly alter conditions. However, limited information about the longitudinal effects of diet on canine fecal microbiota is available. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of dietary macronutrient content on fecal microbiota populations and metabolites of adult dogs. Twelve adult female beagles (age: 5.16±0.87 yr, BW: 13.37±0.68 kg) were used in a crossover design with two 27-d experimental periods. All dogs were fed a kibble diet (control) from d1–14, and then fed that diet supplemented with fiber (HFD) or changed to a canned diet (CD) from d15–27. Fresh fecal samples were collected on d13, 16, 20, 24, and 27 for measurement of metabolites and microbiota populations. Microbial data were analyzed using QIIME 2. Other data were analyzed using Mixed Models procedure of SAS 9.4. Compared with controls, dogs fed HFD had greater (P &amp;lt; 0.05) daily fiber intake, while dogs fed CD had greater (P &amp;lt; 0.05) daily protein and fat intakes. Fecal acetate, propionate, and total SCFA increased (P &amp;lt; 0.05) after the change to HFD (d16), with concentrations being maintained through d27. Fecal isobutyrate, isovalerate, total BCFA, phenol, and indole increased (P &amp;lt; 0.05) after dogs consumed CD (d16), with concentrations being maintained through d27. When dogs consumed HFD (d16), microbial alpha-diversity increased (P &amp;lt; 0.05) and was maintained through d27, while beta-diversity (weighted UniFrac distance measures) were altered (P &amp;lt; 0.05) and stabilized from d20 to d27. Relative abundances of Firmicutes increased (P &amp;lt; 0.05) by d24, while Fusobacteria decreased (P &amp;lt; 0.05) by d16 and was stable from d20 to d27, in dogs fed HFD. In conclusion, diets affected fecal microbiota and metabolites. Although concentrations of fecal metabolites were stabilized after 2d, fecal microbial populations needed more time to stabilize after diet transition.

Nutrition, Growth, Brain Volume, and Neurodevelopment in Very Preterm Children

To explore the associations between nutrition in the first 28days after birth with somatic growth from birth to term-equivalent age, brain volumes at term-equivalent age, and neurodevelopment at 24months of corrected age. Prospective cohort study of 149 infants born from 2011 to 2014 at <30weeks of gestation in a tertiary neonatal nursery in Australia. The following data were collected: average daily energy, protein, fat, and carbohydrate intakes from birth until 28days, and the difference in weight and head circumference z scores between birth and term-equivalent. Total brain tissue volumes were calculated from brain magnetic resonance imaging at term-equivalent age. Children were assessed at 2years of corrected age with the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development-Third Edition. Relationships of nutritional variables with growth, brain volumes, and cognitive, language, and motor development were explored using linear regression. Complete nutritional data were available for 116 (78%) of the cohort. A 1g/kg/day higher mean protein intake was associated with a mean increase in weight z score per week of 0.05 (95% CI 0.05, 0.10; P=.04). There was a lack of evidence for associations of any nutritional variables with head circumference growth, with brain volumes at term-equivalent age, or with 2-year neurodevelopment. Only higher protein intakes in the first 28days after birth were associated with better weight growth between birth and term-equivalent age in very preterm infants. Nutrition in the first 28days was otherwise not substantially related to brain size or to neurodevelopmental outcomes.

The Association between Depressive Mood and Cholesterol Levels in Korean Adolescents.

ObjectivePrevious studies have shown that there is a correlation between lipid levels and depressive mood, and that lipids could be useful biomarkers for depression. We conducted this study to clarify the association between lipid levels and depressive mood in adolescents, especially in community samples. MethodsWe analyzed data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) that was conducted from 2013 to 2016. A total of 2,454 adolescents aged 12–18 years (1,273 boys, 1,181 girls) participated in the Survey. We conducted a cross-sectional study using multiple logistic regression, adjusting for age, household income, daily energy intake, daily fat intake, and daily cholesterol intake, to assess the association between depressive mood and serum lipid levels. ResultsDepressive mood was found in 8.7% of those included in the study. Borderline (110–129 mg/dL) and high (≥130 mg/dL) levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) were significantly associated with depressive mood [Borderline level: odds ratio (OR)=5.55, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.56–19.81, p=0.01; High level: OR=5.73, 95% CI 1.06–31.08, p=0.04]. However, this association was not found in girls. ConclusionOur findings indicate that depressive mood in boys is associated with higher LDL-C levels. Further investigation regarding this relationship and the underlying biological mechanisms is needed.

Assessment of meat products and saturated fatty acid intake in human diets

The World Health Organization (WHO) has released a guide to proper diet in which the food pyramid is presented. The food pyramid indicates graphically which types of food should be eaten daily. Changes in the diet of any population are slow and difficult to achieve. The aim of this study was to investigate: a) the fatty acid composition of processed meat products, and; b) the daily saturated fatty acid (SFA) content, as calculated by estimated consumption of processed meat products (meat pieces preserved in plastic casing by heat treatment) present in the Serbian market. Consumption of 100 g of preserved pork meat pieces per day equated to 4.64 g saturated fat or 23.20% of daily fat intake being saturated, while consumption of preserved poultry meat pieces would result in 1.73 g of saturated fat, or 8.65% of daily fat intake being saturated which is closer to the recommended daily intake of 10% of fats being saturated. Further research is needed to understand better the optimal combination of unsaturated fatty acids in these processed meat products and recommended daily intakes that should maintain and enhance the health status of consumers.

Association between the Frequency of Dining Out and the Risk of Obesity, Diabetes Mellitus, and Dyslipidemia among Korean Adults

ABSTRACTThis study aimed to clarify the association between the frequency of dining out and the risk of obesity, diabetes mellitus, and dyslipidemia among Korean adults. This cross-sectional study surveyed 640 participants aged 20–69 years in Korea. Daily intake of energy, fat, protein, and cholesterol significantly increased as the frequency of dining out increased (P < .001). Energy derived from carbohydrates significantly decreased with the frequency of dining out, while that derived from fat and protein increased (P < .001). Among participants who rarely dined out, the fully adjusted odds ratios (ORs) for hyperglycemia were significantly lower at 0.35 (95% CI, 0.16–0.76). Decreased risk of being hyperglycemia among participants who rarely dined out suggests that the frequency of dining out can be related to diabetes risk.

Fresh and Lean Beef Consumption in Relation to Nutrient Intakes and Diet Quality Among U.S. Adults, 2005–2016 (P18-057-19)

ObjectivesThis study assessed the influence of beef consumption on nutrient intakes and diet quality among U.S. adults. MethodsNationally-representative sample (N = 27,117) from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2005–2016 waves were analyzed. First-difference estimator addressed confounding bias from time-invariant unobservables (e.g., eating habits, taste preferences) by using within-individual variations in beef consumption between 2 nonconsecutive 24-hour dietary recalls. ResultsApproximately 53.6%, 11.6%, and 6.7% of American adults consumed beef, fresh beef, lean beef, and fresh lean beef, respectively. An increase in lean beef and fresh lean beef consumption by one ounce-equivalent per day was associated with an increase in the Health Eating Index-2010 score by 0.20 (95% CI = 0.10, 0.29) and 0.29 (95% CI = 0.03, 0.55), respectively. Prevalence of beef, fresh beef, lean beef, and fresh lean beef consumption differed by sex, age, race/ethnicity, education level, and obesity status. An increase in beef, fresh beef, lean beef, and fresh lean beef consumption by one ounce-equivalent per day was found to be associated with an increase in intakes of total energy by 46.1, 39.6, 34.3, and 23.3 kcal, protein by 5.0, 4.1, 4.9, and 4.2 g, sodium by 66.6, 63.4, 35.8, and 39.1 mg, choline by 18.9, 18.1, 19.4, and 18.9 mg, iron by 0.6, 0.6, 0.5, and 0.5 mg, selenium by 3.8, 3.4, 3.6, and 3.8 μg, zinc by 1.4, 1.2, 1.3, and 1.1 mg, phosphorus by 37.1, 37.5, 32.4, and 34.4 mg, vitamin B2 by 0.03, 0.05, 0.02, and 0.04 mg, vitamin B3 by 0.9, 0.6, 0.9, and 0.6 mg, and vitamin B6 by 0.1, 0.06, 0.1, and 0.07 mg, respectively. An increase in beef, fresh beef, and lean beef consumption by one ounce-equivalent per day was found to be associated with an increase in daily intakes of saturated fat by 0.9, 0.8, and 0.6 g, and vitamin B12 by 0.4, 0.3, and 0.4 μg, respectively. No association linking fresh lean beef consumption with daily intakes of saturated fat and vitamin B12 was identified. ConclusionsBeef consumers are advised to increase their share of fresh and lean beef over total beef intake in an effort to maximize their nutritional gains from beef consumption while minimize the resultant increase in energy, saturated fat, and sodium intake. Funding SourcesNational Cattlemen’s Beef Association.

Breakfast Habits Are Associated with Mood, Sleep Quality, and Daily Food Intake in Healthy Adults (OR08-02-19)

ObjectivesOptimal eating patterns and sleep quality are key components to achieving a healthy lifestyle. Although increasing evidence illustrates associations between daily food intake and sleep quality, limited data exist with respect to whether specific eating occasions, such as breakfast consumption, are related to sleep and mood. Thus, the purpose of this study was to identify novel associations between breakfast habits, daily intake, sleep quality, and well-being in young, healthy adults. MethodsSixty-six healthy, young adults (age: 25.0 ± 0.6 y; BMI: 24.7 ± 0.9 kg/m2) completed the following cross-sectional study. Demographic and breakfast habits were assessed through a lifestyle questionnaire. Sleep quality was assessed via 7 day actigraphy and sleep diaries. Daily food intake was estimated using 3-day dietary recalls. Retrospective breakfast groups were identified based on whether the participant consumes breakfast 7 days/week or skips breakfast at least 1 day/week. ResultsBreakfast frequency was positively correlated with perceived waking alertness (r = 0.283; P < 0.03) and negatively correlated with daily energy intake (r = −0.339; P < 0.01) and daily fat intake, (−0.383; P < 0.003). Further, breakfast frequency and tended to be positively correlated with perceived sleep quality (r = 0.219; P = 0.078) and perceived waking mood (r = 0.233; P = 0.06). Measured sleep duration, latency, and efficiency were not associated with breakfast frequency. When comparing differences between breakfast groups, those that habitually consume breakfast exhibit better perceived sleep quality, mood upon waking, and alertness upon waking compared to those that skip breakfast (all, P < 0.05). In addition, daily energy intake was lower in breakfast consumers vs. those who skip breakfast (2058 ± 416 vs. 2396 ± 777 kcals, respectively; P < 0.05). Daily carbohydrate intake also tended to be lower in the breakfast consumers vs. those who skip breakfast (P = 0.09). No differences in measured sleep outcomes were detected between the groups. ConclusionsCollectively, these findings suggest that breakfast consumption is associated with mood, sleep health, and eating habits in young, healthy adults. Long-term experimental trials are needed to assess a causal role of breakfast on sleep health, mood, and dietary patterns. Funding SourcesLeprino Foods.

Dietary properties and anthropometric findings of children with functional constipation: a cross-sectional study.

Functional constipation (FC) is a common problem in childhood. This study intended to investigate the dietary properties and anthropometric findings of children with FC. Patients with FC were defined according to the Rome IV diagnostic criteria. The control group included children who were not diagnosed with FC or any other organic disease. The children who admitted to pediatric gastroenterology outpatient clinic between September 2017-March 2018 were included. Anthropometric measurements of weight, height, and body mass index were recorded. Body mass index z-scores were used to identify for overweight and obese children. Malnutrition was defined according to Waterlow criteria. The three-day nutritional diaries of both FC patients and control subjects were assessed and the daily average of calorie, fiber, carbohydrate, protein and fat intake were calculated by the same nutritionist. Fourty patients with FC and fourty healthy control were included. Twenty-four patients with FC were in the normal height and weight ranges. There was no significant difference in the average daily calorie, carbohydrate, fat and fiber intake between the FC and control groups. Although protein ratios (%) in the diet were found to be significantly lower in children with FC, the amount of protein that taken daily was found to be within normal limits in both groups. Most children with FC were in the normal range for height and weight. There was no significant relationship between FC and carbohydrate, fat and fiber content in the diet, only low protein ratios were found in FC.

Dietary intake and eating patterns of young children with type 1 diabetes achieving glycemic targets

IntroductionYoung children with type 1 diabetes (T1D) consume more saturated fat and less fruit and vegetables than recommended. A common challenge in this age group is unpredictable appetite potentially impacting...

307-OR: Interaction of Diabetes Genetic Risk and Successful Lifestyle Modification in the Diabetes Prevention Program

Intensive lifestyle intervention (ILS) targeting diet, physical activity (PA), and weight loss is efficacious for diabetes mellitus (DM) prevention, but not all high-risk individuals benefit. We tested whether DM genetic risk helps identify persons for whom ILS had a greater influence on DM risk. We studied 823 individuals in the ILS arm of the Diabetes Prevention Program with genetic and lifestyle data who were free of DM at one year after study enrollment. We estimated the associations of a DM genetic risk score (GRS) based on 67 loci from a recent genome-wide association study and achievement of three ILS goals at one year (7% weight loss, 150 minutes/week of self-reported moderate to strenuous leisure-time PA, and a goal for self-reported daily total fat intake) with incident DM using multivariable proportional hazards regression, including multiplicative interaction terms (i.e., on rate ratios) between GRS and each ILS goal. We used multivariable Poisson regression to estimate absolute risk reduction (ARR) in DM from ILS goal achievement across tertiles of the GRS, including tests for additive interaction (i.e., on rate differences) between GRS and each ILS goal. The GRS, and achieving each ILS goal and achieving all three ILS goals were associated with incident DM (all p&amp;lt;0.05; mean follow-up 3.0 years). There were no significant multiplicative interactions between GRS and achievement of any or all ILS goals. There were significant additive interactions between GRS and achievement of the weight loss (p&amp;lt;0.001), PA (p=0.03), and all three ILS goals (p&amp;lt;0.001). The ARR in incident DM associated with achievement of all three ILS goals increased across GRS tertiles: 1.8 [0.3, 3.4], 3.1 [1.5, 4.7], 3.9 [1.6, 6.2] fewer DM cases/100-person-years from the 1st to 3rd tertile. Genetic risk may identify high-risk subgroups for whom successful lifestyle modification is associated with greater absolute risk reduction of DM and a lower number needed to treat with lifestyle interventions. Disclosure S. Raghavan: None. K.A. Jablonski: None. L.M. Delahanty: Advisory Panel; Self; Jana Care Inc., Omada Health, Inc., Weight Watchers International, Inc. N. Maruthur: Other Relationship; Self; Johns Hopkins HealthCare Solutions. A. Leong: None. P.W. Franks: Board Member; Self; Zoe Ltd. Research Support; Self; AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim International GmbH, Lilly Diabetes, Novo Nordisk A/S, Novo Nordisk Foundation, Sanofi, Servier. W.C. Knowler: None. J.C. Florez: None. D. Dabelea: None. DPP Research Group: None. Funding National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases

Eating Behaviors and Dietary Intakes of Older Adults: What We Eat in America, NHANES 2015–2016 (FS02-07-19)

ObjectivesIt is estimated that the number of older individuals in the U.S. will nearly double between 2020 and 2050 to over 80 million. This research examines eating behaviors and dietary intakes of older adults. MethodsNationally representative day 1 dietary data from 1684 adults ages 60+ participating in What We Eat in America (WWEIA), NHANES 2015–2016 were analyzed to estimate eating pattern behaviors and dietary intakes. The interviewer-administered 5-step USDA Automated Multiple-Pass Method (AMPM) was used to collect the 24-hour dietary recall. The WWEIA Food Categories were used to estimate the percentage who consumed vegetables or fruits. The Food Patterns Equivalents Database (FPED) was used to calculate added sugars intake. ResultsOn any given day, almost all older adults reported eating breakfast (92%) and dinner (94%) and fewer ate lunch (78%); two-thirds reported all three meals. Snacks were consumed by 94%, most commonly 3 to 4 times per day, and provided 20% of daily mean energy intake. In relation to energy, snacks provided more of the daily intakes of caffeine (33%), total sugar (32%), carbohydrates (23%), and calcium (21%). More than 2/3 of older adults consumed a vegetable, 1/3 of which were white potatoes, such as French fried, mashed, or baked potatoes. A fruit was reported by just over half of older adults, the most common being bananas (16%), followed by apples (12%), berries (11%), citrus (9%), melons (8%), and grapes (5%). Four out of ten older adults consumed at least one food or beverage from a restaurant and among these individuals, intake at restaurants provided 42% of their daily energy intake and about half of daily intakes of fat, saturated fat, cholesterol, and sodium. Mean daily intakes of added sugars and saturated fat each provided 12% of daily energy intake, exceeding the Dietary Guidelines for Americans recommendations of less than 10% of calories per day from each, as did sodium with mean daily intake of 3091 mg, exceeding the recommendation of less than 2300 mg. ConclusionsWith the number and proportion of older adults increasing in the U.S., understanding their eating behaviors and dietary intakes can inform strategies for well-being during this life stage. Funding SourcesUSDA, Agricultural Research Service.

Association between total water intake and dietary intake of pregnant and breastfeeding women in China: a cross-sectional survey

BackgroundPregnant and lactating women are at high risk of insufficient water intake. The cross-sectional study was mainly designed to evaluate the water intake, including total water intake (TWI), plain water intake, and water intake from beverages and foods of 200 pregnant women and 150 breastfeeding women in Beijing.MethodsA semi-quantitative Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ) was employed to assess their dietary intake, TWI, plain water, and water intake from beverages and foods. Multivariate regression analysis was conducted for evaluating the association between water intake and dietary variables.ResultsOn average, the TWI of pregnant and breastfeeding women was 2638 mL/day and 3218 mL/day, respectively. Only 28% of pregnant women and 27% of breastfeeding women were complied with the adequate intake (AI). Water from foods was the greatest contributor to TWI both in pregnant and breastfeeding women. TWI was positively related to some dietary variables (P < 0.001). For pregnant women, with each 100 kcal/day increase in energy intake, the TWI increased by 67 mL. With each 5 g increase in daily intake of dietary protein, fat, carbohydrate and fiber, TWI increased by 72 mL, 66 mL, 22 mL, 353 mL, respectively. When the energy contribution of protein increased by 5%, TWI increased by 210 mL. The each 100 mg increase in daily sodium intake was accompanied with 52 mL increase in TWI. For breastfeeding women, with each 100 kcal/day increase in energy intake, the TWI increased by 54 mL. With each 5 g increase in daily intake of dietary protein, fat, carbohydrate and fiber, TWI increased by 53 mL, 58 mL, 16 mL, 212 mL, respectively. The each 100 mg increase in daily sodium intake was accompanied with 54 mL increase in TWI.ConclusionsA large proportion of pregnant and breastfeeding women in Beijing were not adherent to AI for TWI set by Chinese Nutrition Society. Water intake from foods was the greatest contributor to TWI both in pregnant and breastfeeding women, and maternal dietary intake posed impacts on water intake during pregnancy and lactation. More researches are required to assess the water intake and hydration status of the populations.

Analysis of dietary and metabolic characteristics in elderly sarcopenia patients with diabetes mellitus

Objective To investigate the metabolic characteristics, body composition and dietary intake in elderly sarcopenia patients with type 2 diabetes(T2DM). Methods A total of 652 T2DM patients(327 males and 325 females)aged over 60 years were selected from endocrinology department of nine different hospitals in Beijing.Body composition was measured by bioimpedance analysis, and the appendicular skeletal mass index(ASMI)was calculated.Sarcopenia was defined as body height-adjusted skeletal muscle mass(ASMI)below the lower quintile of the young reference group.The diagnostic cutoff points for sarcopenia were 7.18 kg/m2 for men and 5.73 kg/m2 for women.All patients were divided into the sarcopenia group versus the control group(below vs.not below 7.18 kg/m2 for men and 5.73 kg/m2 for women). The anthropometric parameters, body composition, biochemical laboratory results and dietary intake were compared between the two groups.The blood glucose target levels were less than 7 mmol/L of fasting plasma glucose(FPG)or less than 7% of haemoglobin A1c(HbA1c). The obesity ratio was calculated according to body fat percentage more than 25% in men and more than 30% in women as obesity. Results There were 116(17.8%)patients in the sarcopenia group(men/women, 82/34), and 536(82.2%)patients in the control group(men/women, 245/291). Age was higher in the sarcopenia group than in the control group(t=4.385, P=0.000), and body mass index and waist hip ratio(WHR)were lower in the sarcopenia group than in the control group(t=11.724 and 4.173, P=0.000 and 0.000). FPG[(7.5±2.4)mmol/L vs.(8.5±2.5)mmol/L, t=-3.450, P=0.001]and HbA1c[(7.0±1.6)% vs.(8.2±1.7)%, t=-5.745, P=0.000]were higher in male sarcopenia group than in male control group.The control rate of FPG(127.0% or 51.8% vs.27.0% or 32.9%, χ2=8.817, P=0.003)and HbA1c(131.0% or 53.5% vs.23.0% or 28.0%, χ2=15.934, P=0.000)were lower in the sarcopenia group than in the control group.The red blood cell counts, hemoglobin and serum albumin levels, estimated glomerular filtration rate(eGFR)were lower in male sarcopenia group than in the male control group(P<0.05). eGFR was lower in female sarcopenia group than in female control group(t=4.090, P=0.000). Both in men and women, ASMI, grip power, fatless circumference on upper arm, bone mineral content and basal metabolic rate were lower in the sarcopenia group than in the control group(P<0.05). The total daily intake of energy, carbohydrate, protein and fat were lower in male sarcopenia group than in male control group(P<0.05). Conclusions Compared with the control group, sarcopenia patients are older with worse glycemic control and lower levels of BMI, WHR, renal function, muscle mass and muscle strength.Sarcopenia patients are more prone to osteoporosis.Furthermore, they have poorer nutritional status with an imbalance of dietary intake.Appropriate increase of protein especially high quality protein intake should be recommended to sarcopenia patients with T2DM. Key words: Diabetes mellitus; Sarcopenia; Nutrition assessment; Metabolism

Associations between olfactory pathway gene methylation marks, obesity features and dietary intakes

BackgroundOlfaction is an important sense influencing food preferences, appetite, and eating behaviors. This hypothesis-driven study aimed to assess associations between olfactory pathway gene methylation signatures, obesity features, and dietary intakes.MethodsA nutriepigenomic analysis was conducted in 474 adults from the Methyl Epigenome Network Association (MENA) project. Anthropometric measurements, clinical data, and serum metabolic profiles of the study population were obtained from structured databases of the MENA cohorts. Habitual dietary intake was assessed using a validated semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire. DNA methylation was measured in circulating white blood cells by microarray (Infinium Human Methylation 450 K BeadChips). FDR values (p < 0.0001) were used to select those CpGs that showed the best correlation with body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC). Pathway analyses involving the characterization of genes involved in the olfactory transduction system were performed using KEGG and pathDIP reference databases.ResultsOverall, 15 CpG sites at olfactory pathway genes were associated with BMI (p < 0.0001) and WC (p < 0.0001) after adjustments for potential confounding factors. Together, methylation levels at the15 CpG sites accounted for 22% and 20% of the variability in BMI and WC (r2 = 0.219, p < 0.001, and r2 = 0.204, p < 0.001, respectively). These genes encompassed olfactory receptors (OR4D2, OR51A7, OR2T34, and OR2Y1) and several downstream signaling molecules (SLC8A1, ANO2, PDE2A, CALML3, GNG7, CALML6, PRKG1, and CAMK2D), which significantly regulated odor detection and signal transduction processes within the complete olfactory cascade, as revealed by pathway enrichment analyses (p = 1.94 × 10–10). Moreover, OR4D2 and OR2Y1 gene methylation patterns strongly correlated with daily intakes of total energy (p < 0.0001), carbohydrates (p < 0.0001), protein (p < 0.0001), and fat (p < 0.0001).ConclusionsThe results of this study suggest novel relationships between olfactory pathway gene methylation signatures, obesity indices, and dietary intakes.

Maternal diet and gestational diabetes mellitus development

ABSTRACTPurpose: All possible measures should be taken to prevent glucose tolerance disorders and limit their consequences. The aim of this study was to show the relationship between maternal eating habits and the risk of developing gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM).Materials and methods: The nutrition of 55 pregnant women was evaluated using a three-day food record and food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) and nutrition of 12 months before pregnancy was assessed only by means of the FFQ. The patients were divided into groups: H – with uncomplicated pregnancy (n = 42) and GDM – with gestational diabetes mellitus (n = 13), based on oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) results performed between 24 and 28 weeks.Results: Significant differences were found between groups H and GDM in terms of daily fat intake (32.1 versus 36.2%) and dietary reference values (standards) for total fat, monosaturated fatty acids (MUFA), and polysaturated fatty acids (PUFA). In the GDM group, the coverage of standards for total fat, staturated fatty acids (SFA) and MUFA exceeded the recommended values. Moreover, patients from this group consumed products typical for the “Western model of nutrition” more often, which may contribute to GDM.Conclusions: A “Western diet” and higher intake of energy from total fat and saturated fatty acid in the first half of pregnancy and before pregnancy may contribute to an increased risk of developing GDM.