Koi Carp Research Articles

Feasibility Analysis of Koi Fish Cultivation with the Use of Rice Fields as Cultivation Sites

Indonesia's biodiversity is very diverse, especially ornamental fish, both seawater and fresh water ornamental fish. Commodities of freshwater ornamental fish cultivated in Indonesia are not only local ornamental fish but imported freshwater ornamental fish such as Koi (Cyrpinus carpio) have also been cultivated in several regions of Indonesia. Kediri is a very potential area, especially in the field of ornamental fish cultivation. The Koi fish cultivation center in Kediri is not inferior to the cultivation in the Blitar area which is already famous for Koi fish cultivation. The traditional pond pattern using rice fields as a place for Koi fish cultivation has proven that with makeshift facilities the people of Pranggang Village are able to help their economy. These advantages make this commodity have business prospects that can be developed through cultivation activities. so it is necessary to do a business feasibility analysis to develop a koi fish farming business in the future. Retrieval of data used in this study is the method of observation, interviews and documentation. while for the analysis using qualitative methods, where the researcher as the key instrument, data collection techniques were carried out by means of triangulation (combined). Qualitative method analysis carried out in this study includes business management, production inputs, production processes, outputs, marketing and business development plans.

ANALISIS KELAYAKAN USAHA PEMBENIHAN IKAN KOI (CYPRINUS CARPIO) DI BALAI BENIH IKAN (BBI) BATU KUMBUNG, KECAMATAN LINGSAR

Koi fish (Cyprinus carpio) is one of the potential freshwater ornamental fish commodities that can be cultivated. This freshwater ornamental fish has several advantages, including easy maintenance, ability to survive in low oxygen water, and ability to produce high-quality eggs. The purpose of this research is to assess the feasibility of the breeding activities conducted at BBI Batu Kumbung through economic analysis. The research method used in this study is "Descriptive Comparative Method". Based on the research findings the economic analysis conducted includes assumptions, Total Costs Rp. 39.304.000, Sales Revenue Per Cycle Rp. 64.200.000, Income Per Cycle Rp. 24.896.000, R/C Ratio 1.63, Break-Even Point Price Rp. 1.224 per fish, Break-Even Point Production 19.652 and Payback Period 6.3 months. Based on the business analysis, the production of koi fish seeds at BBI Batu Kumbung can be considered feasible and has the potential for development, as it can provide good profits with a good Return on Investment (ROI).

Feed Modification Using Carrot Flour to Improve Growth and Brightness Koi Fish Color

Color is vital in determining the quality of koi fish (Cyprinus carpio L.) and is even seen as an important component in selecting ornamental fish. Therefore, alternative feed sources are needed, which are highly nutritious and increase the brightness of fish. This study aimed to determine the effect of adding carrot flour (Daucus carota L.) and the concentration that had a good impact on increasing the color of Koi fish (Cyprinus carpio L.). This study used six treatments where treatment A was fed containing Spirulina as a control. Treatment B was the addition of carrot flour with a concentration of 5%, C with a concentration of 10%, D with a concentration of 15%, E with a concentration of 20%, and F with a concentration of 25%. The results showed that adding carrot flour affected the brightness of the color of the fish. The best color improvement is found in treatment F, with a value of 6.

Effectiveness of papaya seed (Carica papaya L) solution against fungal prevalence and hatching power of koi carp (Cyprinus carpio L) eggs

One of the causes of the low production of koi carp seeds is fungal attack during the egg-hatching period, so natural treatments need to be carried out, including the use of papaya seeds. Papaya seeds contain antifungal compounds in the form of tannins, flavonoids, saponins, and alkaloids. The purpose of this study was to determine the effective dose of papaya seed solution in reducing the prevalence of the fungus and increasing the hatchability of koi goldfish eggs. This study was designed using a completely randomized design, which consisted of 5 treatments with 4 replications each. The treatment tested was papaya seed solution with treatment doses A=control, B=125 mg L-1, C=150 mg L-1, D=175 mgL-1, and E=200 mg L-1. Variables measured included the prevalence of the fungus, egg hatchability, observation of the fungus, hatching time, and water quality. The results showed that treatment with 125 mg L-1 of papaya seed solution reduced the prevalence of the fungus by 32.5% and resulted in the highest egg hatchability of 67.5%. The high hatchability of eggs is due to the presence of antifungal compounds in the form of flavonoids, saponins, tannins, and karpain contained in papaya seeds which provide protection for eggs against fungal infections so that eggs can hatch properly. The best dose of papaya seed solution to prevent fungal infection in koi carp eggs obtained at 200 mg L-1, 11.25%.

Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA-Polymerase Chain Reaction Analysis of Four Koi Fish (Cyprinus carpio var. koi) Variants from Yogyakarta, Indonesia

Koi fish (Cyprinus carpio var. koi) is an ornamental fish with many hobbyists because of the beauty of its color pattern. Koi fish are widely cultivated around the world. Indonesia is a country that has many koi fish breeders and hobbyists. Crossbreeding between variants of koi fish can form a new variants. and provide a lot of genetic variation. This study aims to determine the variations and genetic relationships of koi fish that are widely cultivated in Indonesia. This study used 40 koi fish originating from fish farmers in the Special Region of Yogyakarta. Koi fish variants used are Kohaku, Showa, Sanke, and Shiro. This research uses amplification method with Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) with Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) marker which is OPA-1 and OPA-9. The results of the RAPD-PCR showed 14 bands from the OPA-1 primer and 5 bands from the OPA-9 primer with a total of 19 bands consisting of 18 polymorphic bands and 1 monomorphic band from the four samples of koi fish variants. The results of the polymorphism analysis showed that the polymorphisms of the Shiro variants is 63.16%, Showa 47.37%, Kohaku 36.84%, and Sanke 31.58%. Genetic distance calculation using the Nei genetic distance shows that the Kohaku variant has a close genetic distance to the Showa variant and the Sanke variant has a close genetic distance to the Shiro variant.

Assessment of genetic variation in Amur common carps (Cyprinus carpio haematopterus Temminck & Schlegel, 1846: Cypriniformes, Cyprinidae) of three different geographical locations using RAPD markers

Assessment of genetic variation in Amur common carps (Cyprinus carpio haematopterus Temminck & Schlegel, 1846: Cypriniformes, Cyprinidae) of three different geographical locations using RAPD markers

Design of Water Quality Monitoring System for Koi Fish Farming Using NodeMCU ESP32 and Blynk Application Based on Internet of Things

Intisari – Penelitian tentang rancang bangun sistem pemantauan kualitas air budidaya ikan koi telah dilakukan menggunakan NodeMCU ESP32 berbasis Internet of Things (IoT) yang terhubung dengan perangkat Android melalui aplikasi Blynk. Sistem ini terdiri dari empat sensor kualitas air, yaitu jumlah padatan terlarut, tingkat keasaman, tingkat amonia, dan besar suhu. Sistem ini dibuat agar kualitas air ikan koi selalu terpantau secara langsung lewat Android. Keuntungan menggunakan perangkat Android sebagai penampil sistem pemantauan adalah memudahkan pengguna untuk memantau kondisi air di lokasi manapun. Hasil dari sistem ini ditampilkan dalam bentuk pemantauan pada aplikasi Blynk dan pada liquid crystal display (LCD) 20×4, dengan notifikasi tentang ambang batas kualitas air. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa sensor memiliki akurasi sebesar 94,92% untuk jumlah padatan terlarut, 98,88% untuk tingkat keasaman, 90,49% untuk tingkat amonia, dan 98,77% untuk suhu, dengan waktu tunggu selama 5 menit untuk tampilan hasil pemantauan. Tingkat akurasi yang tinggi menunjukan alat ini dapat digunakan untuk melakukan pemantauan kualitas air budidaya ikan koi.Kata kunci: Blynk, ESP32, IoT, pemantauan, kualitas airAbstract - A research study on the design and development of a water quality monitoring system for koi fish farming has been conducted using the Internet of Things (IoT) based NodeMCU ESP32, connected to an Android device through the Blynk application. This system consists of four water quality sensors, namely dissolved solids, acidity level, ammonia level, and temperature. The purpose of this system is to ensure direct monitoring of the koi fish water quality through an Android device. The advantage of using an Android device as the monitoring interface is that it allows users to monitor the water conditions from any location. The system's results are displayed through the Blynk application and a 20x4 liquid crystal display (LCD) screen, with notifications indicating the threshold limits of water quality. The research findings indicate that the sensors have an accuracy of 94.92% for dissolved solids, 98.88% for acidity level, 90.49% for ammonia level, and 98.77% for temperature, with a waiting time of 5 minutes for the monitoring results to be displayed. The high level of accuracy demonstrates that this device can be used effectively for monitoring the water quality in koi fish farming.Keywords: Blynk, ESP32, IoT, monitoring, water quality

ANALYS FINANCIAL FEASIBILITY OF KOI FISH SALES BUSINESS IN JAVA KOI CENTER, CIMAHI CITY, WEST JAVA

Java Koi Center is one of the largest local koi carp business in Cimahi City. This research aims to analyze the financial feasibility of Java Koi Center, Cimahi City, West Java. This research uses a quantitative descriptive analysis. The data collected in this study are aspects that exist in business feasibility and the main thing is the financial aspect. In the financial aspect, the data studied are business capital, investment costs, operational costs, Revenue Cost Ratio (R/C) and Break Even Point (BEP). To analyze financial feasibility, investment assessment criteria are used including Net Present Value (NPV), Internal Rate of Return (IRR), Net Benefit Cost Ratio (Net B/C) and Payback Period (PP). Based on data analysis, it was obtained that the R/C value was 1.90 and Break Even Point was obtained BEP Sales Mix for Kohaku koi totaling 23 heads with total sales of Rp28.716.952, Sanke koi was 21 heads at a price of Rp18.796.550, Hi-utsuri totalling 15 heads with a price of Rp13.157.584, Bekko koi fish was totalling 13 heads at a price of Rp7.518.620 and Sushui koi fish 17 heads at a price of Rp10.024.827. In the calculation of financial feasibility analysis, NPV value was obtained at Rp275,228,463, IRR value of 81%, Net B/C value of 3.07 and the Paypack Period for 1.17 years. So from the results of this research, Java Koi Center business is very feasible and profitable to run and develop in the future.

Proactivity of fish and leadership of self-propelled robotic fish during interaction

Fish interacting with biomimetic robotic fish is beneficial for animal behavior research, particularly in the study of collective behavior. Compared with passive-dragging robotic fish, self-propelled robotic fish floats in water, and its movement matches the flow field formed by the caudal fin oscillation, leading to more realistic interaction with animals. In this paper, we propose a self-propelled koi-mimicking robotic fish entity, develop a system for robotic fish and koi fish interaction, and conduct extensive experiments on quantity variation and parameter variation. The results showed that fish exhibited significantly lower proactivity when alone, and the most proactive case is one robotic fish interacting with two real fish. The experiments on parameter variation indicated that fish may respond more proactivity to robotic fish that swim with high frequency and low amplitude, but may also move together with high-frequency and high-amplitude swimming robotic fish. These findings could provide insights into fish collective behavior, guide the design of further fish-robot interaction experiments, and suggest directions for future improvements in goal-oriented robotic fish platforms.

Increased Color Brightness with the Addition of Astaxanthin in Koi Fish (Cyprinus Rubrofuscus) Feed

Introduction: This research was conducted experimentally from May to July 2021 at the Teaching Factory Cultivation Laboratory (TEFA) of the Jakarta Fisheries Business Specialist Polytechnic. This study aims to determine the effect of astaxanthin feeding on increasing color, survival and growth of koi fish. Method: The research method used is quantitative. The design used was a completely randomized design (CRD) with four treatment levels and three replications. Analysis of variance used was analysis of variance (ANOVA. Results: The results showed that the addition of astaxanthin to feed had a significant effect on changes in the color quality of koi fish. The best result was the addition of astaxanthin 125 mg/kg feed (20.29 ± average weight measurement results) (ABW) at the end of the study obtained the highest value in treatment A (control) of 10.37 g. The results of the average weight measurement (ABW) at the end of the study obtained the highest value in treatment A (control) of 10.37 g, Specific Growth Rate (SGR) was the highest in treatment A (control) of 12.00%, the best Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR) was in the treatment with the addition of 100 mg astaxanthin 1.12. Conclusion: The use of astaxanthin in koi fish feed can increase the selling value of koi fish in the market because of the bright color is one of the important criteria in assessing the quality of koi fish. Koi fish farmers can consider adding astaxanthin and need to pay attention to the right dosage.

A rare case of ocular and testicular T-cell lymphoma in a hermaphrodite koi carp (Cyprinus carpio Linnaeus 1758): clinical, histopathological, and immunohistochemical study

BackgroundLymphatic neoplasia may occur in various types, such as lymphoma, lymphosarcoma, lympholeukemia, and plasmacytoid leukemia. Lymphoma, defined as a malignant tumour of lymphoid tissue, has been found in a number of fish families including Esocidae and Salmonidae. However, the occurrence of lymphoma is rare in those belonging to the Cyprinidae. A final diagnosis of ocular and testicular T-cell lymphoma in the present study was based on the clinical signs, morphology, and texture of the tumour masses in the macroscopic and microscopic examinations. In addition, histopathological and immunohistochemical findings corresponded to T-cell lymphoma characteristics.Case presentationA 2-year-old hermaphrodite koi carp (Cyprinus carpio Linnaeus 1758) with a large ocular mass and severe exophthalmia in the right eye was referred to the Ornamental Fish Clinic in October 2020. Under anesthesia, enucleation was performed. 57 days after enucleation of the right eye, exophthalmia in the left eye was discovered. 221 days after surgery, the fish was discovered to be dead. At necropsy, a large soft tissue mass attached to the left testis was discovered. There were also small whitish nodules on the surface of the liver. Histopathology revealed a hypercellular ocular mass with scant connective tissue. The sections also revealed multifocal hemorrhages, round to ovoid neoplastic cells, mild-to-moderate anisokaryosis and anisocytosis, and mitotic figures. Basophilic neoplastic cells were found in blood vessels within the testicular mass, raising the possibility of systemic spread. The liver showed microscopic metastasis with morphologic similarities to the ocular and testicular tumors. The neoplastic cells infiltrating the left and right eyes as well as the testicular mass were immunohistochemically positive for CD3 but negative for CD20. The masses were diagnosed as T-cell lymphoma based on histopathological and immunohistochemical findings.ConclusionsThis case report provides the first evidence of clinical, histopathological, morphological, and immunohistochemical findings of an ocular and testicular T-cell lymphoma in a hermaphrodite koi carp (Cyprinus carpio) in Iran.

Effects of Different Dietary Protein Levels on the Growth Performance, Physicochemical Indexes, Quality, and Molecular Expression of Yellow River Carp (Cyprinus carpio haematopterus)

A 12-week rearing trial was carried out to estimate effects on the growth performance, physicochemical indexes, quality, and the molecular expression of Yellow River Carp (Cyprinus carpio haematopterus) using five practical diets, including dietary protein levels of 220, 250, 280, 310, and 340 g/kg. The results illustrated that the fish's weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR) were significantly influenced, with an ascending dietary protein level of up to 250 g/kg (p < 0.05). The carp muscle contents of total saturated fatty acids (∑SFA), monounsaturated fatty acids (∑MUFA), polyunsaturated fatty acids (∑PUFA), and fatty acids (∑FA) decreased significantly with the ascending dietary protein levels, except for the 250 g/kg protein diet (p < 0.05). Only the glutamic acid and total essential amino acid (∑EAA) contents were significantly influenced by the ascending dietary protein levels (p < 0.05). The relative GH expression of the carp muscle significantly decreased with the increase in the dietary protein level up to 310 g/kg, and then it significantly increased (p < 0.05). In the intestines, the peak relative TOR expression was observed on the 220 g/kg protein diet, while the relative 4EBP1 expression was significantly influenced by the dietary protein level up to 250 g/kg (p < 0.05). In the muscle, the peak relative TOR and 4EBP1 expression levels were observed on the 250 g/kg protein diet. In gills, the lowest relative Rhag, Rhbg, and Rhcg1 expression levels were observed on the 250 g/kg protein diet. Based on all of the aforementioned results, the optimal dietary protein level for Cyprinus carpio haematopterus (160.24 ± 15.56 g) is 250-280 g/kg.

Effect of replacement of dietary fish meal with silkworm pupae meal and black soldier fly larvae meal as a combination diet on the growth and digestive performance of koi carp Cyprinus carpio var. koi in the nursery phase

The feasibility of using silkworm pupae meal and black soldier fly larvae meal in combination to replace fish meal inkoi carp fry was assessed. Two weeks-old koi fry (2.47±0.15 cm, 0.28±0.06 g) were used as experimental animals. Fouriso-nitrogenous experimental diets (T1, T2, T3, T4) with 35±0.37% crude protein were formulated. In T1, T2 and T3,50% of fish meal was replaced with silkworm pupae meal and black soldier fly larvae meal at different combinations, i.e.,T1 (25:75), T2 (50:50), T3 (75:25). In T4, 100% of fish meal was replaced with silkworm pupae meal and black soldier flylarvae meal at 50:50 ratio. Present research findings showed that T2 diet-fed fishes performed significantly better (p&lt;0.05)than other diets in all the growth parameters viz., mean length gain (3.13±0.01 cm), mean weight gain (3.13±0.02 g),percentage length gain (127±0.71%), percentage weight gain (1118±7.07%), specific growth rate (4.16±0.01%/day),feed conversion ratio (1.30±0.01), feed efficiency ratio (0.76±0.01), protein efficiency ratio (2.18±0.01) and survival rate(28±1.41%). Digestive enzyme activities were also higher in T2 diet-fed fishes. Therefore, insect meal can be effectivelyutilised to replace fish meal in the diet of koi fry. Keywords: Black soldier fly larvae meal, Digestive enzymes, Growth performance, Koi carp fry, Silkworm pupae meal

Design of Automatic Pond Water Quality Control in Koi Fish Farm

Koi fish is a type of freshwater ornamental fish that has high economic value. Koi fish have attractive body colors and ideal body shapes so they have good sales prospects. However, koi fish farming has several obstacles, one of which is the low recovery rate and the relatively slow growth of fish. Water quality is the main parameter in the success of a fishing effort. Therefore, this study designed a tool that can help koi fish farmers in unifying the quality of pond water so that koi fish can grow and develop properly. This monitoring system is designed by implementing an automatic control monitoring system to produce good water quality for koi fish farming. Data obtained from water quality monitoring are parameters of pH, ammonia, and water temperature. The results of this cultivator's research can monitor the quality of fish pond water and immediately get water quality control automatically.

Kinerja Rantai Pasokan Kelompok Pembudidaya Ikan Kusukakoi Desa Cibolang Kaler Kecamatan Cisaat Kabupaten Sukabumi

Koi fish is the main aquatic product cultivated by farmers in Cibolang Kaler village because it has a relatively stable price and market. This study aims to determine the supplier performance system in the supply chain of the kusukakoi fish farmer group. This research is a quantitative research using descriptive methods. The sample in this study was 30 people and it was carried out in September and October 2021. The results showed that overall the parameters in the dimensions of this supplier system showed moderate where the suppliers (farmers) can be controlled directly by the Kusukakoi fish cultivator group.

EFFECTIVENESS OF BETEL LEAF EXTRACT (Piper betle L) AS AN ANTIBACTERIAL AGENT FOR TREATING BACTERIAL INFECTIONS (Aeromonas hydrophila) IN KOI FISH BREEDS

Betel leaf has a long history of use in traditional medicine due to its natural antibacterial properties. This study focuses on the antibacterial effects of betel leaf (Piper betle) extract, particularly against Aeromonas hydrophila infections in koi fish. The research employs an experimental approach using a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with four treatment groups, each repeated twice. The treatments consist of: a control group (Treatment K) without betel leaf extract, Treatment A with 5 ml of betel leaf extract, Treatment B with 10 ml of betel leaf extract, and Treatment C with 15 ml of betel leaf extract. The results of the study demonstrate the significant efficacy of betel leaf extract in promoting the healing of Aeromonas hydrophila-infected fish. This is evident from observations of reduced wound diameter in fish treated with betel leaf extract. In Treatment A (5 ml dose), noticeable wound diameter reduction begins in the fourth week. Treatment B (10 ml dose) shows similar progress with visible healing in the third week. Treatment C (15 ml dose) exhibits the most promising results, with wound diameter reduction or fading evident as early as the second week. Survival rates are recorded as follows: Treatment K – 50%, Treatment A – 65%, Treatment B – 75%, and Treatment C – 90%. These findings underscore the potential of betel leaf extract as an effective antibacterial remedy in combating Aeromonas hydrophila infections in koi fish.

Cutaneous angiomatosis‐like presentation in koi carp (Cyprinus carpio koi): Clinical–pathological investigations

The skin represents an indicator of an animal's health status. Causes of cutaneous diseases in fish most often trace back to biological agents. However, fish skin diseases can also arise from a complex interaction of infectious and non-infectious causes, making it more difficult to identify a specific aetiology. In the period between April and September of the years 2019-2022, four koi carp (Cyprinus carpio koi) from two European countries presented with multifocal, irregularly round, few mm to 1cm, variably raised cutaneous reddened areas. The fish displayed good general condition. Cutaneous samples, investigated by microbiological and molecular methods and microscopy, did not indicate a primary pathogenic agent. Gross and histological findings of the cutaneous biopsies were consistent with a multifocal/reactive process centred on dermal vessels. The histological features were reminiscent of angiomatosis, a benign proliferative condition affecting the dermal vessels of mammals, including human patients. The clinical-pathological presentation and the dermatologic condition that affected the koi carp are discussed and compared with the veterinary and human literature.

Effects of dietary compound probiotics and heat-killed compound probiotics on antioxidative capacity, plasma biochemical parameters, intestinal morphology, and microbiota of Cyprinus carpio haematopterus

Effects of dietary compound probiotics and heat-killed compound probiotics on antioxidative capacity, plasma biochemical parameters, intestinal morphology, and microbiota of Cyprinus carpio haematopterus

Effects of dietary phosphorus deficiency on the growth performance, hepatic lipid metabolism, and antioxidant capacity of Yellow River Carp Cyprinus carpio haematopterus.

The study aimed to evaluate the effects of phosphorus (P) deficiency in diets on growth performance, hepatic lipid metabolism, and antioxidant capacity in Yellow River Carp Cyprinus carpio haematopterus. In this study, 72 healthy experimental fish (initial weight=12.0 ± 0.1g [mean±SE]) were randomly selected and distributed to two groups, with three replicates in each group. The groups were fed either a P-sufficient diet or a P-deficient diet for 8 weeks. The P-deficient feed significantly decreased the specific growth rate, feed efficiency, and condition factor of Yellow River Carp. Fish that were fed the P-deficient feed demonstrated higher contents of triglyceride, total cholesterol (T-CHO), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in the plasma and a higher T-CHO content in the liver compared to the P-sufficient diet group. In addition, the P-deficient diet significantly reduced the catalase activity level, decreased the glutathione content, and increased the malondialdehyde content in the liver and in the plasma. Furthermore, P deficiency in the diet significantly downregulated the messenger RNA expression of nuclear erythroid 2-related factor 2 and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α, whereas it upregulated the messenger RNA expression of tumor necrosis factor α and fatty acid synthase in the liver. Dietary P deficiency reduced fish growth performance, induced fat deposition and oxidative stress, and impaired liver health.

Effect of the Exposure of Aloe Vera Polyphenol Fraction on Changes in Blood Glucose of Koi Fish (Cyprinus carpio) as a Stress Response

Effect of the Exposure of Aloe Vera Polyphenol Fraction on Changes in Blood Glucose of Koi Fish (Cyprinus carpio) as a Stress Response