Cyst Formation Research Articles

Unmasking molluscum contagiosum: Navigating atypical presentations in a clinical mosaic

Molluscum contagiosum is a poxvirus-mediated, highly contagious infection predominantly affecting the face, trunk, and extremities of children and young adults. Although typically characterized by flesh-colored papules with central umbilication, atypical presentations, particularly in immunosuppressed and HIV-infected individuals pose diagnostic challenges. This retrospective study, spanning from January 2013 to January 2016, examined 19 cases of molluscum contagiosum, emphasizing unusual clinical and histopathological features. Three atypical cases were identified, including a 24-year-old female with a subcutaneous lump on the left areola, a 34-year-old male with genital lesions resembling lichen nitidus, and a 17-year-old male with a cystic scalp swelling. Histopathological examination confirmed molluscum contagiosum in all cases, revealing characteristic eosinophilic inclusions within squamous cells. Notably, the study expands the understanding of atypical presentations, such as lesions on the areola and cystic forms, which are infrequently reported in the literature. Despite the absence of immunosuppression or HIV infection in the atypical cases, the study highlights the need for clinicians to consider molluscum contagiosum in diverse clinical scenarios. The accurate diagnosis, often requiring biopsy or cytology, underscores the importance of histopathological evaluation in guiding appropriate treatment strategies, including surgical excision or topical antiviral agents. Overall, this case reports contributes valuable insights into the varied manifestations of molluscum contagiosum, emphasizing the necessity for vigilance in recognizing atypical presentations.

New Henneguya Species Cause Gill Disease of Commercial Amazonian Fish.

Freshwater fish are affected with much parasitic diseases, among the most common are Henneguyosis caused by myxozoans of the genus Henneguya, which exhibit great diversity in fish from South America, particularly in the Brazilian Amazon. In this present study, we describe the morphological and phylogenetic aspects of the small ribosomal subunit (SSU rDNA) of two new species of Henneguya infecting the gills from Hypophthalmus marginatus, a freshwater catfish from the Amazon. In 148 specimens, has been observed cyst formation in different regions of the gills, intrafilamentary and intralamellar. These samples were collected for PCR amplification and phylogenetic analysis. The myxospores from each cyst have an elliptical spore body, consisting of two elliptical polar capsules, but differed in taxonomic morphometric measurements, such as total size, caudal length, spore body length and width, and polar capsule length and width. Phylogenetically, the species formed a clade with Henneguya spp. described in Siluriform fish in Brazil. These findings support the description of two species, Henneguya matosi n. sp. and H. marginatus n. sp., which infect different regions of the gills of Hypophthalmus marginatus, a commercially important catfish.

Advancement of 3D biofabrication in repairing and regeneration of cartilage defects.

Three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting, an additive manufacturing technology, fabricates biomimetic tissues that possess natural structure and function. It involves precise deposition of bioinks, including cells, and bioactive factors, on basis of computer-aided 3D models. Articular cartilage injurie, a common orthopedic issue. Current repair methods, for instance microfracture procedure (MF), Autologous chondrocyte implantation (ACI), and Osteochondral Autologous Transfer Surgery (OATS) have been applied in clinical practice. However, each procedure has inherent limitation. For instance, microfracture surgery associates with increased subchondral cyst formation and brittle subchondral bone. ACI procedure involves two surgeries, and associate with potential risks infection and delamination of the regenerated cartilage. In addition, chondrocyte implantation's efficacy depends on the patient's weight, joint pathology, gender-related histological changes of cartilage, and hormonal influences that affect treatment and prognosis. So far, it is a still a grand challenge for achieving a clinical satisfactory in repairing and regeneration of cartilage defects using conditional strategies. 3D biofabrication provide a potential to fabricate biomimetic articular cartilage construct that has shown promise in specific cartilage repair and regeneration of patients. This review reported the techniques of 3D bioprinting applied for cartilage repair, and analyzed their respective merits and demerits, and limitations in clinical application. A summary of commonly used bioinks has been provided, along with an outlook on the challenges and prospects faced by 3D bioprinting in the application of cartilage tissue repair. It provided an overall review of current development and promising application of 3D biofabrication technology in articular cartilage repair.

COMPLICATION OF THE EXTRACTION OF MAXILLARY ANTERIOR SUPERNUMERARY TEET:THE ACCIDENTAL EXTRACTION OF THE PERMANENT TOOTH BUD

Background. This article aims to report the case of a seven-year-old girl affected by a numerical dental anomaly. Supernumerary teeth can lead to secondary dental eruption disturbance dental crowding and bone cysts formation. Even though the clinical and instrumental documentation was adequate to make a correct diagnosis and a surgicalorthodontic treatment plan, a technical error during the surgical phase can lead to the extraction of the permanent bud instead of the supernumerary tooth. The presented case highlights the 2-year follow-up of the immediate reimplantation of the avulsed tooth after the attempt to extract the supernumerary bud and provides the clinician with the most precise awareness and knowledge of possible medico-legal implications regarding surgery at the wrong site. Materials and Methods. During the extraction attempt, the clinician mistakenly extracted the wrong dental element, the bud of the permanent 1.1, and proceeded to reimplant it. After 11 months, a second dentist extracted the correct supernumerary tooth. The case defines guidelines applicable in outpatient clinical practice to manage complications in the best possible way. Results and conclusion. The therapy of supernumerary teeth is extraction. Further work is needed to monitor why a wrong tooth extraction occurs and how it can be prevented; this will be possible by reporting incidents, analyzing the root causes, and clearly and thoroughly educating the clinician on his medico-legal responsibilities.

Reduction of elevated Gli3 does not alter the progression of autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease.

Polycystic kidney diseases (PKD) are genetic disorders which disrupt kidney architecture and function. Autosomal recessive PKD (ARPKD) is a rare form of PKD, caused by mutations in PKHD1, and clinically more severe than the more common autosomal dominant PKD (ADPKD). Prior studies have implicated Hedgehog (Hh) signaling in ADPKD, with increased levels of Hh components in experimental ADPKD and reduced cystogenesis following pharmacological Hh inhibition. In contrast, the role of the Hh pathway in ARPKD is poorly understood. We hypothesized that Hh pathway activity would be elevated during ARPKD pathogenesis, and its modulation may slow disease progression. We utilized Cpk mice which phenocopy ARPKD and generated a PKHD1-mutant spheroid model in human collecting ducts. Significantly elevated levels of the Hh transcriptional effector Gli3 were found in Cpk mice, a finding replicated in PKHD1-mutant spheroids. In Cpk mice, total GLI3 and GLI3 repressor protein levels were also increased. Reduction of increased Gli3 levels via heterozygous genetic deletion in Cpk mice did not affect cyst formation. Additionally, lowering GLI3 transcripts to wildtype levels did not influence PKHD1-mutant spheroid size. Collectively, these data suggest attenuation of elevated Gli3 does not modulate murine and human models of ARPKD.

Giant Hydatid Cyst Originating From Psoas Muscle Extending to the Iliac Bone: A Case Report.

Hydatid cysts, caused by the Echinococcus granulosus parasite, predominantly affect the liver and lungs, but can also impact other organs such as the kidneys, brain, and muscles. Infection occurs when individuals ingest eggs from contaminated food or water, leading to cyst formation primarily in the liver. While hydatid cysts are commonly found in various endemic regions, muscular involvement is rare, particularly in the psoas muscle. This report presents a case of a muscular hydatid cyst, describes its management, and emphasizes the need for awareness and prompt intervention. A 50-year-old man presented with abdominal and left lower limb pain, along with weakness over several days. He was febrile, and a physical examination revealed pain during leg movement. Routine laboratory tests were normal. Ultrasound and computed tomography scans identified a solid cystic mass in the left lower quadrant, extending to the left lumbar muscle. After 28 days of preoperative albendazole therapy, the patient underwent surgery through a Rocky Davis incision, where a large hydatid cyst containing daughter cysts in the psoas muscle was discovered. The cyst was unroofed, and its contents were evacuated, followed by irrigation with hypertonic saline. Postoperative recovery was uneventful. He also received standard medication therapy with albendazole, and during monthly visits, no complications were observed during the one-year follow-up. This case contributes to the limited literature on muscular hydatid disease and highlights the importance of awareness among healthcare providers to ensure timely diagnosis and management.

Cystic Echinococcus of the Liver.

Cystic echinococcosis is a widely endemic helminthic disease caused by infection with metacestodes (larval stage) of the Echinococcus granulosus tapeworm, which is transmitted by dogs and found on every continent except Antarctica. We sought to review the life cycle, epidemiology, symptoms, diagnostic methods, and treatment of Echinococcus granulosus of the liver. A comprehensive review was conducted using Medline/PubMed, Google Scholar, Cochrane Library, and the Web of Science accessed between 1990 and 2024. The main search focused on "Cystic Echinococcus of the Liver." The following terms were used: cystic echinococcosis, hydatidosis, echinococcus granulosus, echinococcus life cycle, liver cyst, albendazole, liver resection, pericystectomy, cysto-biliary fistula, and percutaneous aspiration injection and reaspiration (PAIR). EC should be considered in the differential diagnosis of hepatic cysts, especially among individuals with risk factors, such as individuals who have traveled to or immigrated from areas with a high prevalence. Echinococcus species require two hosts to complete their life cycle, with humans acting as intermediate hosts that become infected by ingesting eggs from contaminated environments, leading to cyst formation, typically in the liver or lungs. Symptoms are based on cyst size and location, such as abdominal pain, jaundice, respiratory distress, or neurological deficits, and can lead to severe complications, such as cyst rupture, allergic reactions, sepsis, or secondary hydatidosis. Imaging plays a key role in evaluating cyst stage, size, location, and potential complications, as well as in determining the appropriateness of a minimally invasive PAIR procedure. Although serum antibody tests typically have a low sensitivity, antigen assays or recombinant proteins may provide useful diagnostic information. For uncomplicated active cysts, the treatment options include chemotherapy alone or in combination with the PAIR technique. Hepatic echinococcal cysts, which are relatively rare in North America, should be considered in the differential diagnosis of hepatic cysts, especially in individuals with risk factors.

A novel mouse model of pulmonary fibrosis: twice-repeated oropharyngeal bleomycin administration mimicking human pathology.

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a progressive and irreversible lung disease with high mortality and limited treatment options. While single-dose bleomycin-induced models are commonly used to investigate the pathogenesis of IPF, they fail to adequately replicate the complex pathological features in human patients, thereby hindering comprehensive investigations. Previous studies utilizing repetitive bleomycin injections have demonstrated a closer resemblance to human IPF pathology; however, the time- and resource-intensive nature of this approach presents significant drawbacks. Here, we propose a novel methodology involving twice-repeated oropharyngeal administration of bleomycin in mice, which closely mirrors the pathological manifestations observed in IPF patients. This model exhibited the honeycomb-like cyst formation, fibroblastic foci, bronchiolization of alveolar epithelium, emergence of metaplastic alveolar KRT5+ basal cells, and sustainability of these fibrotic phenotypes, thereby providing a robust model for IPF. Our findings establish a more efficient and translatable preclinical platform for investigating IPF pathogenesis and exploring potential therapeutic strategies.

Protection induced by recombinant vaccinia virus targeting the ROP4 of Toxoplasma gondii in mice.

Toxoplasmosis is a parasitic disease affecting a significant portion of the global population, whose etiology can be attributed to the protozoan organism Toxoplasma gondii. Despite its public health importance, an efficacious vaccine to prevent human toxoplasmosis remains unavailable. To this end, we designed an experimental toxoplasmosis vaccine using recombinant vaccinia virus vectors (rVacv) expressing the T. gondii rhoptry protein 4 (ROP4) antigen and evaluated its efficacy in a murine model. Intranasal vaccination with ROP4-rVacvs induced parasite-specific serum antibody responses as early as 3 weeks post-immunization, with subsequent immunizations elevating antibody responses to a greater extent. When challenged with T. gondii ME49 strain, significantly enhanced levels of mucosal IgA antibodies were detected in the intestines of immunized mice. Additionally, ROP4-rVacv immunization ensured that T cells and germinal center B cell populations were retained at high levels. These immune responses mitigated the severity of neuroinflammation, reduced tissue cyst formation, and ensured the survival of immunized mice. Our findings indicate that ROP4-rVacv could be a promising toxoplasmosis vaccine candidate.

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) Features and Diagnostic Accuracy in Pediatric Brachial Plexus Neuropathy: A Retrospective Analysis

Background: Brachial plexus neuropathy is a common and frequently occurring disease that may present with upper limb numbness and dysfunction, leading to a high disability rate. Objectives: To analyze the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) features of brachial plexus neuropathy in children. Methods: This study included 60 children who underwent MRI of the brachial plexus at our hospital from July 2019 to May 2024. The MRI scans included axial T1WI and T2WI sequences, axial and coronal T2-STIR sequences, and coronal 3D-FIESTA sequences. The imaging results were analyzed to identify features of brachial plexus neuropathy. Results: In this study, all 60 children underwent MRI of the brachial plexus. It was found that 34 (56.67%) cases were diagnosed as brachial plexus nerve injury via imaging, including 12 (20.00%) cases on the left side, 18 (30.00%) cases on the right side, and 4 (6.67%) cases on both sides. The imaging diagnoses were consistent with the clinical diagnoses in 32 cases and inconsistent in 2 cases. Meanwhile, 4 (6.67%) cases were diagnosed as other types of brachial plexus neuropathy, including 1 (1.67%) case of neurofibroma, 2 (3.33%) cases of neurosheathoma on the left side, and 1 (1.67%) case of right radicular sleeve cyst. The results were consistent with the clinical diagnoses in 3 cases and inconsistent in 1 case. Additionally, 7 (11.67%) cases were diagnosed as non-brachial plexus neuropathy, while 15 (25.00%) cases showed no obvious abnormality of the brachial plexus nerve. The sensitivity, specificity, and positive/negative predictive values were 100.00% (14/14), 78.95% (15/19), 91.11% (41/45), and 100.00% (15/15), respectively. The imaging features of brachial plexus nerve injury included thickening and thinning of nerve roots, high signals on T2 fat-suppression sequences, small cystic low signals at the level of the intervertebral foramen, cystic dilatation of nerve roots, formation of spinal cysts, and irregularly shaped long T1 and T2 signals at the C6 intervertebral foramen. The imaging features of neurofibroma included spike-shaped isometric T1 and T2 signals in the cervical soft tissues and high signals on T2 fat-suppression sequences, with relatively homogeneous signals, a clear boundary, and an irregular morphology of the lesion wrapping around the brachial plexus nerve. Additionally, the imaging features of neurosheathoma included space-occupying lesions, predominantly oval-shaped isometric T1 and slightly longer T2 signals, located at the lateral upper edge of the thorax, the lower part of the posterior clavicle, and the left side of the brachial plexus. Conclusions: The MRI can effectively show the location, range, and type of lesions, providing a valuable imaging reference for the early diagnosis and treatment of brachial plexus neuropathy in children.

Evolutionary Changes in Oral Regions (Temporomandibular Joint)

Background: Evolution represents a gradual developmental process that forms the foundation of modern science, widely recognized as a scientific theory supported by various fields of research. One observable example of evolution in the oral cavity is the third molar (molar 3). In ancient times, third molars erupted normally due to larger jaw sizes. However, as human jaws evolved and became smaller, third molar impaction—a pathological condition where a tooth fails to erupt properly—has become increasingly common. Impaction occurs due to limited space and improper jaw angulation, which create gaps between teeth that trap food debris and increase the risk of dental complications. Odontectomy is a surgical procedure used to remove unerupted, partially erupted teeth, or retained roots that cannot be extracted using conventional techniques. Materials and Methods: This study employed a systematic literature review method, gathering data from PubMed, ScienceDirect, Google Scholar, and ResearchGate. Keywords included "Evaluation of teeth," "Temporomandibular Joint Evolution," "Impacted Third Molars," and "Human Dentition Evolution." Relevant studies published between 1991 and 2023 were selected based on inclusion criteria that focused on the evolution of teeth and temporomandibular joint (TMJ). Results and Conclusion: The study identifies significant evolutionary changes in the oral region, particularly in the TMJ, influenced by shifts in dietary habits, environmental factors, and human adaptability. The reduction in jaw size and altered chewing mechanics have contributed to the increased prevalence of impacted third molars (M3s), resulting in complications such as pericoronitis, cyst formation, and neuralgic pain [19,20]. Evolutionary adaptations in the TMJ enabled functional demands like speaking, chewing, and swallowing, but also increased susceptibility to disorders such as temporomandibular joint dysfunction (TMD) [1,11]. These findings highlight the critical role of evolutionary biology in understanding and addressing contemporary oral health issues. Future research should focus on developing targeted treatment strategies and preventive measures to mitigate challenges associated with these evolutionary adaptations.

Post-COVID-19 Syndrome-associated Risk Factors for Acne Exacerbation.

This study aimed to investigate the impact of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) syndrome on various aspects of acne exacerbation. Additionally, we aimed to explore the risk factors for acne exacerbation after COVID-19 syndrome. A total of 211 subjects with acne were enrolled, and their key demographic characteristics and lifestyle factors were recorded. They were asked whether acne exacerbation occurred after COVID-19 syndrome, as well as the latency of exacerbation, the exacerbation location, and the form of skin lesions. The risk factors were analyzed using the Cox proportional hazard regression model. Overall, 41.2% of cases reported exacerbation of acne after COVID-19 syndrome. Age was found to be a protective factor. Additionally, sufficient fruit intake may slightly prevent exacerbation. For participants engaging in daily physical exercise, the likelihood of exacerbation was significantly increased after COVID-19 syndrome. The probability of exacerbation was significantly higher if an acne itch was present. Patients who experienced exacerbation in the chin area were more likely to develop acne-induced anxiety. Males had a higher risk of aggravation of the cyst form. Interestingly, those with lower education levels were more likely to have aggravation in the right cheek after COVID-19 syndrome. Moreover, physical exercise might prevent aggravation in the front or back areas. Finally, fish intake of ≥240 g per week was related to the aggravation of the hard nodule form. In conclusion, age and adequate fruit intake may play a protective role, while acne itch and daily exercise may be risk factors for acne exacerbation.

Bilateral polycystic ovary in a nellore cow: case report

The most common ovarian disease in cattle is follicular cyst, but there are few studies addressing this problem in zebuid cows on pasture. In humans, this condition is known as polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). The aim of this study is to report on the occurrence of polycystic ovary syndrome in a multivariate Nellore cow kept on pasture. The case was detected during an ultrasound examination of the reproductive tract at the beginning of the breeding season. The cow in question was approximately 60 days postpartum and rectal palpation revealed bilateral ovarian enlargement. Ultrasound examination revealed a low-echo lobular image suggestive of multiple follicles. Without treatment, the cow was slaughtered and her reproductive tract removed for macroscopic, morphometric and histopathologic analysis. The ovaries were found to contain a large number of cystic formations of varying sizes, confirming the diagnosis of polycystic ovary syndrome. Although PCOS is well documented in humans, it has not yet been described in female cattle. This report is novel in that cows kept on pasture and fed only mineral salt rarely show ovarian pathologies. It can therefore serve as a guide for professionals in the field who are aware of the possible occurrence of this case.

Erythrosis pigmentosa peribuccalis Brocq

Pigmented peribuccal erythrosis of Brocq is a rare disease, with less than 50 cases reported in the literature, affecting mainly women. The dermatosis manifests itself as small follicular pigmented and slightly hyperkeratotic papules that are grouped centrofacially to form plaques with clear contours around the mouth and nose, sometimes with lesions in the forehead. The color intensity may change during the day, due to the presence of a vascular component. The dermatosis does not cause subjective symptoms and the main complaints of patients are reduced to aesthetic discomfort due to the sharp transition from orange-brown coloring around the mouth and nose to the normal color of the cheeks. The etiology of this condition is currently unknown, the features of the dermatoscopic picture have not been described, and standardized and effective methods of therapy have not been developed. This article describes the clinical manifestations and dermatoscopic picture of this rare dermatosis in a 23-year-old girl with a disease duration of 6 years and ineffectiveness of previous treatment, who had pronounced and persistent positive dynamics against the background of treatment of concomitant cystic ovarian formations, the use of external agents with a keratolytic effect and strict photoprotection.

Morphology of the sternoclavicular joint and its microanatomical changes in response to osteoarthritic degeneration.

Although the sternoclavicular joint shares structural similarities with the knee and hip joints as a diarthrodial joint, its biomechanics differ significantly due to its non-weight-bearing nature. Nevertheless, it is subject to considerable loading, leading to increased susceptibility to osteoarthritis, a prevalent condition characterized by the degeneration of the joint's articular surfaces and fibrocartilaginous intra-articular disc. The osteoarthritic degeneration of the fibrocartilaginous and cartilaginous surfaces of the sternoclavicular joint has been investigated, considering multiple factors. These include cell count, collagen alignment, surface fibrillation, cyst formation, and glycosaminoglycan content, with the findings deemed significant. However, current treatments for osteoarthritis of the sternoclavicular joint tend to focus on symptom management rather than active prevention of disease progression. Therefore, a detailed understanding of the anatomy, biomechanics, and morphological changes of the sternoclavicular joint during all stages of the osteoarthritic disease is essential for effective management to allow for maximum patient outcomes. This review explores the current literature on the anatomy of the sternoclavicular joint, starting with its structure and comparison to surrounding joints, biomechanics, and morphology, before considering the microanatomical changes that occur due to osteoarthritic degeneration. Early identification of osteoarthritic changes within this joint can enhance treatment and management outcomes before advancing joint degeneration, improving the quality of life for those affected.

Vertebral Endplate Cavities with Titanium Cages in Posterior Lumbar Interbody Fusion.

Vertebral endplate cavities (VECs) have been reported with the use of titanium (Ti) cages. Only few articles have recently demonstrated unfavorable radiographic changes in the form of cysts or cavities, which may predispose to nonunion. The aim was to assess the prevalence of VEC in posterior lumbar interbody fusion (PLIF) using Ti cages and to estimate their impact on fusion. The term "cavity" was used to describe the endplate changes. Computed tomography (CT) analysis of the VECs and fusion status following PLIFs with Ti cages was conducted by two observers. VECs were assessed according to the size, multiplicity, location, and presence of sclerosis. Forty-two consecutive patients with surgeries conducted on 52 levels were enrolled. There were 20 males and 22 females. The mean age was 43.6 ± 10.89 years. The mean follow-up was 20.85 ± 8.49 months. Definite union was seen in 48 levels (92.3%) by observer 1 and in 40 levels (76.9%) by observer 2. The strength of agreement was moderate. The presence of VEC was observed in 9 levels (17.3%) by observer 1 and in 12 levels (23.1%) by observer 2. The strength of agreement was moderate. The majority of VECs in the endplates were less than 5 mm. The strength of agreement was high. The strength of agreement for location and multiplicity were moderate. The VEC was significantly correlated with the fusion status. Our study confirmed that VECs were observed following Ti cage placement after PLIF procedures. They tend to be small and might be associated with nonunion. Furthermore, it reflected the limited inter-rater reliability of the assessment of both the fusion status and VEC morphology after Ti PLIF cage placement.

Empagliflozin in patients with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (EMPA-PKD): study protocol for a randomised controlled trial

IntroductionAutosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is a hereditary condition that causes the formation of cysts primarily in the kidneys. The continuous growth of multiple cysts leads to the destruction...

Pathological mechanisms of glial cell activation and neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric disorders caused by Toxoplasma gondii infection.

Toxoplasma gondii is an intracellular opportunistic parasite that exists in a latent form within the human central nervous system (CNS), even in immune-competent hosts. During acute infection, T. gondii traverses the blood-brain barrier (BBB). In the subsequent chronic infection phase, the infiltration of immune cells into the brain, driven by T. gondii infection and the formation of parasitic cysts, leads to persistent activation and proliferation of astrocytes and microglia. This process results in neuronal damages that are fatal in some cases. Through inducing systemic immune responses, T. gondii infection can dramatically alter the behavior of rodents and increase the risk of various neuropsychiatric disorders in humans. In this review, we explore some recent research progress on the major events involved in BBB disruption, glial cell activation and neuronal damage following T. gondii infection in hosts. It further discusses potential pathological mechanisms and the feasible treatment approaches for the neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric disorders caused by T. gondii infection to extend our understanding for pathogenesis and preventive control of toxoplasmosis in humans.

Factors Associated With "Sterile Cystic Formation" Following the Application of BioGlue® in Brain Surgery and Review of Literature.

Introduction BioGlue® (CryoLife, Inc, Kennesaw, GA), despite being claimed to be a safe and harmless sealant, reportedly has several adverse effects including surgical wound dehiscence.This study aimed to examine the factors that may contribute to this unfavorable outcome in cranial surgery. Methods A retrospective cross-sectional analysis was conducted on patients who underwent brain surgery with the use of BioGlue® between January 2015 and December 2022.One hundred and two individuals were enrolled and classified into two categories based on the incidence of surgical wound complications.The patients' demography, operative details, and the nature of their surgical wound problems were evaluated. Results Out of 102 individuals, 15 experienced postoperative wound complications.Fluid resembling pus was noted; however, laboratory cultures yielded negative results.Complications were significantly more prevalent (seven times higher) among individuals utilizing BioGlue® in proximity to titanium plates for skull defect correction. Patients using the 5 mL pre-filled BioGlue® device had a 2.8 times higher likelihood of complications than the 2 mL version.Using the patient's cranial bone as a barrier during surgery reduced the risk of complications. Conclusions Neurosurgeons should note possible adverse reactions of using a sealant for cranial surgery that include inflammation and wound separation. Treatment should include thorough cleansing and complete removal of BioGlue®.Two prevalent risk factors were the close proximity (direct contact) of BioGlue® to the adjacent titanium plate used for covering skull defect and the volume of sealant used (5 mL or 2 mL).

Nicotinamide Mononucleotide Alleviates Bile Acid Metabolism and Hormonal Dysregulation in Letrozole-Induced PCOS Mice.

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) involves complex genetic, metabolic, endocrine, and environmental factors. This study explores the effects of nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) in a letrozole-induced PCOS mouse model, focusing on metabolic regulation. Letrozole-induced aromatase inhibition elevated androgen and reduced bile acid levels, linking liver dysfunction and gut imbalance to PCOS. Letrozole-treated mice exhibited disrupted estrous cycles, ovarian congestion, and elevated testosterone. NMN intervention alleviated hyperandrogenism, ovarian abnormalities, and bile acid decline but did not fully restore the estrous cycle or improve lipid profiles. Metabolomic analysis showed that NMN partially reversed bile acid and lipid metabolism disturbances. These findings highlight NMN's protective role in reducing hyperandrogenism and ovarian cyst formation. However, effective PCOS treatment should target liver and gut metabolism, not just ovarian symptoms, to mitigate systemic effects. Bile acid dysregulation may play a key role in PCOS progression and warrants further investigation.