Daily Intake Of Vitamin Research Articles

Tomato juice nutritional profile

Every juice contains a unique set of nutritive and biologically active substances, exhibiting the properties of the named fruit or vegetable. To characterize the nutritional profile of tomato juice, the literature data (including official reference books) and the results of studies of domestic industrially produced tomato juices conducted by the Russian Juice Producers Union (RSPS) and its members have been analyzed and summarized. From the point of view of providing a man with micronutrients and minor biologically active substances, tomato juice is a significant source of antioxidants - carotenoids and vitamin E, as well as several minerals and trace elements. The amount of lycopene in a glass of tomato juice (200-250 ml) completely satisfies or exceeds the recommended daily intake of this carotenoid; the level of β-carotene in the same volume of juice provides about 20% of the recommended daily intake of vitamin A; potassium and copper - 12-15%, magnesium, iron, manganese and phosphorus - about 5%. Tomato juice is a source of dietary fiber, including soluble dietary fiber (pectin). A glass of tomato juice contains about 12% of the recommended daily intake of pectins and about 8% of dietary fiber. Wherein the calorie content of tomato juice is low - an average of 19 kcal/100 ml. The article continues a series of publications on juices nutrient profiles.

(317) - The impact of daily vitamin intake on brain fog in fibromyalgia

Most patients with fibromyalgia report brain fog involving problems with cognition (information processing, concentration, memory, and speech) and mental clarity. In addition to standard care, many clinicians are interested in the role of diet. One factor important for cognitive health is daily vitamin intake. Though mixed, research in older adults shows that vitamins can improve cognitive function and reduce decline by antioxidant properties. Chronic inflammation in fibromyalgia is theorized to produce accelerated cognitive aging in fibromyalgia resulting in self-reported cognitive difficulties. Therefore, the antioxidant properties of vitamins may relate to less brain fog through neural protection. The current study investigated the associations between daily consumption of vitamins and brain fog severity. Twenty-three women diagnosed with fibromyalgia (Mage = 46.04 years, SD = 12.16; Mweight =86.89 kg, SD = 28.22) completed a scale measuring brain fog in two domains: difficulties with cognition and mental clarity. In addition, participants completed a measure of dietary intake which measured daily vitamin consumption involving A (retinol, beta-carotene, alpha-carotene), B (B1, B2, B3, B9, B12), C, D, and E. Partial correlations were conducted to test relations of vitamin intake on fibrofog domains while controlling for body weight. Overall, higher daily intake of Vitamin A related to lower cognitive difficulties; this included total Vitamin A activity (r = −.44, p = .045), beta-carotene (r = −.44, p = .044), and alpha-carotene (r = −.49, p = .023) but not retinol (p = .998). Higher Vitamin C intake was associated with lower difficulties with mental clarity (r = −.42, p = .038). Whereas, Vitamin B, D, and E were not associated with either brain fog domain (ps > .05). Though further study is called for, promoting diets rich in Vitamin A and C may improve self-reported cognitive difficulty in fibromyalgia. It is possible that antioxidant properties of Vitamins A and C protect against chronic inflammation and, therefore, advanced cognitive aging.

Parents understanding of vitamin D requirements, and the use of fortified foods

One in four toddlers are not achieving the recommended vitamin D intake crucial for their healthy development(1, 2). This study explored parents’ acceptability of factors affecting purchasing of foods and drinks fortified with Vitamin D in children aged 0-2 years old. A total of 194 parents completed an online parent questionnaire. Focus groups and interviews were used to explore in depth perceptions of vitamin D fortification. Thirteen participants participated in the 5 focus groups, 5 completed interviews. The majority of participants were female (mothers) and of White-British ethnic background, aged between 25-40 years, with 89% of the sample with a level 3 qualification (e.g. 2 or more A levels, NVQ level 3). Basic descriptive statistics were calculated from the questionnaire data and a thematic analysis methodology was applied to the qualitative data. The findings indicated low purchasing of vitamin D fortified foods/drinks by parents (21% of the sample). The foods/drinks most purchased were cereal, yogurts and alternative milks. Willingness to purchase certain products fortified with vitamin D to increase their child’s vitamin D was however high. After excluding formula milk, parents would be willing to buy yogurt, yogurt drinks, cereals, milk-based drinks, fruit juice and margarine. The table outlines parents’ views on the facilitators and barriers to purchasing vitamin D fortified foods and drinks. There is a potential for fortified foods to play a role in increasing the intake of vitamin D intake. Parents need quality education explaining the need to prevent vitamin D deficiency, though fortified products. Products also need to be suitable for babies and toddlers; better labelled, lower cost; with healthy options available with lower sugar and salt content, tasty, longer shelf life and better availability in local shops and supermarkets. Future research should determine if consumption of fortified foods/drinks alone rather than supplementation is sufficient to meet children’s daily intake of vitamin D(3).

The importance of the nutritionist in the multidisciplinary team in the treatment and rehabilitation of the Huntington carriers

Introduction: Huntington’s disease (DH) is characterized by being triggered by genetic alterations in chromosome 4, being hereditary and autosomal dominant, having as characteristic involuntary movements, intellectual deterioration, change in behavior, difficulty in feeding due to dysphagia, and psychiatric disorders, these are caused by the progressive death of neurological cells. This disease presents difficulties in the nutrition process, causing weight loss and worsening of health, with the development of pneumonia due to bronchoaspiration, resulting from diversions of liquids and other foods to the lungs and frequent suffocations. The role of the dietitian is to help the sufferer achieve the recommended daily intake of vitamins and minerals by providing the necessary dietary planning for DH patients with a view to the rehabilitation of body weight through the adequate intake of all nutrients, which may improve the spasms, the state of attention and interest of the patient, using auxiliary way nutritional supplements. Objective: To demonstrate the importance of the nutritionist and its functions in the multidisciplinary team responsible for monitoring, rehabilitation and quality of life control of patients with Huntington’s disease. Methodology: Qualitative research, through a bibliographic review subsidized in databases such as: Scielo, ABH (Associacao Huntington Brasil), scientific journals, case studies and Bireme. Results and Discussion: The study evidenced the need to integrate the nutritionist professional to the multidisciplinary team in Huntington’s disease, seeking to improve the nutritional status of the patient, improving and increasing their energy intake, offering a hyperproteic and hypercaloric diet, using nutritional supplementation, food thickeners will facilitate swallowing and prevent bronchoaspirations. Conclusion: This research had its foundations based on the importance of the integration of the nutritionist in the multidisciplinary team for an assisted nutrient supply, and that the data presented here are of great relevance to the scientific community and subsidize future academic work.

The Relationship of Depressive Symptoms and Vitamin D Intake to Cardiac Event-Free Survival in Patients With Heart Failure.

Low vitamin D and depressive symptoms are associated with inflammation activation that predicts cardiovascular disease. Little is known about the relationships among vitamin D intake, depressive symptoms, and cardiac events in heart failure (HF). The aim of this study is to determine the relationships among vitamin D deficiency, depressive symptoms, and cardiac events. A total of 204 HF patients completed a 3-day food diary to determine average daily intake of vitamin D. Patients completed the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 to assess somatic and cognitive depressive symptoms and were split into 2 groups using the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 cut-point score of 10 (< 10, no depressive symptoms; ≥ 10, depressive symptoms). Data on cardiac events during 1 year were obtained through medical record review. Hierarchical Cox and logistic regressions were used for data analyses. Sixty patients (29.4%) had depressive symptoms and 106 (52.0%) had vitamin D deficiency. Depressive symptoms (hazard ratio [HR], 1.93; P = .031) and vitamin D deficiency (HR, 1.84, P = .036) predicted shorter cardiac event-free survival in Cox regression. Depressive symptoms predicted shorter cardiac event-free survival in patients with vitamin D deficiency (HR, 2.16; P = .038), but not those with vitamin D adequacy. Somatic depressive symptoms were associated with vitamin D deficiency (odds ratio, 1.12; P = .028) in logistic regression, whereas cognitive depressive symptoms were not. Vitamin D deficiency and depressive symptoms predicted shorter cardiac event-free survival. Depressive symptoms did not predict cardiac events in HF patients with vitamin D adequacy. Somatic depressive symptoms predicted vitamin D deficiency, but cognitive depressive symptoms did not. Additional research is necessary to determine the protective role of vitamin D in the link between somatic depressive symptoms and cardiac events.

Evaluation and analysis of the vitamin levels in the self-selected diets of senile diabetics

This study was aimed at evaluating the daily vitamin intakes of senile diabetics whose diets were self-selected in order to apply the data obtained to prevent and treat senile Type 2 diabetics effectively. The daily vitamin intakes of 43 Type 2 diabetics (group A) and 43 healthy non-diabetics (group B) as revealed by their answer to a questionnaire were evaluated by computer analysis and compared with the Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA). The data obtained in this study showed that the daily vitamin B1 and B2 intakes in both groups were obviously low, less the 50% of RDA; and that in group A was lower than that in group B. The daily intakes of vitamin E and A were significantly different between group A and group B (P < 0.01 for vitamin E and P < 0.05 for vitamin A). So the vitamin intakes of the senile diabetics with their self-selected diets were inadequate. The author suggests that it is necessary to give a scientific guide for the diets of senile diabetics. If the vitamin intake from foods is inadequate, vitamin supplements should be given to prevent complications.

Content of Ascorbic Acid in Common Cowslip (Primula veris L.) Compared to Common Food Plants and Orange Juices

AbstractAscorbic acid is a well-known antioxidant found in plants. The content of ascorbic acid was assayed using a normal phase European Pharmacopoeia HPLC method for ascorbic acid in medicinal products. The content of ascorbic acid in herbs was calculated in % for absolutely dry drug. Ascorbic acid was not detected in the roots ofPrimula veris, in aerial parts it was detected in flowers (0.43 ± 0.034%), in blades (1.43 ± 0.11%) and petioles (1.56 ± 0.12%). In fresh leaves collected at weekly intervals the content of ascorbic acid varied from 1.19 to 2.39%, being highest from mid-May to mid-June. The fresh leaves contained 2.35 ± 0.18% of ascorbic acid and when frozen its content was quite stable for one year. The content of ascorbic acid in dried leaves decreased more than ten times in three months, in twelve months it was less than 1/20thof the initial level. Compared to the analyzed common fresh fruits and salads (n = 10) the fresh leaves of common cowslip contained considerably more ascorbic acid. Commercial orange juices could be recommended as the most convenient source of ascorbic acid (8.6–50.4 mg/100 ml); 1–5 glasses of orange juice could fulfill the recommended daily intake of vitamin C (60 mg).

Dietary and Supplemental Vitamin C and D on Symptom Severity and Physical Function in Knee Osteoarthritis

ABSTRACTVitamins C and D have been associated with decreasing pain and increasing function but these associations are not definitive. This cross-sectional study explores what relationships supplemental and dietary intake of vitamins C and D have on pain severity and physical function in patients with knee osteoarthritis. Using data from the Osteoarthritis Initiative, we performed regression analyses to examine relationships between vitamins C and D, pain, and function. Dietary vitamin D and dietary vitamin C were divided into >90th, 50th–90th, and <50th percentile. The high percentile group for supplemental vitamin D was divided into >85th percentile, whereas the high percentile group for supplemental vitamin C was divided into >90th percentile. We found the 90th/85th percentile levels of dietary and supplemental vitamin D to be positively associated with pain (β = 0.180; p = 0.028) and inversely related to physical function (β = −0.150, p = 0.028), respectively. Daily intake of vitamin C showed no statistical significance. We found that supplementary vitamin D was strongly associated with lessened disability for knee OA patients. The unexpected finding that associated dietary vitamin D with greater knee pain merits further study.

Fat Soluble Vitamins, Cholesterol, and Fatty Acid Composition of Wild and Farmed Black Mussel (Mytilus galloprovincialis) Consumed in Bulgaria

ABSTRACTThe most commercially important mollusk species from the Bulgarian Black Sea is the black mussel (Mytilus galloprovincialis). There is limited information about fat soluble vitamins, cholesterol, and fatty acid content of the Bulgarian Black Sea mussel. The aims of the present study are to determine and compare the fat soluble vitamin contents as well as relative daily intake of vitamins, cholesterol, fatty acid content, and lipid quality indices (atherogenic, thrombogenic) in the wild and farmed black mussels. Fat soluble vitamins and cholesterol were analyzed simultaneously using reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography. The fatty acid composition was analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. In both mussels, fat soluble vitamins A and E were in high amounts, but they were a better source of vitamin D3. Cholesterol contents were 67.54 ± 0.50 mg/100 g ww (wild) and 49.88 ± 0.30 mg/100 g ww (farmed). The fatty acid distributions of wild and farmed mussels are: saturated > polyunsaturated > monounsaturated fatty acid. The n3/n6 and polyunsaturated/saturated fatty acid ratios were greater than that recommended by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations/World Health Organization (FAO/WHO). A 100-g edible portion of both mussels contained from 0.252 g (wild) to 0.425 g (farmed) of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, C20:5n-3) + docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n-3).

Improvement in Activity of Daily Living and Fatigue in Multiple Sclerosis Patients: the Impact of Nutrition Education

Abstract Background: Fatigue is one of the most common complications of Multiple Sclerosis (MS). However, a few studies are available on the effect of nutrition education on fatigue and Activities of Daily Living (ADL) in patients with MS. Objectives: This study aimed to assess the effect of nutrition education on fatigue and ability to perform ADL in patients with MS. Methods: This quasi-experimental one group, pretest and posttest study was performed on 40 patients with MS, who were conveniently recruited among patients, registered at the Iranian MS Society. Data were collected through a demographic questionnaire, the Fatigue Severity Scale (FSS), a standard ADL scale, and a 24-hour food recall for two days. The instruments were completed at the start and two months after the intervention. Descriptive statistics and paired t test were used to analyze the data. Results: Sixty percent of the patients had severe fatigue before the intervention while, 90% of them reported mild fatigue after the intervention. The mean posttest ADL was increased by 12.45 units after the intervention when compared with the pretest value (P<0.001). Moreover, the daily intake of vitamin D and E, calcium and omega3 were lower than 75% of the Dietary Reference Intake (DRI) in most of the patients. Conclusions: The present study showed the beneficial effects of nutritional training on fatigue and ADL in patients with MS. Therefore, nurses and dietitians should regularly assess the patients’ dietary pattern and train them and their families about appropriate diet. Keywords: Quality of Life, Fatigue, Multiple Sclerosis, Nutrition Education

Precursors of age‐related macular degeneration: associations with vitamin A and interaction with CFHY402H in the Inter99 Eye Study

To investigate associations of very early age-related macular degeneration (AMD) with daily intake of vitamin A, beta-carotene, vitamin E, vitamin C, zinc and copper and interactions with AMD-associated polymorphisms in complement factor H (CFHY402H) and ARMS2/LOC387715. Cross-sectional study of 848 subjects aged 30-60years from the Inter99 Eye Study. Daily intake of vitamins and minerals was estimated from a 198-item food frequency questionnaire. Digital fundus photographs were recorded in red-free illumination and graded for macular drusen >63μm and numerous (>20) small hard macular drusen as a mean of both eyes. Higher intake of vitamin A increased the risk of having macular drusen >63μm with odds ratio=1.82 (CI95 1.02-3.24, p=0.042) comparing participants in the highest quartile of vitamin A intake with participants in the lowest quartile, adjusted for recruitment group, age and sex. There was a significant interaction with CFHY402H (p=0.038). Among 504 participants with CFHY402H, the relative risk of having macular drusen >63μm was increased in participants in the highest quartile of vitamin A intake (odds ratio=2.58; CI95 1.16-5.73, p=0.020) and in the second highest quartile (odds ratio=3.27; CI95 1.50-7.13, p=0.0029) compared with the lowest quartile. Further adjusting for total fat intake, energy intake, plasma cholesterol, body mass index (BMI), smoking, alcohol intake, education and physical activity strengthened the association. In this cross-sectional study, a higher intake of vitamin A increased the risk of macular drusen >63μm in subjects with CFHY402H. The study supports that vitamin A may be a risk factor for early AMD.

Higher Absorption of Vitamin C from Food than from Supplements by Breastfeeding Mothers at Early Stages of Lactation.

The aim of the present study was to determine the effect of vitamin C supply in the diet of lactating women on vitamin C concentrations in human milk (n = 97) sampled at different stages of lactation. Vitamin C levels were measured by liquid chromatography. Dietary intake of vitamin C was determined based on 3-day food dairies kept by breastfeeding mothers. Maternal dietary intakes of vitamin C from natural sources on lactation day 90 (n = 18) were significantly higher than on lactation days 15 (n = 42) and 30 (n = 37). The number of women taking vitamin C supplements decreased in successive stages of lactation. The average daily intake of vitamin C was estimated at 119 mg, but nearly 20% of mothers consumed less than 50 mg of vitamin C per day. No significant correlations were observed between lactation stage and vitamin C levels in breast milk (r = 0.110, p = 0.064). The average vitamin C concentrations in human breast milk were determined at 50.9 mg / L, and were not higher than 80.6 mg / L regardless of lactation stage and maternal intake of vitamin C. Vitamin C excretion into breast milk is regulated to prevent exceeding saturation level. The vitamin C concentration in milk was positive correlated with maternal intake of vitamin C from food, in the case of non-supplemented diet (r = 0.402, p = 0.041). Our results suggest that vitamin C occurring in food is much better absorbed and passes into breast milk than vitamin C from supplements.

REAL INTAKE AND PROVISION WITH VITAMINS AND CALCIUM IN OSTEOPOROSIS: ASSESSMENT BY MEASURING INTAKE AND PLASMA CONCENTRATIONS

Цель – оценка обеспеченности витаминами А, В2, С, Е, β-каротином и кальцием при остеопорозе по потреблению и концентрации в плазме крови. Материал и методы. Методом «случай – контроль» сформировано 108 пар «больной остеопорозом – здоровый» в возрасте 64,29±9,73 года. Изучение фактического питания проведено методом определения частоты потребления пищевых продуктов в течение месяца с использованием анкеты. На основании данных анализа частоты потребления пищи рассчитывали суточное потребление витаминов А, В2, С, Е, ß-каротина и кальция. В основной группе больных остеопорозом случайным методом выделена 60% выборка, в которой определена концентрация в плазме крови витаминов А, В2, С, Е, β-каротина и кальция. Аналогичные исследования проведены у 60 человек из контрольной группы. Результаты. Выявлено несоответствие между потреблением витаминов А, С и β-каротина с их уровнем в плазме крови, что позволило предположить повышенную потребность в этих нутриентах при остеопорозе. Согласно данным по потреблению кальция, каждого второго больного остеопорозом можно отнести к категории глубокой недостаточности потребления кальция (менее 500 мг/сут). Заключение. Полученные данные подлежат детальному изучению, прежде всего на клиническом и биохимическом уровнях (отсутствие ферментативной обеспеченности усвоения кальция, клинические проявления недостаточной обеспеченности нутриентами). Знание этих вопросов позволило бы регулировать рацион питания в отношении потребления кальция при остеопорозе.

Lipid-Based Nutrient Supplements Providing Approximately the Recommended Daily Intake of Vitamin A Do Not Increase Breast Milk Retinol Concentrations among Ghanaian Women

Background: Vitamin A deficiency remains a global public health problem. Daily supplementation with a lipid-based nutrient supplement (LNS) has potential for increasing milk vitamin A concentrations.Objective: The objective of this study was to determine whether daily supplementation with approximately the recommended daily intake of vitamin A in an LNS or a multiple-micronutrient supplement (MMN) during pregnancy and the first 6 mo postpartum has an effect on breast milk retinol concentration at 6 mo postpartum.Methods: Women ≤20 wk pregnant (n = 1320) were randomly assigned to receive either the MMN providing 18 micronutrients, including 800 μg retinol equivalents of vitamin A, or the LNS with the same nutrients as the MMN group, plus 4 minerals and macronutrients, until 6 mo postpartum; a control group received iron and folic acid during pregnancy and a placebo (calcium tablet) during the first 6 mo postpartum. Breast milk samples collected at 6 mo postpartum were analyzed for retinol and fat concentrations by HPLC and creamatocrit, respectively, in a subsample of 756 women.Results: The breast milk retinol concentration was (mean ± SD) 56.3 ± 2.1 nmol/g fat, with no significant differences between groups [iron and folic acid (n = 243): 59.1 ± 2.8; MMN (n = 260): 55.4 ± 2.5; LNS (n = 253): 54.7 ± 2.5 nmol/g fat; P = 0.45], regardless of whether the woman had or had not received a high-dose vitamin A supplement (200,000 IU) soon after childbirth. Around 17% of participants had low milk retinol (≤28 nmol/g fat). We estimated that 41% of infants were potentially receiving vitamin A at amounts above the Tolerable Upper Intake Level (600 μg retinol activity equivalents/d), with no group differences in percentages with low or high milk retinol concentration.Conclusion: Daily consumption of approximately the recommended intake of vitamin A did not increase breast milk retinol concentrations in this sample of Ghanaian women. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT00970866.

Dietary profile of patients with Stargardt's disease and Retinitis Pigmentosa: is there a role for a nutritional approach?

BackgroundStargardt’s disease (STGD) and Retinitis Pigmentosa (RP) are inherited retinal degenerations that may be affected, in opposite way, by diet.MethodsDietary profile was assessed in 24 patients with STGD and in 56 patients with RP. We documented in only 6 out of 24 (25 %) STGD patients a daily intake of vitamin A within the recommended range while 14/24 (58.3 %) reported a high daily intake and 4/24 (16.7 %) showed a low daily intake. With regard to RP, 4/56 (7.1 %) reported to be within the recommended range, 37/56 (66.1 %) reported high daily intake and 15/56 (26.8 %) showed low daily intake of vitamin A.ResultsInterestingly, STGD patients with low vitamin A intake (<600 µg RAE/day) showed significantly better visual acuity with respect to those introducing higher intake of vitamin A.ConclusionThe present study suggests insuitable nutrient intakes among patients with STGD and RP, especially for daily intake of vitamin A. The results may be used to provide tailored nutritional interventions in these patients.

Ameliorating effect of vitamin C and selenium against nicotine induced oxidative stress and changes of p53 expression in pregnant albino rats

Objective: This study was aimed to evaluate the effects of daily intake of vitamin C or selenium against deleterious effects of nicotine toxicity on pregnant albino rats. Materials and methods: Forty albino pregnant rats were equally distributed into four groups. Group A was considered as control. Group B was administered with nicotine dosed at 1 mg/kg body weight (bwt) daily for 7 weeks (wks) from 1 st day of gestation until the postnatal 4 wks. Group C was treated with nicotine and vitamin C dosed at 1 mg/kg bwt orally for 7 wks, group D was treated with nicotine and sodium selenite dosed at 1 ug/100 g bwt concurrently for 7 wks. The levels of catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), protein carbonyl (PC) and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), were estimated in homogenates of the lung, kidney and liver. Histopathological studies using hematoxylin and eosin as well as immunohistochemical studies using p53 antibody were also done. Results: Nicotine significantly elevated the levels of TBARS and PC as compared to control rats. Groups C and D showed decrease in these levels significantly. CAT and SOD activities of group B were decreased significantly. Significant elevation of CAT and SOD activities was detected in both groups C and D. Vitamin C elevated the antioxidant enzymes activities to normal levels, however selenium administration improved these levels but still lower than those of group A. Expression of p53 was decreased in group B as compared to group A. Vitamin C completely reversed the expression of p53 as group A. However, group D did not showed any significant changes in expressions as compared to group B. Conclusion: It is concluded that vitamin C intake was useful than selenium in prevention against nicotine-induced oxidative stress including p53 expression in the lung, kidney and liver of pregnant rats. http://doi.org/10.5455/javar.2016.c168

The benefits and risks of short-term diet changes on the example of the use a 5-week long lactoovovegetarian diet. Analysis of 7-day nutritional surveys of women – preliminary study

Aim. Due to more frequent incidence of diet related diseases, alternative methods of nutrition become more popular. The aim of this paper is to determine the degree of balance of a short-term lactoovovegetarian diet followed by those who do not have any previous experience with such a diet. Moreover, the study aims at comparing its findings with results of a nutritional analysis carried out in the case of volunteers following a long-term lactoovovegetarian diet.Material and methods. The method chosen in this study is a nutritional analysis based on 7-day long nutritional surveys. Diet 5.0 software was used analyze this data. The tests were conducted among 9 lactoovovegetarians females (LVD – long-term vegetarian diet) and 9 females who decided to follow a lactoovovegetarian diet for the duration of 5 weeks (SVD – short-term vegetarian diet). In the latter case, nutritional surveys were performed in the week preceding the experiment (SVD1/control group) and the last week of the diet (SVD2).Results. In LVD group, when compared with SVD1, significant differences in average daily intake of vitamin E, fat and plant fiber have transpired. After analyzing data from nutritional surveys of SVD2 group, significant differences in the amount of basic nutritional elements (e.g. smaller amount of fat and fiber), microelements (e.g. lower supply of calcium, iron, magnesium) and vitamins (vitamin E, thiamine, niacin) have been noted, as compared to LVD group. When comparing data within SVD group, i.e. a traditional diet and a 5 week long lactoovovegetarian diet significantly lower supplies of vitamins B1, B3, B12 and D were observed than before starting the experiment. Conclusions. A short-term change of eating habits from a traditional diet into a lactoovovegetarian one may result in insufficient supply of numerous nutrients.

A Vitamin D-Calcium-Fortified Yogurt Drink Decreased Serum PTH but did not Affect Osteocalcin in Subjects with Type 2 Diabetes.

There is sparse evidence of the effect of vitamin D on bone biomarkers in diabetic patients, and therefore, in a randomized clinical trial, we evaluated the effects of the daily intake of vitamin D, either with or without extra calcium, on selected bone biomarkers. Ninety women and men aged 30 - 50 years old with type 2 diabetes were randomly divided into three groups in a double-blind manner. Group 1 (PD), the control group, received a plain yogurt drink. Groups 2 (DD) and 3 (CDD) received 1000 IU vitamin D3, and 1000 IU vitamin D3 plus 500 mg calcium, respectively, via drinking two 250 mL bottles a day of a fortified yogurt drink for twelve weeks. Anthropometric and biochemical assessments were made, including 25(OH), intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH), osteocalcin, and calcium. Although the time and time × group interaction effects on the bone biomarkers were not statistically significant, there was a modest decrease in iPTH concentrations in both DD and CDD groups over twelve weeks. The subgroups with initial vitamin D deficiency/insufficiency in the CDD group had greater and significant decrease in serum iPTH concentrations after twelve weeks of treatment compared to the PD group (- 9.0 ± 21.2 v.s 8.6 ± 21.8 pg/mL, p = 0.042). The improvement in vitamin D status following the daily intake of fortified doogh for twelve weeks was accompanied by a decrement in iPTH, mostly in those subjects with poor initial vitamin D status.

Abstract 14937: Depressive Symptoms Were Not Associated With Cardiac Event-free Survival in Heart Failure Patients With Adequate Intake of Vitamin D

Introduction. Low levels of vitamin D and severe depressive symptoms have been associated with increased proinflammatory cytokines that predict cardiovascular disease. However, little is known about the relationships among depressive symptoms, vitamin D deficiency, and cardiac events in patients with heart failure (HF). Hypothesis. We hypothesized that the link of depressive symptoms to cardiac event-free survival would differ between patients with vitamin D adequacy and deficiency. Methods. A total of 232 patients with HF (age 66±8 years, 34% female) completed the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 to assess depressive symptoms and were split into 2 groups using the standard PHQ-9 cutoff point of 10. Nutrition Analysis program was used to determine average daily intake of vitamin D through a 3-day food diary. Patients with &gt; 85% probability of deficiency were defined as having a diet deficient in vitamin D. Covariate data on age, gender, body mass index, NYHA class, ejection fraction, comorbidities, and prescribed medications were obtained from review of medical records. Patients were followed for 2 years to determine time to first event of hospitalization or death. Hierarchical Cox proportional regression was used to examine our hypothesis. Results. 106 patients (46%) had depressive symptoms and 116 patients (50%) had vitamin D deficiency. During 2 years, 88 patients (38%) were hospitalized or died due to cardiac problems. Depressive symptoms were associated with vitamin D deficiency ( X 2 =4.45, p = .035). In patients with vitamin D deficiency, depressive symptoms (HR=2.56, 95% CI=1.28-5.21) predicted shorter event-free survival after controlling for all covariates, whereas there was no difference in cardiac event-free survival between patients with depressive symptoms and no depressive symptoms in patients with vitamin D adequacy ( p = .185) . Conclusions. The data suggest that depressive symptoms were not associated with cardiac event-free survival in HF patients with adequate intake of vitamin D. Future study is required to determine whether vitamin D adequacy could play a protective role in the impact of depressive symptoms on cardiac event-free survival in patients with HF.

Vitamin D receptor Cdx-2-dependent response of central obesity to vitamin D intake in the subjects with type 2 diabetes: a randomised clinical trial.

This study aimed to investigate the effects of daily intake of vitamin D-fortified yogurt drink (doogh) on central obesity indicators in subjects with type 2 diabetes (T2D) and the possible modulation of this effect by vitamin D receptor (VDR) Cdx-2 genotypes. A total of sixty T2D subjects were randomly allocated to two groups to receive either plain doogh (PD; n 29, containing 170 mg Ca and no vitamin D/250 ml) or vitamin D3-fortified doogh (FD; n 31, containing 170 mg Ca and 12·5 μg/250 ml) twice a day for 12 weeks. 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D), glycaemic as well as adiposity indicators were evaluated before and after the intervention. VDR-Cdx-2 genotypes in extended number of T2D subjects in the FD group (n 60) were determined as AA, GA and GG. After 12 weeks, in FD compared with PD, serum 25(OH)D increased (+35·4 v. -4·8 nmol/l; P<0·001) and mean changes of waist circumference (WC; -1·3 v. +1·6 cm; P=0·02), body fat mass (FM; -1·9 v. +0·60 %; P=0·008), truncal fat (TF; -1·1 v. 0·13 %; P=0·003) and visceral adipose tissue (-0·80 v. +0·37 AU; P<0·001) decreased significantly. Circulating 25(OH)D was raised only in the AA group (34·8 nmo/l in AA group v. -6·4 nmol/l in AG and -1·6 nmol/l in GG groups; P<0·001), which was accompanied by a significant decrease in changes of WC (P=0·004), FM% (P=0·01) and TF% (P<0·001) in the AA genotype. Daily intake of vitamin D-FD for 12 weeks improved the central obesity indices in T2D subjects, and the improvement was more pronounced in the carriers of the AA genotype of VDR-Cdx-2.