Cystoseira Barbata Research Articles

BIOCHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION AND EXPLOITATION POSSIBILITIES OF Gongolaria Barbata (Stackhouse) Kuntze 1891 FROM THE ROMANIAN BLACK SEA COAST

Black Sea macroalgae are a marine resource with many benefits. Gongolaria barbata (Stackhouse) Kuntze 1891 (formerly known as Cystoseira barbata (Stackhouse) C. Agardh, 1820) is a brown macroalga with an essential role in biodiversity and in the marine ecosystem functioning, considered an ecologically valuable species at the Romanian Black Sea coast. Samples were collected during 2002 and 2023 years (August-September) from 6 stations of the Romanian Black Sea coast in order to characterize biochemically and highlight the presence of some biologically active compounds with therapeutic, pharmaceutical and cosmetic interest. Biochemical composition (dry matter, moisture, ash, organic matter, crude proteins, crude lipids, carbohydrates, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, carotenoids) and dietary fiber (CF, ADF, NDF, NDF, NDS, ADL) were evaluated in this study. The obtained results indicate some differences between the two years and these are influenced by the environmental conditions and physiological state of macroalgae. Although present on the Romanian coast, Gongolaria barbata has not been intensively studied in terms of its valorization potential, but it has recently attracted attention due to its biochemical properties that lead to some possibilities of use for economic purposes. The existence of valuable biochemical compounds in the composition of this brown macroalga qualifies it in the marine resources category of interest with biotechnological applications.

Evaluation of antibacterial properties of Laurencia obtusa and Cystoseira barbata against some bacterial fish pathogens

Evaluation of antibacterial properties of Laurencia obtusa and Cystoseira barbata against some bacterial fish pathogens

Various extracts of the brown seaweed Cystoseira barbata with different compositions exert biostimulant effects on seedling growth of wheat.

Worldwide, where the demand for novel and greener solutions for sustainable agricultural production is increasing, the use of eco-friendly products such as seaweed-derived biostimulants as pre-sowing treatment represent a promising and important approach for the future. Cystoseira barbata, a brown seaweed species abundant in the Mediterranean Region, was collected from the Marmara Sea and subjected to water, alkali, and acidic extractions, and the biostimulant activity of these extracts was tested on wheat (Triticum durum cv. Saricanak-98) using different rates through application to the seeds or germination medium (substrate) applications. The different extracts were characterized by mineral, total phenolic, free amino acid, mannitol, polysaccharide, antioxidant concentrations and hormone-like activity. The effects of the extracts on growth parameters, root morphology, esterase activity, and mineral nutrient concentrations of wheat seedlings were investigated. Our results suggest that the substrate application was more effective in enhancing the seedling performance compared to the seed treatment. High rates of seaweed extracts applied to substrates increased the shoot length and fresh weight of wheat seedlings by up to 20 and 25%, respectively. The substrate applications enhanced the root fresh weights of wheat seedlings by up to 25% when compared to control plants. Among the biostimulant extract applications, the water extract at the highest rate yielded the most promising results in terms of the measured parameters. Cystoseira barbata extracts with different compositions can be used as effective biostimulants to boost seedling growth. The local seaweed biomass affected by mucilage problems, has great potential as a bioeconomy resource and can contribute to sustainable practices for agriculture.

Sustainable biosorption of Methylthioninium Chloride in wastewaters using new Cystoseira barbata seaweed: Equilibrium isotherm, kinetic modeling and mechanism analysis

Due to its climatic diversity and geographical position, Morocco is one of the most productive countries of seaweed in the world. This work aims to study the Methylthioninium Chloride (referred to as Methylene Blue) adsorption from wastewater using raw marine seaweed C.barbata that are considered as one of the important algae that are responsible for pollution in the Mediterranean Sea. different factors such as biomass dose, pH, and contact time were examined to demonstrate their impact on the biosorption process. The contact time studied revealed that biosorption of Methylene Blue reached equilibrium in 55 min. The biosorption data was subjected to the kinetic models Pseudo-first and pseudo-second order. Pseudo second order model was aligned with the adsorption data, whereas data didn’t fit pseudo first order model. Adsorption data were modelled with Freundlich and Langmuir isotherm equations at room temperature. The maximum adsorption capacity estimated was 29.56 mg/g based on Langmuir isotherm model. Thus, C. barbata can be regarded as a valuable natural biosorbent for the treatment of wastewaters containing toxic dyes.

Antioxidant Activity and Inhibition of Liver Cancer Cells' Growth of Extracts from 14 Marine Macroalgae Species of the Mediterranean Sea.

Macroalgae exhibit beneficial bioactivities for human health. Thus, the aim of the present study was to examine the antioxidant and anticancer potential of 14 macroalgae species' extracts, namely, Gigartina pistillata, Gigartina teedei, Gracilaria gracilis, Gracilaria sp., Gracilaria bursa pastoris, Colpomenia sinuosa, Cystoseira amentacea, Cystoseira barbata, Cystoseira compressa, Sargassum vulgare, Padina pavonica, Codium fragile, Ulva intestinalis, and Ulva rigida, from the Aegean Sea, Greece. The antioxidant activity was assessed using DPPH, ABTS•+, •OH, and O2•- radicals' scavenging assays, reducing power (RP), and protection from ROO•-induced DNA plasmid damage assays. Moreover, macroalgae extracts' total polyphenol contents (TPCs) were assessed. Extracts' inhibition against liver HepG2 cancer cell growth was assessed using the XTT assay. The results showed that G. teedei extract's IC50 was the lowest in DPPH (0.31 ± 0.006 mg/mL), ABTS•+ (0.02 ± 0.001 mg/mL), •OH (0.10 ± 0.007 mg/mL), O2•- (0.05 ± 0.003 mg/mL), and DNA plasmid breakage (0.038 ± 0.002 mg/mL) and exhibited the highest RP (RP0.5AU 0.24 ± 0.019 mg/mL) and TPC (12.53 ± 0.88 mg GAE/g dw). There was also a significant correlation between antioxidant activity and TPC. P. pavonica (IC50 0.93 ± 0.006 mg/mL) exhibited the highest inhibition against HepG2 cell growth. Conclusively, some of the tested extracts exhibited significant chemopreventive properties, and so they may be used for food products.

Comparative Spectrophotometric and Chromatographic Assessment of Antioxidant Capacity in Different Marine Algae

ABSTRACT The objective of the current study was to analyze the vital phenolic compounds available in the marine macroalgae (mostly edible) collected from the southwest coast of Turkey, to compute their total antioxidant capacity (TAC) with the cupric ion reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC) and 2,2-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonate) (ABTS) assays and to correspond their antioxidant power with high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) findings. The predominant constitutive phloroglucinol unit of the phlorotannins was the main phenolic component in brown algae species. Among the tested species, those with the greatest phloroglucinol content found by HPLC were Cladostephus spongiosum f.verticillatum (31.62 ± 0.66 μmolg−1), Cystoseira barbata (13.34 ± 0.60 μmolg−1), and Dictyota dichotoma (11.23 ± 0.19 μmolg−1), respectively.

Assessing the Ecological Status of Gongolaria Barbata (Stackhouse) Kuntze (Fucales, Ochrophyta) Habitat Along the Romanian Black Sea Coast- A Source of Multiple Ecosystem Services

"Gongolaria barbata (Stackhouse) Kuntze (formerly known as Cystoseira barbata (Stackhouse) C. Agardh, 1820) builds essential habitats for marine biodiversity and ecosystem optimal functioning along the Romanian Black Sea coast. G. barbata forms so-called brown algal forests especially in the southern part of the Romanian Black Sea shore, providing all categories of ecosystem services, at the same time being a source of potentially bioactive metabolites. Over the last decades, Cystoseira sensu lato have suffered a general decline due to anthropogenic pressure and the Romanian Black Sea coast is not an exception. G. barbata is the only remained representative of Cystoseira s. l. from the Romanian coast and currently the most important habitat - forming species, being a suggestive indicator of environmental degradation and loss of habitats. The study aims to present the last fourteen years ecological status assessment of the sensitive habitat Upper-infralittoral rock dominated by G. barbata. Sampling was conducted between 2009 – 2022 (summer seasons) and a total number of 144 samples were collected using the “quadrat method” (20 x 20 cm). Data were statistically analyzed, and the specific Ecological Index (EI) was applied to evaluate the ecological status. The results of this study showed that this vulnerable habitat reached good ecological status during 2009 - 20122, except for 2012 and 2014. Nevertheless, the current distribution of G. barbata habitat is sparse, and the species remains highly sensitive to increasing anthropogenic activities in coastal zones."

Age-related Morphophysiology of Brown Algae (using the example of representatives of Fucus and Laminariaceae). Some Views, Ideas and Results of the Last Millennium

As a result of our own comprehensive research (1979–1999) and generalization of literature data, a fairly complete picture of age-related changes in structure and function in representatives of four families of brown algae, having different morphology, life expectancy and growth type, was obtained. Representatives of the Fucaceae Ag. family (Fucus evanescens C. Ag., Pelvetia wrightii Okam; семейства Sargassaceae (Decne.) Kutz.: Coccophora langsdoerfii (Turn.) Grev., Sargassum pallidum (Turn.) C.Ag., Sargassum mijabei Yendo; семейства Cystoseiraceae Kutz: Cystoseira crassipes (Turm.) C. Ag., Cystoseira barbata (Good, et Wood.) Ag. and the Laminariaceae (Bory) Rostaf. family: Laminaria japonica (J.E. Areschoug), Laminria cichorioides (Miyabe), Laminaria saccharina (L.) Lamour [currently, these species have been renamed and assigned to the genus Saccharina – Saccharina japonica, Saccharina cichorioides, Saccharina latissima, respectively] were selected as research objects. Methods have been developed for determining the age of entire thalli and individual morphological parts for a number of brown algae. The stages of growth, development, and aging of leaf-like plates, branches, trunks and entire thalli of algae are identified. For the first time, age-related changes occurring in the assimilation tissue of various parts of the thallus have been identified; age-related changes in the nucleus, vacuolar system, mitochondria and chloroplasts located at different distances from the surface. The preservation of a high level of structural organization of chloroplasts and photosynthetic activity at late stages of development in apically growing fucus algae has been established, which distinguishes them from intercalary growing kelp and aging leaves of higher plants. Interdependent age-related changes in the level of water content, organic and mineral substances were revealed. Data were obtained on the size-age composition and surface area of populations of various species of fucus and kelp algae. The research results can be used to assess the physiological state of an individual plant, its part and the phytocenosis as a whole, both normally and under various natural and anthropogenic influences, which is necessary, firstly, to obtain the production characteristics of the population, and secondly, during the artificial cultivation of algae and, thirdly, when choosing bioconcentrator organisms or environmental pollution monitor organisms.

Heavy metal accumulation in molluscs associated with Cystoseira barbata in the Black Sea (Türkiye)

Heavy metal accumulation in molluscs associated with Cystoseira barbata in the Black Sea (Türkiye)

Treptacantha barbata’nın boya adsorpsiyonunun tahmin modellemeleri

This study's objective was to develop a model to determine dye adsorption efficiency of Treptacantha barbata (Stackhouse) Orellana& Sansón, 2019 (formerly Cystoseira barbata (Stackhouse) C. Agardh, 1820). During the experiments, treatment groups, such as initial dye Methylene Blue (MB) concentration (0.1-10.0 mg L-1), contact time (5 to 1440 min) and adsorbent dosage (0.1-2 g) were applied. Scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray, and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy were used to analyze the adsorbent. T. barbata was found to be quite successful in removing dye (69% -100%) for all experiments, and the qe values increased with the increased the initial dye concentration. Very rapid dye removal was detected during the first contact time, especially up to 15 min. Isotherms, kinetics, and regression models were applied to the batch experimental results. The results displayed that adsorption process was suitable with the Langmuir isotherm model (R2: 0.97).

SCREENING OF ACTINOMYCETES FROM Cystoseira barbata (Stackhouse) C. Agardh COMPOST FOR THEIR ENZYME AND ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITIES

Bacterial secondary metabolites play an essential role in biotechnological and biomedical applications. Actinomycetes are important bacterial sources of antibiotics and enzymes. Most of the antimicrobials known today have been isolated from actinomycetes, especially from the genus Streptomyces. In this study, actinomycete isolation was performed from Cystoseira barbata (Stackhouse) C. Agardh compost, collected from the Black Sea coast, by serial dilution method. A total of 73 actinomycetes isolates (BSC) were obtained from the compost samples. The ability of the isolates to produce different extracellular enzymes was investigated qualitatively. It was determined that 68.5% of the isolates have amylase, 100% cellulase, 47.9% chitinase, 94.5% pectinase, 98.6% protease and 96.3% lipase/esterase activity. Antibacterial activities of the isolates were investigated primarily using cross-streak method. Isolates showed high antibacterial activities, with 98.6 and 84.9 % against Staphylococcus aureus Rosenbach and Enterococcus faecalis (Andrewes & Horder) Schleifer & Kilpper-Bäl, respectively. Three out of six isolates (BSC-13, BSC-17, BSC-37, BSC-38, BSC-45, BSC-49) with high antibacterial activity, were screened secondarily for their antibacterial activities using double-layer method. At day 7, BSC-37 isolate showed a high inhibition (57 mm) against S. aureus. Furthermore, these six isolates were identified according to their morphological and physiological characteristics and 16S rDNA sequence analysis. 16S rDNA sequence analysis showed that the isolates with high antibacterial activity belong to Streptomyces genus. Results indicated that these isolates have great potential and may serve as a good source for the studies on bioactive natural products.

Application of Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction and Non-Thermal Plasma for Fucus virsoides and Cystoseira barbata Polysaccharides Pre-Treatment and Extraction

Brown algae Fucus virsoides and Cystoseira barbata are an abundant source of sulfated polysaccharide fucoidan, which has shown a wide range of biological activities. These activities are significantly dependent on the fucoidan chemical composition, which is closely linked with the applied extraction technique and process parameters. In order to overcome the drawbacks of lengthy conventional extraction (CE), advanced extraction techniques, such as ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) and non-thermal plasma (NTP), were applied. Furthermore, this study also investigated the efficiency of different solvents as well as UAE and NTP as 5 min pre-treatments prior to CE as a more effective course of cell wall breakage and, consequently, a higher polysaccharide yield (%PS). Apart from %PS, the effect of this procedure on the chemical composition and antioxidant capacity of the extracted polysaccharides was also monitored. When comparing the extraction solvent, the application of 0.1 M H2SO4, instead of H2O, resulted in a three-fold higher %PS, a higher sulfate group, and a lower fucose content. Application of CE resulted in higher %PS, uronic acids, and fucose content as well as oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) and DPPH values, while the average molecular weight (Mw), sulfate group, and glucose content were lower during CE when compared to 30 min of UAE and NTP treatment. Application of UAE and NTP as 5 min pre-treatments decreased fucose content, while %PS and sulfate content were similar to values obtained when using CE.

Anticandidal potentiality of biosynthesized and decorated nanometals with fucoidan

AbstractCandidagenus includes many hazardous and risky species that can develop resistance toward various antifungal types. Metals nanoparticles (NPs) possess powerful antimicrobial actions, but their potential human toxicity could limit their practices. The algal polysaccharide fucoidan (Fu) was extracted from the macro-brown algae,Cystoseira barbata, analyzed, and used for biosynthesizing nanoparticles of silver (Ag-NPs) and selenium (Se-NPs). The extracted Fu had elevated fucose levels (58.73% of total monosaccharides) and exhibited the main biochemical characteristic of customary Fu. The Fu biosynthesis of Ag-NPs and Se-NPs was achieved via facile direct protocol; Fu-synthesized NPs had 12.86 and 16.18 nm average diameters, respectively. The ultrastructure of Fu-synthesized NPs emphasized well-distributed and spherical particles that were embedded/capped in Fu as combined clusters. The Fu/Ag-NPs and Fu/Se-NPs anticandidal assessments, againstCandida albicans,Candida glabrata, andCandida parapsilosis, revealed that both NPs had powerful fungicidal actions against the examined pathogens. The ultrastructure imaging of subjectedC. albicansandC. parapsilosisto NPs revealed that Fu/Ag-NPs and Fu/Se-NPs triggered remarkable distortions, pore formation, and destructive lysis in cell surfaces within 10 h of exposure. The innovative usage ofC. barbataFu for Ag-NP and Se-NP synthesis and the application of their composites as powerful anticandidal agents, with minimized human toxicity, are concluded.

Assessment of light intensity and salinity regimes on the element levels of brown macroalgae, Treptacantha barbata: Application of response surface methodology (RSM)

In this research, the effect of light intensity and salinity regimes on the element levels of Treptacantha barbata (formerly Cystoseira barbata) was studied, and the elemental compositions of this brown alga collected from wild stocks also compared with cultured ones. In culture trials, 11 different experiments that have ranges of light intensity as 50 to 150 µmol photon m-2s-1 and salinity as 24 ‰ to 42 ‰ were designed according to response surface methodology (RSM). Our results show that the element accumulation with changes of light intensity and salinity on the T. barbata was modeled. Most of the elements were affected by the salinity instead of light intensity. All macro and microelements were detected within the recommended dosages and exposure limits. In toxic elements, the least accumulations of Al, As, Cd, and Pb were observed in low light and salinity. Also, the levels of all toxic elements, including trace elements that exceed limits, can be reduced with using these models. The most effective experiment was found as 52.0001 µmol photon m-2s-1 light and 24.086 ‰ salinity for minimized toxic element accumulation on T. barbata with 0.869 desirability.

Removal of Hydroxychloroquine Using Engineered Biochar from Algal Biodiesel Industry Waste: Characterization and Design of Experiment (DoE).

Adsorption of hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) onto H3PO4-activated Cystoseira barbata (Stackhouse) C. Agardh (derived from algal biodiesel industry waste) biochar was investigated via batch experiments and mathematical models. The activated biochar (BC-H) was produced in a single step by using the microwave irradiation method. Thus, it was obtained with a low cost, energy efficiency and by promoting clean production processes. BC-H exhibited a remarkable adsorption efficiency (98.9%) and large surface area (1088.806 m2 g−1) for removal of HCQ. The Langmuir isotherm and the pseudo-second-order kinetic models were the best fit for the equilibrium adsorption and kinetics experiments, and the maximum monolayer adsorption capacity (qmax) was found to be 353.58 µg g−1. Additionally, the experiments with real wastewater showed that BC-H's ability to adsorb HCQ was not affected by competitive ions in the water. The Taguchi orthogonal array (L16 OA) experimental design was applied for the effective cost optimization analyses of the adsorption process by considering four levels and four controllable factors (initial pH, HCQ concentration, amount of adsorbent and contact time). Scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller analyses were used for characterizing the adsorbent. The findings showed that BC-H can be used as an effective and low-cost adsorbent in the removal of HCQ from water.Graphical abstract Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13369-021-06235-w.

Biochemical characterization of eight Greek algae as candidate species for local seaweed cultivation

Abstract Seaweeds cover a wide range of applications, e.g. as food supplements, in animal feed, as biofuels or as sources of bioactive compounds. The Greek coast in the East Mediterranean is rich in various seaweeds that remain unexploited because their chemical and nutritional content has not yet been characterized. In the present study, eight seaweeds belonging to the Rhodophyta, Ochrophyta (class Phaeophyceae) and Chlorophyta were biochemically characterized and evaluated as potential food sources. Total polyphenol content, antioxidant activity, fatty acids and elemental composition were measured. Acanthophora nayadiformis, Ceramium sp. (Rhodophyta), Codium fragile (Chlorophyta), Cystoseira foeniculacea and Gongolaria barbata (formerly Cystoseira barbata) (Ochrophyta, Phaeophyceae) had the highest phenolic content and strongest antioxidant activity. Both brown and red seaweeds were rich in minerals, with G. barbata, Dictyopteris polypodioides (formerly Dictyopteris membranacea) (Chlorophyta, Phaeophyceae) and A. nayadiformis being the richest in macro- and microelements. The low Na/K ratio in most seaweeds (0.03–3.49) and the high iron content of red and brown algae (1.01–52.40 mg 100 g−1 of wet tissue) make algal consumption an attractive option. Chlorophyta and Phaeophyceae had the lowest n-6/n-3 PUFA ratios, with α-linolenic acid being the most abundant n-3 PUFA. The green algae Codium fragile and Ulva lactuca had the highest oleic and docosahexaenoic acid content, respectively. Finally, Rhodophyta were the highest producers of eicosapentaenoic acid. The findings confirmed the nutritional value of all seaweeds, highlighting brown seaweeds Cystoseira foeniculacea, G. barbata, and D. polypodioides as potential sources for food supplements and candidate species for seaweed cultivation in Mediterranean coastal waters.

The Effect of Brown Seaweed and Cattle Manure Combinations on The Properties of Eisenia fetida‘s Organic Fertilizer

In this study, the effect of brown seaweed (Cystoseira barbata) and cattle manure combinations were investigated as a worm food on the properties of Eisenia fetida worm manure. Seaweed Cystoseira barbata were collected from the coast of Giresun, desalted and dried and then ground. Cattle manure was obtained from cattle breeding dairy and had covered and fermented. Food groups; 0% (control group); 5.45%; 10.90%; 21.81% and 43.63% of the algae were prepared and containing three replicates were given to the worms. The experiment was established in Giresun University Faculty of Science and Letters Biology laboratories according to randomized plot design. The vermicompost groups were analyzed in terms of plant nutrients and mineral levels. The obtained data showed that as the amount of algae increased in the formula and vermicompost groups, the metal levels of Zn, Ni, Fe, Pb, Cr, Mn, Mg and Cu decreased and carbon, CaCO3, N, P and K increased. This means that brown seaweed Cystoseira barbata, which grows naturally on our coasts, can be used in the structure of vermicompost.

Microwave Assisted Extraction and Pressurized Liquid Extraction of Sulfated Polysaccharides from Fucus virsoides and Cystoseira barbata.

Sulfated polysaccharide fucoidan isolated from brown algae shows a wide range of biological activities that are significantly dependent on its chemical composition, which is closely related to the applied technique and extraction parameters. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of microwave assisted extraction (MAE) and pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) parameters (solvent, temperature, time, and number of cycles) on the Fucus virsoides and Cystoseira barbata polysaccharide yield (%PS) and chemical composition (total sugar, fucose, and sulfate group). The optimal MAE parameters that resulted in the highest polysaccharide extraction from F. virsoides and C. barbata were 0.1 M H2SO4 for 10 min at 80 °C, while the optimal PLE parameters were 0.1 M H2SO4, for two cycles of 15 min at 140 °C. Furthermore, the %PS, chemical structure, molecular properties, and antioxidant activity of the F. virsoides and C. barbata polysaccharide extracts obtained with MAE, PLE, and conventional extraction (CE) performed under previously determinate optimal conditions were compared. PLE resulted in a significantly higher %PS from F. virsoides, while for C. barbata, a similar yield was achieved with CE and PLE, as well as CE and MAE, for both algae. Furthermore, the polysaccharides obtained using PLE had the highest polydispersity index, fucose, and sulfate group content, and the lowest uronic acid content; however their antioxidant activity was lower.

COMPONENT COMPOSITION AND ANTIOXIDANT POTENTIAL OF CYSTOSEIRA BARBATA FROM THE BLACK SEA

The purpose of this study was to analyze some chemical elements and to determine the content of total phenols and pigments in the brown seaweed Cystoseira barbata from Rusalka Cape near the Black Sea. In addition, the antioxidant potential of this algae was also evaluated by four methods based on different mechanisms. The obtained results were compared with other scientific studies related to inorganic and organized compositions of Cystoseira barbata from different marine regions.It was found that the seaweed from Rusalka Cape contained high values of manganese, chromium and boron and a high concentration of carotenoids. Therefore, this seaweed was evaluated as a source of microelements, carotenoids and antioxidants.

Enzymatic Process for Cystoseira barbata Valorization: Ethanol Production and Additional By-Products

The aim of this study is to evaluate the potential of dried Cystoseira barbata alga for ethanol production through alcoholic fermentation. The influence of the main factors affecting the fermentation are studied in the frame of a 23 factorial experimental plan. The main factors influencing the process are the fermentation temperature (t from 25 °C to 35 °C), the solid to liquid ratio (S/L from 0.040 g/g to 0.080 g/g), and the cellulase ratio (R from 8 U/g d.m to 16 U/g d.m.). The maximum volatile compounds yield of 0.2808 g/g d.m and ethanol yield of 0.0158 g/g d.m were favored by the following experimental conditions: process temperature of 35 °C, solid to liquid ratio of 0.0415, and enzyme ratio of 16 U/g d.m. A statistical model was used to correlate the product yield with the process factors. Additionally, 19 interesting bioactive compounds were found in the enzymatic hydrolysis and alcoholic fermentation broths which seem likely to maintain natural defence mechanisms against diseases and physical disorders.