Cytotoxic Activity Of Essential Oil Research Articles

Chemical Composition, Anti-microbial, and Cytotoxic Activities of Essential Oil from Magnolia bidoupensis Q. N. Vu leaves, an Endemic Species to the Central Highlands of Vietnam.

An analysis was conducted on the essential oil extracted from the leaves of Magnolia bidoupensis utilizing GC-MS, revealing thirty-three constituents that account for 98.9% of the essential oil. The main components included pogostol (22.4%), δ-selinene (16.2%), and α-amorphene (14.7%). Bioassays were then performed to evaluate the oil's biological activity. The essential oil exhibited antimicrobial activity against all tested microorganisms (six bacterial strains and one fungal strain) using the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) method. Additional cytotoxicity tests were conducted on KB, HepG2, MCF-7, and A549 cancer cell lines using the MTT method. The essential oil exhibited strong cytotoxic effects on all four cell lines, with IC50 values ranging from 1.37 ± 0.05 μg/mL (KB) to 2.40 ± 0.06 μg/mL (A549).

Composition and Activities of Carpesium macrocephalum Franch. & Sav. Essential Oils

Carpesium macrocephalum, a species native to China, Korea, Japan, and Russia, has been used medicinally in the countries of its origin. Though mono- and sesquiterpenoids are known constituents of C. macrocephalum, the complete analysis of essential oils produced by the roots and aerial parts of the plant has not been published until now. The present study discloses considerable differences in the composition and cytotoxic activity of essential oils distilled from roots and shoots of C. macrocephalum. The GC-MS-FID analyses have led to the identification of 131 compounds in all, of which 114 were found in aerial parts and 110 in the roots of the plants. The essential oil distilled from shoots contained a mixture of nerol and thymol methyl ether (c. 26%), neryl isobutyrate (c. 12%) and linalool (c. 9%) as major constituents, whereas alantolactone (c. 29%), thymol methyl ether (c. 7%) and 2,5-dimethoxy-p-cymene (thymohydroquinone dimethyl ether, c. 7%) predominated in the essential oil obtained from the roots. The oils demonstrated weak antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and, at concentrations up to 2.08 mg/mL (oil from the aerial parts) and up to 3.38 mg/mL (oil from roots), were inactive against Gram-negative bacteria. The essential oil from the roots of the plant demonstrated strong but not selective cytotoxic activity.

Chemical Composition, Cholinesterase Inhibitory Effect and Cytotoxic Activity Study of Essential Oils Extracted from Different Parts of Satureja isophylla Rech.f

Background: Based on available literature, no study has yet considered the phytochemical profile and pharmacological activities of essential oils extracted from different parts of Satureja isophylla. Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the chemical composition, cholinesterase (ChE) inhibitory effects, and cytotoxic activities of essential oils extracted from different parts of Satureja isophylla. Methods: Essential oils extracted from the flowers, leaves, stems, and roots of Satureja isophylla, which is endemic to Iran, were separately analyzed using GC-MS. The ChE inhibitory activities of these extracts were tested on acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE). The growth-inhibitory effects of the extracts were assessed against four cancer cell lines: MCF-7, ACHN, AsPC-1, and PC-12. Results: GC-MS analysis identified a total of 51 compounds from different parts of the plant, with α-eudesmol, camphor, elemol, and γ-eudesmol being the main components. The ChE inhibitory activity results indicated significant inhibition of BChE compared to AChE. The essential oils exhibited greater toxicity against AsPC-1 cells compared to other cancer cell lines in the MTT assay. Conclusions: This study is the first to examine the chemical composition and therapeutic effects of essential oils extracted from various parts of Satureja isophylla. Further research is needed to explore additional pharmacological activities and to provide a more comprehensive phytochemical profile of this plant.

Chemical composition of essential and fixed oils of Tagetes erecta fruits (Iran) and their implications in inhibition of cancer signaling

The current research was conducted to explore, for the first time, Tagetes erecta L. (family Asteraceae) fruits from northwest Iran in terms of the chemical composition of essential and fixed oils, their cytotoxic activities, and the inhibitory effect of essential oil on the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway. The volatile oil was obtained through hydrodistillation (Clevenger apparatus). According to gas chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis, the essential oil was rich in cyclic monoterpenoids, 2-isopropyl-5-methyl-3-cyclohexen-1-one (19.99%), d-limonene (12.75%), terpinolene (11.64%) and also the saturated fatty acid palmitic acid (19.09%). Furthermore, the seeds of T. erecta were extracted using hexane by the maceration method. The analysis of fatty acid profile of the fixed oil by gas chromatography-flame ionization detector (GC-FID) demonstrated that the most predominant fatty acids in fixed oil were linoleic acid (59.53%), palmitic acid (13.70%), stearic acid (10.20%), and oleic acid (9.20%). The cytotoxic activity of essential oil, crude oil, and fraction A (obtained from fixed oil) were evaluated by using the MTT assay on MCF7 (human breast cancer cell line), PC3 (human prostate cancer cell line), and U87MG (human glioblastoma cell line). Finally, the effect of essential oil on inhibiting the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway was evaluated using real-time PCR. The essential oil exhibited vigorous cytotoxic activity on the U87MG cell line, with an IC50 value of 32.65 μg/mL. Interestingly, the essential oil significantly inhibited the PI3K/AKT/mTOR cascade compared to the non-treated group. Our results suggest that the essential oil holds promise as an anticancer agent for glioblastoma cell lines. To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first to report on the profile of the essential oil of T. erecta fruits and its implications for targeting the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway.

Chemical Composition and Antibacterial, Antioxidant, and Cytotoxic Activities of Essential Oils from Leaves and Stems of Aeschynomene indica L.

The objective of this study was to analyze the chemical composition and evaluate the biological capabilities of the essential oils (EOs) extracted from leaves and stems of wild Aeschynomene indica L. plants by the hydrodistillation method. By using GC-FID/MS, fifty-six and fifty-five compounds, representing 95.1 and 97.6% of the essential oils in the leaves and stems, respectively, were characterized. The predominant constituents of A. indica EOs were (E)-caryophyllene, linalool, viridiflorol, phytol, hexadecanoic acid, trans-verbenol, and α-guaiene. The antibacterial and synergistic activities of the EOs were assessed by microdilution and checkerboard assays. The results revealed a potent inhibition and bactericidal activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis with MICs of 0.312-0.625 mg/mL. When combined with traditional antibiotics, the essential oils of A. indica possessed excellent synergistic effects against all tested bacteria. Additionally, the EOs of A. indica leaves showed higher antioxidant activity (IC50 = 0.11 ± 0.01 µg/mL) compared to the stem oil (IC50 = 0.19 ± 0.01 µg/mL) using the ABTS radical scavenging assay. The in vitro cytotoxicity of EOs against human cancer cell lines HepG2, MCF-7, A-549, and HCT-116 was examined, and MTT assays showed that the EOs possessed a significant cytotoxic potential against MCF-7 breast cancer cells, with IC50 values of 10.04 ± 1.82 and 15.89 ± 1.66 μg/mL, and a moderate cytotoxic activity against other tested cells. In conclusion, the A. indica EOs could be considered a potential source of pharmacologically active compounds.

Chemical composition and antimycobacterial, anti-Malassezia furfur and cytotoxic activities of essential oils from Callistemon viminalis (Sol. ex Gaertn.) G. Don leaves and flowers

Callistemon viminalis has been widely known due to its therapeutic properties. Tuberculosis is a deadly infectious disease caused predominantly by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Other respiratory diseases may also be caused by nontuberculous mycobacteria. Malassezia furfur causes dermal inflammation and tissue damage. This study aimed to evaluate in vitro inhibitory effects of essential oils (EOs) from C. viminalis leaves (EO-CL) and flowers (EO-CF) against M. tuberculosis, Mycobacterium kansasii, Mycobacterium avium and M. furfur strains. Their cytotoxic activity was evaluated by the brine shrimp assay. Resulting MIC values of all EOs under study were promising since they ranged from 50 to 100 µg/mL. Both EO-CL and EO-CF showed nontoxicity against Artemia salina by the brine shrimp assay (LC50 > 1000 µg/mL). GC-FID and GC-MS analyses showed that 1,8-cineole was the major component of both EOs. These results revealed the promising potential of EO-CL and EO-CF to develop new antibacterial and antifungal drugs.

Antiproliferative Potential of Essential Oil from the Leaves of Croton floribundus (Euphorbiaceae) Against Human Metastatic Melanoma Cell Lines.

Melanoma is a cancer type with high lethality, metastatic capacity, and limited therapeutic options. Different essential oils have been reported with antitumoral potential. Thus, the essential oil (EO) of the leaves of C. floribundus was obtained by hydrodistillation and analyzed by GC-MS. The majority of substances annotated were β-selinene, E-Caryophyllene, and Premnaspirodiene. The cytotoxic activity of EO was evaluated on three melanoma cell lines SKMEL-147, WM-1366, and CHL-1, which are representative of metastatic melanoma with different mutation profiles. The IC50 values found for EO were lower than temozolomide (reference drug) in all melanoma cell lines. In addition, the selectivity of EO was upward when compared to the reference drug. Interestingly, the WM-1366 cell line was the most responsive, and these findings are very promising considering that it has shown high resistance to the plethora of compounds. Thus, the C. floribundus EO is a promising source to drive further studies for the development of new treatments for metastatic melanoma, which is urgently relevant given the resistance of this pathology to current treatments.

New Data on Phytochemical and Morphophysiological Characteristics of Platycladus orientalis L. Franco and Thuja occidentalis L. Conifer Trees in Polluted Urban Areas of Kazakhstan

The adaptive potential of plants in urban environments, responding to factors like air pollution, electromagnetic radiation, and specific microclimates, remains insufficiently understood. Our study focused on two evergreen Cupressaceae family species, Thuja occidentalis L. and Platycladus orientalis L. Franco, which are commonly found in Kazakhstan’s urban landscapes. Conducted in Almaty, one of Kazakhstan’s most polluted cities, our comparative analysis examined the anatomical features, photosynthetic activity, and secondary metabolite composition of these conifers. Both species exhibited xeromorphic traits, such as submerged stomata, resin passages, and a prominent leaf cuticle. T. occidentalis displayed higher photosynthetic activity values (quantum yield of photosystem II (YII), electron transport rate (ETR), and quantum yield of non-photochemical quenching (Y(NPQ))) than P. orientalis, while P. orientalis exhibited a higher quantum yield of non-regulated energy dissipation in PSII (Y(NO)) values. Chemical analysis revealed 31 components in T. occidentalis and 33 in P. orientalis, with T. occidentalis containing three times more thujone (16.42% and 5.18%, respectively) and a higher monosaccharide content (17.33% and 6.98%, respectively). T. occidentalis also contained 14.53% steroids, whereas P. orientalis showed no steroid presence. The cytotoxic activity of essential oils was determined by the survival of Artemia salina aquatic crustaceans, whereas tested essential oils from both species exhibited acute lethal toxicity to A. salina aquatic crustaceans across all tested concentrations. The connection between physiological traits, adaptation strategies, and cytotoxic effects offers a comprehensive view of the ecological and pharmacological importance of these two observed conifer species, highlighting their diverse roles in urban environments, as well as their potential medical uses.

Chemical composition, antibacterial and cytotoxic activities of essential oil obtained from aerial parts of Aeschynomene denticulata Rudd

Essential oils obtained from plants showed pharmacological potential thus the pharmaceutical industry demonstrates interest in exploring this field. In the present study chemical composition, antibacterial and cytotoxic potential of essential oil obtained from Aeschynomene denticulata Rudd (AD-EO) aerial parts were evaluated. The major composition of essential oil was determined by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. The main compounds were α-pinene (30.6%), β-pinene (20.8%), germacrene D (13.1%) and sabinene (9.3%). Our results showed that Staphylococcus epidermidis ATCC 12228 and Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29213 were the most sensitive to AD-EO. Furthermore, results provided by atomic force microscopy images showed that AD-EO treatment altered S. aureus morphology. Cytotoxic activity was observed in all cell lines evaluated, with human colorectal tumor line (HCT-116) as the most susceptible. Morphological changes specially cell death characteristics were also observed in HCT-116 cells. In relation to toxicity, AD-EO did not show haemolytic activity against human erythrocytes. Our results demonstrate antibacterial and antiproliferative potential of AD-EO, its therapeutic potential and application of this plant, which no commercial value was previously mensuared by industry. This study presents the first biological activity of AD-EO.

Chemical profiles and cytotoxic activities of essential oils from six species of Baccharis subgenus Coridifoliae (Asteraceae).

Several Baccharis species are popularly known in traditional medicine as "carquejas", "vassouras", "ervas-santas" and "mio-mios", and areused as anti-inflammatories, digestives, and diuretics. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the chemical compositions, performing graphical analysis of multivariate data and test cytotoxic activities of essential oils (EOs) of six Baccharis species belonging to subgenus Coridifoliae, namely B. albilanosa, B. coridifolia, B. erigeroides, B. napaea, B. ochracea and B. pluricapitulata. GC-MS analyses of the EOs showed that the oxygenated sesquiterpenes spathulenol (7.32-38.22%) and caryophyllene oxide (10.83-16.75%) were the major components for all the species. The EOs of almost all species were cytotoxic against cancer (BT-549, KB, SK-MEL and SK-OV-3) and normal kidney (VERO and LLC-PK1) cell lines, whereas B. erigeroides EO showed cytotoxicity only against LLC-PK1. This paper augments the current knowledge about the chemical-biological properties of Baccharis subgenus Coridifoliae and discusses the therapeutic potentials of these economically unexploited plants.

Chemical Composition, Antimicrobial, Nitric Oxide Inhibition and Cytotoxic Activity of Essential Oils from Zanthoxylum acanthopodium DC. Leaves and Stems from Vietnam.

This study was aimed to investigate the chemical composition and biological activities of leaf and stem essential oils of Zanthoxylum acanthopodium DC. from Vietnam. Their chemical composition was analyzed by GC/MS. Antimicrobial activities were evaluated by microdilution broth assay. Anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated by the ability to inhibit nitric oxide production in macrophage cells. Cytotoxic activity was evaluated using the sulforhodamine B assay on three human cancer cell lines. Forty-four compounds were identified in the leaf oil, among which dehydroaromadendrane (23.4 %), (E)-carpacin (17.6 %), 2-tridecanone (12.2 %), and 9-methyl-2-decanone (11.8 %) were the most abundant. The stem oil contained fifty-five identified constituents, mainly γ-gurjunene (51.1 %) and butyl acetate (11.8 %). Both oils exhibited inhibitory effects on three bacterial strains, namely S. aureus, E. coli, P. aeruginosa and a fungal strain C. albican, while showed insignificant effects on B. subtilis, L. fermentum, and S. enterica. Both oils showed weak NO production inhibition in LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells, but exhibited potent cytotoxic activity against all three tested cell lines SK-LU-1, MCF-7, and HepG2 with the IC50 values ranging from 16.03±0.77 to 35.60±1.62 μg/mL. This is the first report on the antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory and cytotoxic activities of essential oils from the leaves and stems of Z. acanthopodium.

Bioactivity Assays of Eryngium thyrsoideum; Focusing on Cytotoxic Effects, Antioxidant Activity, and Antimalarial Properties

Background: The genus Eryngium, Apiaceae is widely distributed in the world and used in traditional medicine for different therapeutic purposes. Eryngium thyrsoideum was investigated due to a lack of phytochemical studies on the probable bioactivities of its compounds. Methods: The aerial parts of the plant were extracted using n-hexane, dichloromethane, and methanol (MeOH) by the soxhlet method. The MeOH extract was exposed to C18 Sep-Pak fractionation by a step gradient of MeOH-H2 O. The essential oil was obtained by the Clevenger apparatus. Free-radical scavenging activity of the extracts and fractions was assessed using the DPPH-scavenging activity method. Total flavonoid content was determined by Aluminum chloride colorimetric and phenolic content was determined by using the Folin-Ciocalteu reagent method. α-Glucosidase inhibitory and antimalarial activity of extracts and essential oil and cytotoxic activity of essential oils was also established in this study. Results: The 20% solid phase extraction fraction demonstrated high antioxidant activity (0.13±0.01 mg/mL) and also indicated the most total flavonoid and total phenolic contents (474.20±23.11 and 27.90±0.55 mg/100 g) respectively, in comparison to other fractions. We observed a moderate β-Hematin Formation Assay inhibitory effect of the essential oil (10.37±0.02 mg/mL) and DCM extract (7.64±0.01 mg/mL). Low levels of α-glucosidase inhibition were observed in n-hexane extract (9.78±1.1%) and essential oil of aerial parts (2.7±1.1%). Cytotoxic activity for the essential oils is confirmed by representing respectively IC50 with 2.51 mcg/mL and 1.07 mcg/mL in 24 and 48 hours in MCF-7 cell lines. Conclusion: The presence of phenolic compounds and flavonoids in MeOH extract and fractions is effective on the antioxidant potency of E. thyrsoideum. Essential oil of this plant presented noticeable effects on human breast cancer cell lines.

Chemical composition, anti-inflammatory and cytotoxic activity of essential oils from two Luvunga species (L. scandens and L. hongiaoensis) from Vietnam

New essential oils (EOs) extracted from different parts of two Luvunga species (L. scandens and L. hongiaoensis) from Vietnam were investigated for their chemical composition, anti-inflammatory and cytotoxic activity. Sixty-nine total compounds were identified in the EOs by GC/MS. The major constituent of the leaf, fruit, and root EOs from L. scandens was β-caryophyllene (71.5%, 63.0%, and 31.5% respectively). The main compounds in L. hongiaoensis EOs were β-elemene (34.3% in leaf oil) and caryophyllene oxide (21.2% in root oil, 19.4% in stem oil). The EO from L. scandens fruits significantly inhibited nitric oxide production on LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells (IC50 = 37.95 ± 2.76 µg/mL). The EOs from L. hongiaoensis roots and L. scandens leaves and fruits exhibited cytotoxic activity against MCF-7, SK-LU-1, and HepG2 (IC50 from 49.74 ± 3.36 to 97.82 ± 8.61 µg/mL). This is the first report on L. hongiaoensis EOs and significantly complements the composition and bioactivity of L. scandens EOs.

Cytotoxic activity of essential oil from Leaves of Myrcia splendens against A549 Lung Cancer cells

BackgroundPlants of the Myrcia genus have been widely used in folk medicine to treat various diseases, including cancer. Myrcia splendens species has a diverse chemical constitution, but the biological activities of its essential oil have not been well investigated. In this study to out the chemistry characterization of essential oil (EO) from the leaves of the species M. splendens from Brazil and evaluate cytotoxic effect in A549 lung cancer cells.MethodsM. splendens EO was obtained by hydrodistillation and analyzed by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). EO was isolated and evaluated for cellular viability in tumor cell lines by MTT assay. The evaluation of the formation of clones and the migratory capacity of the A549 cells treated with EO was done by the clonogenic assay and the wound healing assay. Morphological changes were observed in A549 cells by fluorescence using Phalloidin/FITC and DAPI.Results22 compounds were identified in the chemical analysis of EO, corresponding to 88% of the sample. Major compounds were the sesquiterpenic hydrocarbons bicyclogermacrene (15.4%), germacrene D (8.9%) and E-caryophyllene (10.1%). The biological analysis of the EO showed high cytotoxic activity with an IC50 below 20 µg/ml in the THP-1, A549 and B16-F10 tumor cells. The treatment with EO reduced colony formation and inhibited the migratory capacity of A549 cells. Furthermore, apoptotic morphological changes in the nucleus and cytoplasm of A549 cells was observed after of treatment with EO.ConclusionThe findings of this study suggest that the M. splendens EO has cytotoxic compounds for the A549 lung cancer cells. Treatment with the EO decreased the colony formation and reduced the ability of lung cancer cells to migrate. Future studies may be used to isolate compounds from the EO for the study of lung cancer.

Chemical Composition and Biological Activity of Salvia officinalis L. Essential Oil.

In our study, we investigated the chemical composition and cytotoxic activity of essential oils isolated from Dalmatian sage (Salvia officinalis L.) collected along the Adriatic coast of Croatia. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to examine the morphology of the stem and leaf surfaces. Essential oil excretory glands were detected on both the leaves and stem surfaces. The essential oils were isolated by hydrodistillation, and their chemical composition was determined by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Sage essential oils were mixtures of terpene compounds, among which the most common were: α- and β-thujone, camphor, and 1,8-cineol. Cytotoxic activity was tested using MTS assay on multiple cell lines: normal and immortalized fibroblasts (HF77FA and HDF-Tert), immortalized lung line (BEAS-2B), and breast adenocarcinoma (MDA-MB-231). The growth of treated cells was determined relative to control conditions without treatment. The immortalized lung line was the least resistant to the activity of the essential oils, whereas immortalized fibroblasts were the most resistant. Statistical analysis has connected the cytotoxic effect and chemical composition of the studied essential oils. To the best of our knowledge, this work is the first testing of the cytotoxic activity of S. officinalis EO's on the BEAS-2B, HF77FA, and HDF-Tert cell lines. The presented data on essential oil chemical composition and cytotoxic effect on 4 types of human cells supports pharmacotherapeutic potential this plant is known to have.

Essential oils of Psidium cattleianum Sabine leaves and flowers: Anti-inflammatory and cytotoxic activities.

Introduction: Psidium cattleianum Sabine is a Brazilian native shrub cultivated for its edible fruit araçá (strawberry guava). P. cattleianum is recognized for health and food applications, although the essential oils (EOs) from the Egyptian inhabitant are not fully explored. The current study investigated the anti-inflammatory and cytotoxic activities of EOs from P. cattleianum leaves and flowers. Materials and methods: The EOs were obtained by three different methods viz; the conventional hydro-distillation, microwave assisted hydro-distillation, and supercritical fluid extraction, while their analysis was accomplished using GC/MS. The derived EOs were screened for their anti-inflammatory activity in the 5-lipoxygenase, COX-1, and COX-2 enzyme based assays, while the anticancer potential was deduced from MTT cytotoxic assay, cell cycle, and western blotting analysis. Results and discussion: Among other methods, supercritical fluid extraction offered the highest EO yield, 0.62% (leaves) and 1.4% (flowers). GC/MS identified β-caryophyllene and α-humulene in both organs with high but variable percentages. The leaves demonstrated strong activity in inhibiting the 5-lipoxygenase enzyme (IC50 2.38), while the flowers, in inhibiting COX-2 (IC50 2.575). Moreover, the leaves showed potent, selective cytotoxicity to MCF-7 cells (IC50 5.32) via apoptosis by modulating the p53/Bax/Bcl2 axis. The deduced activities are possible due to the synergism between the volatile components that endorses P. cattleianum leaves' EOs in the management of breast cancer and inflammatory disorders.

Bioactive compounds derived from Brazilian Myrtaceae species: Chemical composition and antioxidant, antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities

The aim of the present study is to assess the chemical composition, as well as the antioxidant, antimicrobial and cytotoxic activity of essential oils extracted from four Myrtaceae species grown in Brazil. Chemical composition assessment has evidenced the prevalence of terpenic compounds, such as α and β-pinene, d-limonene, O-cymene, β and γ-elemene, β-caryophyllene and curzerene, in the investigated species. The best antioxidant potential was observed for Eugenia uniflora L. essential oil based on the DPPH, ABTS and FRAP tests; this species was followed by Myrciaria tenella (DC.) O. Berg, Myrcianthes gigantea (D. Legrand) D. Legrand and Myrcia oblongata DC. The best antimicrobial activity levels were recorded for M. tenella, M. gigantea and E. uniflora, respectively, which presented broad spectrum of inhibitory, bactericidal and fungicidal activity. The cytotoxicity test has evidenced the cytotoxic effect of essential oils on human cancer cells (H295R lineage); the lowest inhibitory concentrations were observed for M. gigantea and E. uniflora. Remarkable chemical diversity of terpenic compounds was found in essential oils extracted from Myrtaceae species, which showed antioxidant, antimicrobial and cytotoxic activity.

Antioxidant and Cytotoxic Activity of Essential Oils and Their Principal Components: Spectrophotometric, Voltammetric, and Theoretical Investigation of the Chelating Effect of Eugenol and Carvacrol

The antioxidant and chelating properties of essential oils of Syzygium aromaticum L. and Origanum vulgare L. and their principal eugenol and carvacrol constituents were evaluated by the thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) assay and in the presence of iron(II) ions by cyclic voltammetry. In the TBARS assay, carvacrol and eugenol were more efficient than the butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) standard. The anodic current of iron(II) decreased by 99.7% in the presence of S. aromaticum oil, 99.8% for eugenol, 89.3% for O. vulgare, and 99.4% for carvacrol. The UV spectra contained a band at 390 nm for the interaction between Fe(II) and ligands. Thermodynamically stable complexes are formed in the ratios of 1:3 Fe(II)/eugenol and 1:2 Fe(II)/carvacrol. The essential oils and their principal constituents eugenol and carvacrol can be used in food preservation because they have a low cytotoxicity and act as antioxidants through chelation of metal ions.

Study of the chemical and in vitro cytotoxic activities of essential oils (EOs) of two plants from the Ivorian flora (Lippia multiflora and Zingiber officinale) and their antiviral activities against non-enveloped viruses

• Chemical compositions, antioxidant, enzyme inhibitory, cytotoxicity, and antiviral activities of EOs from two Ivorian aromatic plants were investigated. • Zingiber officinale was the most effective inhibitor against tyrosinase, amylase and AChE. • Zingiber officinale significantly inhibited type I enterovirus activity by 50% at 9.860 µg/ml; compared to multiflora (44.47 µg/ml). • The essential oils could be considered as sources of natural therapeutic agents. To investigate chemical compositions and antiviral activities of essential oils (EOs) from two Ivorian aromatic plants ( Lippia multiflora and Zingiber officinale ) against two non-enveloped viruses (PV-1 and enterovirus type 1), human enteroviruses, chemical composition of LMEO and ZOEO was obtained by GC-MS. Biological activities such as inhibitory action on α-glucosidase, α-amylase, acetylcholinesterase (AChE), butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), tyrosinase and antioxidative potential of both EOs were evaluated. Respective cytotoxicity of LMEO and ZOEO towards RD (rhabdomyosarcoma) and L20B (a genetically engineered mouse cell line) were also determined by observation of the cell line carpet. In addition, Antiviral activity of LMEO and ZOEO against poliovirus type I and enterovirus type I was assessed using a cell culture cytopathic inhibition test. From the structure elucidation experiment, a total number of 23 and 30 compounds were respectively identified for LMEO and ZOEO. Among both plant species, ZOEO significantly inhibited type I enterovirus activity by 50% at 9.860 µg/mL as compared to LMEO (44.47 µg/mL), respectively after 48 and 72 h of incubation. Furthermore, inhibition was statistically the same for studied essential oils (ZOEO: 9 µg/mL and LMEO: 9.077 µg/mL). As a result of our findings, we concluded that the tested essential oils could be used as a source of natural antiviral agents in phytotherapeutic applications.

GC-MS analysis of chemical composition, cytotoxicity and antioxidant activities of essential oils of Senecio glaucus under drastic conditions

This study was designed to analyze essential oils by GC-MS and to evaluate the chemical composition, cytotoxic and antioxidant activity of aerial part of plant Seniso glaucus using two methods hydro distillation and organic solvent extraction. The essential oil was analyzed by GC-MS revealed the presence of 32 compounds most of them are sesquiterpene, the main component of essential oil were, Isolongifolene, 9-one (14.4%) Longiverbenone (13.5%), (+) 4-Carene (8.39 %), O-cymene, 4.64%, and thujone were 3.54%. Cytotoxic activity of essential oil was tested against four carcinoma cell lines (A549, McF7, HepG, and HCT-16) by using (3- (4, 5- dimethyl thiazolyl-2)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) (MTT), the results indicate promising cytotoxic activity at the concentration (100, and50μg/ml) essential oil exhibit high cytotoxic activities against Hepg2 cell lines (83. 33 and 59.14 %) and good cytotoxicity against A549, McF-7 and HCT116 cell lines by (62.1 %, 74.40 %, and 76.60%respectively). The essential oil showed antioxidant activity with IC50 = 69.59±0.24μg/ml, using 2, 2-diphenyl-1- picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay the present study concluded the importance of plant Seniso glaucus as a natural antioxidant.