Cymbopogon Winterianus Jowitt Research Articles

Amoebicidal activity of essential oils and essential oil-based microemulsions of Aloysia citrodora Ortega ex Pers., Cymbopogon winterianus Jowitt ex Bor, and Ocimum gratissimum L. against Acanthamoeba polyphaga trophozoites.

Evaluate the in vitro efficacy of the essential oils derived from Aloysia citrodora (Verbenaceae), Cymbopogon winterianus (Poaceae), and Ocimum gratissimum (Lamiaceae) against Acanthamoeba polyphaga trophozoites. Additionally, microemulsions formulated with these essential oils, along with their major components, were analyzed. The prepared microemulsions were characterized using polarized light microscopy and rheological techniques. The amoebicidal activity was determined by measuring the inhibitory concentration (IC50). Flow cytometry was employed to detect membrane damage and alterations in trophozoites size. The results revealed transparent and thermodynamically stable microemulsions. The essential oil from O. gratissimum exhibited a lower IC50, with values of 280.66 and 47.28µg ml-1 after 24 and 48 h, respectively. When microemulsions containing essential oils were tested, the IC50 values exhibited a reduction of over 80% after 24 h. Particularly, eugenol, a constituent of the O. gratissimum essential oil, displayed higher amoebicidal activity. The essential oils also caused damage to the cell membrane, resulting in the subsequent death of the trophozoites. The EOs of A. citrodora, C. winterianus, and O. gratissimum and their microemulsions showed antiparasitic effect against A. polyphaga trophozoites, representing promising alternatives for the treatment of diseases caused by this protozoan.

The antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of ethanolic extract in roots, stems, and leaves of three commercial Cymbopogon species

BackgroundCymbopogon is a member of the family Poaceae and has been explored for its phytochemicals and bioactivities. Although the antimicrobial activities of Cymbopogon spp. extracts have been extensively studied, comprehensive analyses are required to identify promising compounds for the treatment of antimicrobial resistance. Therefore, this study investigated the antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of Cymbopogon spp. ethanolic extracts in every single organ.MethodsEthanolic extracts were obtained from three Indonesian commercial species of Cymbopogon spp., namely Cymbopogon citratus (L.) Rendle, Cymbopogon nardus (DC.) Spatf., and Cymbopogon winterianus Jowitt. The leaf, stem, and root extracts were evaluated via metabolite profiling using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS). In silico and in vitro analyses were used to evaluate the antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of the Cymbopogon spp. ethanolic extracts. In addition, bioactivity was measured using cytotoxicity assays. Antioxidant assays were performed using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2-azino-bis [3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) to determine toxicity to Huh7it-1 cells using a tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Finally, the antimicrobial activity of these extracts was evaluated against Candida albicans, Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, and Escherichia coli using a well diffusion assay.ResultsGC–MS analysis revealed 53 metabolites. Of these, 2,5-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)- phenol (27.87%), alpha-cadinol (26.76%), and 1,2-dimethoxy-4-(1-propenyl)-benzene (20.56%) were the predominant compounds. C. winterianus and C. nardus leaves exhibited the highest antioxidant activity against DPPH and ABTS, respectively. Contrastingly, the MTT assay showed low cytotoxicity. C. nardus leaf extract exhibited the highest antimicrobial activity against E. coli and S. aureus, whereas C. winterianus stem extract showed the highest activity against B. substilis. Furthermore, computational pathway analysis predicted that antimicrobial activity mechanisms were related to antioxidant activity.ConclusionsThese findings demonstrate that the leaves had strong antioxidant activity, whereas both the leaves and stems showed great antimicrobial activity. Furthermore, all Cymbopogon spp. ethanolic extracts showed low toxicity. These findings provide a foundation for future studies that assess the clinical safety of Cymbopogon spp. as novel drug candidates.

Antifungal efficacy and phytochemical characterization of citronella (Cymbopogon winterianus Jowitt ex Bor) essential oil against fungal pathogens causing severe diseases in Mentha arvensis L.

Mentha arvensis L. (family Lamiaceae) is one of the important medicinal plants and India is the largest producer of Mentha oil in the world, contributing about 80% of the total global production followed by China (9%), Brazil (7%) and the USA (4%). However, this crop suffers quantitative and qualitative losses due to the wilt and leaf spot diseases caused by the fungi Fusarium oxysporum and Alternaria alternata, respectively; therefore, an attempt has been made for the management of these fungal pathogens. The citronella essential oil was extracted by hydro-distillation method (Clevenger, 1928). The oil thus extracted was used for in vitro antifungal efficacy against the both fungi F. oxysporum and A. alternata, using poison food technique. The results showed that the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the citronella oil against F. oxysporum and A. alternata was 1.0 μL/mL; however, it was cidal in nature at 1.2 μL /mL and 1.5 μL/mL against both fungi, respectively. Further, phytochemical characterization of citronella oil was done using GC/GC-MS. Gas chromatographic analysis of the citronella oil revealed 18 phytoconstituents which were identified by retention indices aided with NIST-MS database. The major constituents of essential oil were citronellal (28.78%), geraniol (26.31%), citronellol (12.90%), geranial (9.85%), and neral (7.9%). The findings of the current study show that citronella oil could be an alternative to synthetic fungicides, after detailed investigations.

Identification of Tay Giang citronella (Cymbopogon winterianus Jowitt) based on molecular markers and essential oil compositions

Classification of the genus Cympobogon is mainly determined by the morphological characteristics, the smell of the essential oil and the concentration of bioactive compounds present in the essential oil. However, this method is affected by the environment. Identification based on DNA barcoding results the high accuracy at the species level. In this study, the authors amplified and compared the two chloroplast DNA regions (rbcL and matK) and the nucleus region (ITS) of 3 lines of Tay Giang citronella. The obtained sequences of each gene were similar between the three lines of Tay Giang citronella, indicating the 3 lines of Tay Giang citronella had the same origin. Compared with other Cymbopogon species, rbcL showed 1 polymorphism, matKshowed 10 polymorphisms, and 40 polymorphisms were found in the ITS sequence. However, these DNA barcodes were not enough to accurately identify Tay Giang citronella. In combination with ITS sequence analysis and essential oil components including citronellal, citronellol and geraniol, Tay Giang citronella was identified and authenticated into the species Cymbopogon winterianus Jowitt.

A mega-environment investigation based on the GGE biplot and genotype selection for high essential oil yield in Java citronella (Cymbopogon winterianus Jowitt ex Bor.)

Five cultivars were tested for essential oil production in India's citronella Java breeding program in 2018–2019 and 2019–2020. The best experimental facilities for growing aromatic grasses like Java citronella are the CSIR-CIMAP in Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, and its Research Center in Pantnagar, Uttrakhand, India. For each experiment, a randomized block design with three replications was used. As stability parameters, the cultivar stability rank and SI were determined. To further analyze the data, GGE biplots, the AMMI, and the ASV were all applied. The G-E interaction was depicted using the genotype main effect. The findings of this research have a considerable impact on the selection of Java citronella cultivars in regions with higher essential oil production because they increase essential oil yields and improve stability. A superior Java citronella strain would yield a lot of essential oil, do so consistently, and flourish in a variety of conditions given India's climatic characteristics. Its essential oil has mosquito- and pest-repelling qualities. In major urban areas, citronella stand crops are used as green, aromatic vegetation. Its essential oil is used to make a variety of products, including soap, fragrances, cosmetics, and insect repellents. The ASV assists in choosing stable variants in the AMMI model on the multivariate side of things. The most stable cultivars are those with the lowest ASV. Average amounts of essential oil are produced by cultivars C1, C4, and C2, and because C1 produced more than C3 did, C5 was suggested for commercial planting.

Larvicidal activity in vitro of essential oils against Cochliomyia hominivorax

Cochliomyia hominivorax, from the family Calliphoridae, is responsible for causing most myiases in domesticated animals in Brazil. As alternatives to conventional treatments, essential oils (EOs) could possibly be used as natural control of ectoparasites. The aim of this study was to evaluate the in vitro activity of EOs from Salvia sclarea L., Rosmarinus officinalis L., Lavandula hybrida Reverchon, Citrus bergamia Risso, Citrus paradisi L., Juniperus virginiana L., Copaifera reticulata Ducke, Illicium verum Hook f., Pelargonium roseum, Cymbopogon winterianus Jowitt, Cymbopogon flexuosus Steud, Eugenia caryophyllus Spreng, Cinnamomum cassia Presl, Thymus vulgaris L. and Origanum vulgare L. against third-instar larvae of C. hominivorax. To evaluate the mortality rate, filter paper tests were performed at different concentrations and verified after 24 h and 48 h. Essential oils of T. vulgaris, O. vulgare and I. verum induced 100% mortality in the screening test, and their main active components (thymol, carvacrol and anethol, respectively) were also tested alone. In this new test, lethal concentrations (LC50) after 24 h and 48 h, respectively, were 407.1 and 314.2 µg.cm-² for T. vulgaris, 540.9 and 253.8 µg.cm-² for O. vulgare, 314.2 µg.cm-² (after 48 h) for I. verum, 255.6 and 102.3 µg.cm-² for thymol, 970.5 and 931.1 µg.cm−2 for carvacrol and 559.4 µg.cm−2 (after 48 h) for anethol. These results showed the potential of these EOs and their main components for development of ectoparasiticides for veterinary use, especially T. vulgaris EO and thymol.

Determination of Total Citronelal Levels and Development of FTIR-Chemometric Classification Model of Cymbopogon winterianus Jowitt Oil from Different Altitudes of Planting Areas

Cymbopogon winterianus Jowitt oil (CWJ oil) is a vegetable oil with very wide uses in food sector, cosmetics, medicines and chemical industry. Citronelal compound is one of the quality requirements that determine the quality of CWJ oil. This study aims to develop a chemometric-FTIR classification model and to determine the total citronellal content of Cymbopogon winterianus Jowitt oil grown in low and medium lands. The sample used was citronella oil from Jember and Banyuwangi regions. The cleaned CWJ herbal samples were withered, chopped and distilled to produce CWJ oil. CWJ oil was scanned using FTIR spectroscopy and then the FTIR spectras were analyzed using LDA, SVM and SIMCA to form a CWJ oil classification model. The selected classification model was then validated using leave one out cross validation and external validation. The LDA classification model showed the best results with 100% accuracy of model recognition and validation. The results of the determination of total citronellal levels of CWJ oil using the hydroxylamine method showed that samples of CWJ oil from Banyuwangi had higher levels of total citronellal than samples from Jember. The average levels of total citronellal CWJ oil from Banyuwangi and Jember regions were 32.84%, and 26.06%, respectively.

FORMULATION AND EVALUATION OF CITRONELLA OIL IN ROLL-ON APPLICATION SYSTEM

Objective: The purpose of this study to obtain the best formulation of roll-on Citronella oil that can be used for aromatherapy.
 Methods: The citronella plant (Cymbopogon winterianus Jowitt) was processed with Steam-water distillation produced essential oil. Citronella oil was tested for quality and formulated. The best formulation result is then tested for product quality.
 Results: The result of yield of citronella oil was 0.6%. The result of citronella oil quality parameters is obtained in accordance with the literature. The result of the hedonic test, formula 2 was chosen to be the best formula. The result of an average transferred volume was 10.0 ml. The result of the total plate number is<`10 cfu/ml. The result of the identification of Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa was negative. The result of the stability test was stable during storage.
 Conclusion: The results showed that formula 2 was the best and has the potential to be circulated in large quantities

The Antifungal Activity of Cinnamon-Litsea Combined Essential Oil against Dominant Fungal Strains of Moldy Peanut Kernels.

The antifungal activity of cinnamon (Cinnamomum cassia Presl), litsea [Litsea cubeba (Lour.) Pers.], clove (Syzygium aromaticum L.), thyme (Thymus mongolicus Ronn.) and citronella (Cymbopogon winterianus Jowitt) essential oils (EOs) against the dominant fungi isolated from moldy peanuts was investigated in this research. Firstly, strain YQM was isolated and identified by morphological characterization and 18S rRNA gene sequence analysis to be Aspergillus flavus (A. flavus). Next, antifungal effects of single or mixed EOs on strain YQM were evaluated by the inhibition zone test. The cinnamon-litsea combined essential oil (CLCEO, Vcinnamon oil:Vlitsea oil = 3:5) displayed the best antifungal effect on strain YQM. The chemical composition of CLCEO was identified and quantified by gas chromatograph-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and results revealed that the major components of CLCEO were cinnamaldehyde and citral. Finally, the effect of EOs on the microstructure of strain YQM mycelia was observed under scanning electron microscope (SEM). The mycelia exposed to cinnamon essential oil (CEO) and litsea essential oil (LEO) were partly deformed and collapsed, while the mycelia treated with CLCEO were seriously damaged and the deformation phenomena such as shrinking, shriveling and sinking occurred. Therefore, CLCEO has great potential for using as anti-mildew agents during peanut storage.

Pengaruh Lama Pelayuan dan Pencacahan Daun Serai Wangi (Cymbopogon winterianus Jowitt ex Bor) pada Rendemen dan Mutu Citronella Oil

Lemongrass plants (Cymbopogon winterianus Jowitt ex Bor), used for their own essential oils through the distillation process. Before distillation process, lemongrass leaves are usually withered to reduce air content, and also reduce their size to be more effectively extraction. The research to study the effect of withering and chopping of citronella leaves before being distilled, on the yield and quality of lemongrass oil produced. The study was conducted in a Randomized Block Design, with factorial arrangement, the first factor withered (0, 1, 2, and 3 x 24 hours) and the second factor was the size of the material (chopped and not chopped). Waterand steam distillation were used. The observations made on the raw material water content, yield, specific gravity, total citronellal, total geraniol, solubility in alcohol, and color. The length of withering affected the yield and total geraniol, the size of the material affected the total geraniol. The length of withering with the size of the material affected the total citronellal, where the total citronellal of the chopped material is higher than the not-chopped, and the longer withering made the total citronellal of citronella oil is higher. The length of withering with the size of the material of citronella leaves does not affect specific gravity, solubility in alcohol, and the color of citronella oil.

Chemical Characterization, Antioxidant and Antibacterial Activity of Essential Oil of Cymbopogon winterianus Jowitt (Citronella) from Western Nepal

Background: Essential oils (EOs) are a mixture of volatile compounds of plant origin, which possess substantial biological activities such as antioxidant, antimicrobial, and antifungal activity. Objective: This study aimed to determine the chemical composition, antioxidant, and antibacterial activity of essential oil isolated from Cymbopogon winterianus Jowitt. Methods:: The hydro-distillation method was used for the isolation of essential oil. The chemical composition of the isolated essential oil was analyzed using the gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC-MS) technique. Antioxidant activity was determined using a 2,2-diphenyl-1- picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging assay, and the IC50 value was calculated. The welldiffusion method was applied for the antibacterial activity, and the zone of inhibition (ZOI) was measured. Results: The essential oil from Cymbopogon winterianus Jowitt was isolated with a 0.5% yield. Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry(GC-MS) analysis reported 19 different compounds, out of which, Geraniol (28.87%), Citronellal (11.85%), Citronellol (10.88%), Geranial (9.19%), trans- Geranyl acetate (9.11%), and Neral (8.02%) were found to be the major constituents. The essential oil was a promising antioxidant with an IC50 value of 0.458±0.39μg/mL compared to the standard Quercetin of 1.187±0.22μg/mL. In addition, the isolated essential oil revealed antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus (ZOI=13.2mm), Bacillus subtilis (ZOI=9.9mm), and Enterococcus faecalis (ZOI=8.4mm). Conclusions: The essential oil isolated from Cymbopogon winterianus Jowitt exhibits antioxidant and antibacterial activity, implying that it could find use in modern medicine.

Evaluation of Genetic Diversity Based on Microsatellites and Phytochemical Markers of Core Collection of Cymbopogon winterianus Jowitt Germplasm.

Cymbopogon winterianus Jowitt is an industrially important crop due to its value in the aromatic, perfumery and pharmaceutical industries. In this study, 72 accessions of C. winterianus were selected for molecular diversity analysis using SSR markers. It revealed a total of 65 polymorphic alleles showing an average of 68.10% polymorphism. The best SSR primer with competency in discriminating the germplasm was 3CM0506 with PIC (0.69), MI (0.69) and Rp (3.12). Genetic variation was studied between Assam, Manipur, Meghalaya and Arunachal Pradesh populations. A dendrogram based on the Neighbour-Joining Method showed clustering of germplasm on the collection site. A total of six relevant genetic populations were identified through a structure harvester software analysis. Moreover, a dendrogram based on similarity, complete linkage and Euclidean distance was also elucidated differentiating the genotypes with respect to the major phytochemical constituents of the essential oil. GC-FID and GC-MS analyses of the essential oil of the 72 germplasms revealed citronellal content from 2.58–51.45%, citronellol from 0.00–26.39% and geraniol from 0.00–41.15%. This is the first molecular diversity report with 72 accessions of C. winterianus collected from the NE region using 28 SSR primers as well as their diversity based on phytochemical markers. This diversity computation will help with acquisition of the knowledge and relationship among each individual accession leading to the development of improved and essential oil component-rich cultivars.

Induced variations by gamma radiation and EMS on the agronomic traits, essential oil yield with its quality and their exploitation in Java citronella (Cymbopogon winterianus Jowitt)

Purpose The slips of Cymbopogon winterianus (Java citronella) are used to propagate this industrially important crop. It does not have a mating system that allows it to create new variability or develop superior progenies, which could be addressed by using induced mutation caused by physical or chemical agents. Physical treatments, rather than chemical treatments, are believed to be the most incredible alternative for mutation breeding. As a result, this study aims to assess the effects of gamma radiation and EMS treatment on the development of better C. winterianus progenies. Materials and methods The three superior lines, i.e. JC-62 (IC-0627007), JC-55 (IC-0627000), and JC-71 (IC-0627018) based on high herbage, essential oil yield and citronellal content were selected through clonal selection during three-year evaluation. These were then irradiated with 60Co gamma rays (50 Gy, 100 Gy, 150 Gy, 200 Gy, 250 Gy, and 300 Gy) and treated with EMS dose (0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9 and 1%) separately. Ten plants of each dose were mutated and planted in the experimental field to obtain the MV2 progenies. After 4 months, the plants were harvested, and the slips were prepared and planted to get the MV3 and subsequently MV4 progenies. All morphological and essential oil data have been recorded and analyzed statistically. The essential oil was extracted through the Clevenger apparatus for all the progenies, followed by GC and GC-MS analysis. Results The morpho-chemical study of the 112 healthy mutants has led to the identification of six superior progenies in MV4 progenies, M17, M63, M77, M179, M233, and M392. In terms of the economic yield, it was observed that mutant M77 treated with 0.20% EMS dose increased the herbage yield and citronellal content tremendously. In contrast, the progeny M17 irradiated with γ-100Gy increased essential oil yield from 1.32% to 1.50%. The EMS treatment at 0.10% and 0.20% doses showed an increasing trend in plant height, leaf length, tillers/bush, leaves/bush, herbage yield, and citronellal content compared to the base variety. The LD50 value of C. winterianus for gamma radiation and EMS treatment was averaged at 173 Gy and 0.72%, respectively. Conclusion In C. winterianus, both gamma rays and EMS treatment successfully created superior progenies with desired characteristics. The 0.20 percent EMS treatment significantly improved economic features, including herbage yield and citronellal content. Simultaneously, gamma radiation at 100 Gy produced the highest essential oil yield, which is a highly desirable characteristic in C. winterianus breeding.

Larvicide potential of essential oils from Brazilian plants against Aedes aegypti

The arboviruses Dengue, Chikungunya and Zika virus are present in several tropical regions and are transmitted by the Aedes aegypti mosquito. The containment of these diseases is done by fighting the vector, usually using chemical insecticides, such as organophosphates and organochlorines. These provoke the resistance of the transmitter, have a high accumulation rate in the body of non-target populations, and promote the contamination of ecosystems. The application of materials of natural origin with larvicidal activity, such as essential oils, is a promising alternative to replace the use of chemical insecticides. In this systematic review, we sought to present the larvicidal properties of essential oils from botanical species of Brazilian flora against Ae. aegypti. The search resulted in 36 papers selected as articles of interest. The 65 plants described in the selected articles showed larvicidal activity mostly excellent (27 were classified as strongly active) or satisfactory (13 were moderately active, and 24 were effective), while only one was inactive. The species that showed the highest larvicidal activity were: Anacardium occidentalis L. (0.01 ppm); Copaifera langsdorffii Desf. (0.04 ppm); Carapa guianensis Aubl. (0.06 ppm); Cymbopogon winterianus Jowitt. (0.10 ppm); Ageratum conyzoides L. (0.15 ppm); Tagetes minuta L. (0.21 – 0.25 ppm); and Siparuna guianensis Aubl. (1.76, 0.98 and 2.46 ppm). Studies on the essential oils of Brazilian plants are of great relevance to combat arboviruses. The Brazilian flora, despite its vast biodiversity, is still little known and explored, possessing a huge potential for the development of eco-friendly, environmentally safe, and low-cost products.

Pemanfaatan Daun Serai Wangi (Cymbopogon winterianus Jowitt ex Bor) Sebagai Obat Kumur untuk Mencegah Karies Gigi dan Sariawan

The leaves of the fragrant lemongrass plant (Cymbopogon winterianus Jowitt ex Bor) is traditional medicine. The purpose of this study was to identify the effectiveness of fragrant lemongrass leaves as a mouthwash to prevent dental caries and cancer sores. Fragrant lemongrass leaves were extracted using the maceration method. It was consisted of three repetitions with the ethanol extract concentration of 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% and 50% fragrant lemongrass leaves with the disc diffusion method which the best concentration was treated to be mouthwash formulation. The results showed that fragrant lemongrass leaf extract provided an effective inhibition zone for Streptococcus mutans at concentrations of 30% (14.3 mm) and 40% (15.46 mm). In Candida albicans with a concentration of 30% (14.28 mm) and 40% (15.46 mm). The mouthwash preparation of fragrant lemongrass leaf extract at 30% FI concentration and 40% FII concentration gave satisfactory inhibition zone diameter results which was greater than 14 mm. The results of the T test showed that FI and FII results were significant differences with fragrant lemongrass leaves extract with antibacterial activity against Streptococcus mutans (Sig. = 0.003), and antifungal reaction against Candida albicans (Sig= 0.001). Fragrant lemongrass leaves is effective to be formulated in mouthwash preparations.

Effects of high dilutions of Cymbopogon winterianus Jowitt (citronella) on the germination and growth of seedlings of Sida rhombifolia

The effects of high dilutions of Cymbopogon winterianus (citronella) on the growth and germination of Sida rhombifolia are analyzed; 5 homeopathic dilutions (3cH, 6cH, 12cH, 24cH, 30cH) and a control (water) were used, with 5 repetitions. Variables analyzed were the primary growth of the root system, length of the shoot, fresh mass total, germination percentage and germination speed index. All dilutions stimulated the primary growth of the root. Dilutions 3cH, 6cH, 12cH and 30 cH stimulated the growth of the aerial parts and 24cH inhibited it. Dilutions 6cH, 12cH, 24cH and 30cH stimulated a larger production of fresh mass than 3cH. Dilution 12cH resulted in the largest germination percentage while 24cH in the lowest. Dilution 12cH resulted in the highest score in the germination speed index, while 3cH and 24cH in the lowest. Keywords: Homeopathic dilutions; Plants; Germination; Growth; Cymbopogon winterianus; Sida rhombifolia.  Efeitos de altas diluições de Cymbopogon winterianus Jowitt (citronella) na germinação e crescimento de sementes de Sida rhombifolia Resumo Os efeitos de altas diluições de Cymbopogon winterianus (citronella) no crescimento e germinação de Sida rhombifolia são analisados; 5 diluições ho´meopáticas (3cH, 6cH, 12cH, 24cH, 30cH) e um controle (água) foram utilizados, com 5 repetições. As variáveis analisadas foram: crescimento primário do sistema da raiz, longitude do broto, massa fresca total, porcentagem de germinação e índice de velocidade de germinação. As diluições 3cH, 6cH, 12cH e 30cH estimularam o crescimento das partes aéreas, que foi inibido pela diluição 24cH. As diluições 6cH, 12cH e 30cH estimularam uma maior produção de massa fresca que a diluição 3cH. A diluição 12cH mostrou a porcentagem máxima de germinação, enquanto 24cH mostrou a mínima. Igualmente, a diluição 12cH resultou no máximo índice de velocidade de germinação, enquanto as diluições 3cH e 24cH, os mínimos. Palavras-chave: Diluições Homeopática; Plantas; Germination; Crescimento; Cymbopogon winterianus; Sida rhombifolia.  Efectos de altas diluciones de Cymbopogon winterianus Jowitt (citronella) en la germinación y crecimiento de semillas de Sida rhombifolia Resumen Los efectos de altas diluciones de Cymbopogon winterianus (citronella) en el crecimiento y germinación de Sida rhombifolia son analizados; 5 diluciones homeopáticas (3cH, 6cH, 12cH, 24cH, 30cH) y un control (agua) fueron utilizados, con 5 repeticiones. Las variables analizadas fueron: crecimiento primario del sistema de la raíz, largura del brote, masa fresca total, porcentaje de germinación e índice de velocidade de germinación. Las diluciones 3cH, 6cH, 12cH y 30cH estimularon el crecimiento de las partes aéreas, mientras que éste fue inhibido por la dilución 24cH. Las diluciones 6cH, 12cH, 24cH y 30cH estimularon una mayor producción de masa fresca que la dilución 3cH. La dilución 12cH mostró el máximo porcentaje de germinación, mientras que la dilución 24cH, el mínimo. Igualmente, la dilución 12cH resultó en el máximo índice de velocidad de germinación, mientras que las diluciones 3cH y 24cH, los mínimos. Palabras-clave: Diluciones homeopáticas; plantas; germinación, crecimiento, Cymbopogon winterianus; Sida rhombifolia.  Correspondence author: Carlos Moacir Bonato, cmbonato@uem.br, State University of Maringá-SP, Brazil How to cite this article: Marques RM, Marques-Silva GG, Bonato CM. Effects of high dilutions of Cymbopogon winterianus Jowitt (citronella) on the germination and growth of seedlings of Sida rhombifolia. Int J High Dilution Res [online]. 2008 [cited YYYY Mmm DD]; 7(22): 31-35. Available: http://journal.giri-society.org/index.php/ijhdr/article/view/208/342. ÂÂÂ

Using Citronella to Protect Bees (honeybee Apis mellifera L.) from certain Insecticides and Their Nano Formulations.

Experiments were performed investigating citronella (Cymbopogon winterianus Jowitt) as a repellent to honeybee Apis mellifera (L.) (Hymenoptera: Apidae) in Egypt, it was conducted in laboratory in the Department of Entomology and Pesticides Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, to check long-term survival of honeybee when exposed to different nano insecticides alone or combined with citronella at the same examination box for each. In this study, we used a modeling approach regarding survival data of caged worker bees under chronic exposure to four insecticides (Chloropyrophos, Nano-chloropyrophos Imidacloprid, Nano-Imidacloprid) each of them was supplemented in a box alone and in combination with citronella. Having three replicates and five concentrations (100, 200, 300, 400 and 500 ppm). Laboratory bioassay of these insecticides showed that chloropyrophos and nano chloropyrophos were the most toxic at their high dose (500 ppm) with LT50 of 120.98 and 122.02 followed by 132.14 and 136.5 minutes for Imidacloprid and Nano-Imidacloprid, respectively. No consumption occurred by bees to mixed sugar syrup with insecticides in all treatments when citronella was added. These data highly recommended that adding citronella is very effective when nicotinoid pesticides are used to longevity honeybee life and keep bee safe.

Biplot investigation for essential oil yield and chemical compositions under the Deccan Plateau region of southern India in cultivars of Java citronella (Cymbopogon winterianus Jowitt)

The aromatic grass Java Citronella (Cymbopogon winterianus Jowitt) belongs to the Poaceae family. Citronella essential oil is used to extract the aroma chemicals geraniol and citronellal, which can then be converted into citronellol, hydroxy citronellol, synthetic menthol, and geraniol esters. In the Deccan Plateau region of southern India, farmers have a tough time determining which kind would produce high-quality essential oil. As a result, the goal of this study was to evaluate five java citronella cultivars in the Deccan Plateau region of south India and choose the best variety (or varieties) for large-scale production in the Deccan Plateau region. For evaluation, scientists from CSIR-CIMAP, RC, Hyderabad, India, used a three-time replicated randomized complete block design with a plot size of 3.0 m2 from 2017 to 2018 and 2018–2019. In Java citronella Java I, Jc-5 was the most stable and high-yielding genotype, though Jc-3 >Jc-2 >Jc-1 in the order performed better in Java citronella Java II type. This is due to the high stability/strong consistency across the years. Based on average performance and stability for higher-quality essential oil yield, these Java citronella genotypes are recommended for large-scale cultivation in the Deccan Plateau region of southern India.

Anti-termite activities of Indonesia’s essential oils against invasive drywood termite for wood product protection

The Indo-Malayan drywood termite, Cryptotermes cynocephalus (Light) (Kalotermitidae), is considered one of the most invasive drywood termites in the Southeast Asian region. Once infesting a timber, the colony of a drywood termite is very difficult to be controlled. Thus, the best way to mitigate a new infestation of a drywood termite is by applying chemical protection on wood. In recent years, particular attention has been given by researchers to develop and use organic termiticides, such as essential oils extracted from plants as active ingredients. The objective of the present study is to evaluate the repellency performance of several economically important essential oils from Indonesia, such as Clove (Eugenia caryophyllata), Cubeb Pepper (Piper cubeba L), and Lemon Grass (Cymbopogon winterianus Jowitt) against a drywood termite, C. cynocephalus. The test was performed by subjecting various concentrations of essential oil toward C. cynocephalus in the force-feeding test method. Sample weight-loss was evaluated after two weeks test. The results suggested that Clove oil has the highest repellence performance against C. cynocephalus, followed by Lemon Grass and Cubeb Pepper oils. The Termite mortality rate was also recorded to understand the toxicity performance of those essential oils.

ANALISIS SIFAT KIMIA TANAH DAN KANDUNGAN MINYAK SERAI WANGI (Cymbopogon winterianus Jowitt ) DISERTAI UJI HEDONIK YANG DIPRODUKSI OLEH KELOMPOK TANI KARYATANI DESA SIDORUKUN, KECAMATAN PANGKATAN, KABUPATEN LABUHANBATU

Fragrant lemongrass (Cymbopogon winterianus Jowitt) is one of the volatile oil-producing plants With high economic value, about 80% of citronella oil produced by Indonesia is exported to various countries. Citronella oil is multi-useful in the pharmaceutical industry and in the perfume industry as a fragrance in various perfumed oil products. This study aims to determine the chemical properties of the soil in the field of citronella farmer group, Sidorukun Village, to determine the citronellal content, oil content and specific gravity of citronella oil meet the requirements set out in the Indonesian National Standard (SNI). And the hedonic test to find out the community's response to citronella oil. This research was carried out from March 2021 to May 2021. The results of the analysis of chemical properties in 2 different locations showed that low soil chemical properties affected the growth and yield of citronella. The analysis of citronella oil showed that the citronella content, oil content and specific gravity of citronella oil (Cymbopogon winterianus Jowitt) produced by the Karyatani Farmers' Group in Sidorukun Village were 41.32%, 0.87% and 0.8881, respectively. This shows that the citronellal content of min 35%, oil content of 0.60% and specific gravity of 0.880-0.922 has met SNI 06-3953-1995, the duration of distillation is an important factor for the high yield of citronellal content, oil content and specific gravity. The hedonic test showed that the color of citronella oil was very liked by the panelists, as well as the smell of citronella oil, the panelists liked it and the taste of citronella oil when applied to the panelists' skin, they liked it and some thought it was normal.Key words: Essential Oils, Citronella, Soil Chemical Properties, Hedonic Test