Cylindrical Screen Research Articles

Разработка сверхвысокочастотной установки контейнерного типа для термообработки крови и жиросодержащего сырья

A microwave installation was created to boil waste products of poultry and animal slaughtering in a periodic mode. It consists of a horizontal cylindrical screening body. Inside it a perforated disc-rotor from non-ferromagnetic material, rotating the motor is installed. The cylindrical resonators are rigidly fixed on the periphery of the disc-rotor. Inside each resonator the removable dielectric heat resistant containers are mounted by clamps, which covers are perforated. The inner surface of the containers is covered with a silicone material. Microwave generator units are installed on the cover of shielded enclosure, opening with handles by hinges. At the base of the body there is a drain connection. To justify structurally and technological parameters of microwave installation we analyzed the changes in the electrical parameters of the muscle tissue, skin, bone, fat, depending on the frequency of electromagnetic fields exposure. The permittivity changes of raw materials, wavelength in the feed, penetration depth of electromagnetic radiation in the feedstock were also analyzed. The effect volume heating of inedible waste in the electromagnetic field is achieved due to penetration of the field into the feed to a considerable depth. At a certain depth of penetration it becomes possible to prove the form of processed raw material in resonator depending upon the requirements of the process and electromagnetic field parameters. The temperature and conductivity of the material greatly influence to the penetration depth.

33‐1: Invited Paper: Metrological Challenges of Curved Displays

New display technologies and recent trends may also enter the vehicle industry and correspondingly demand adaptations or new solutions for their standardized, i.e. comparable optical characterization. Amongst these, curved displays are most likely to be adopted because curvature opens up the possibility of actually integrating the displays into a car’s interior design. Here, we explain the basic differences between planar and cylindrical display screens during measurement of lateral and directional uniformity of luminance and chromaticity for both, imaging light measurement devices (ILMD) and spot measurement devices. The metrological differences also influence established uniformity analyses as described in the Black Mura standard “Uniformity Measurement Standard for Displays” of the German car industry. In addition, this paper describes the effects of alternative measurement approaches including light field imaging.

A Compact Dual-Band Beam-Sweeping Antenna Based on Active Frequency Selective Surfaces

A dual-band beam-sweeping antenna based on two independent cylindrical active frequency selective surfaces (AFSSs) is proposed in this paper. This antenna is composed of a dual-band omnidirectional monopole antenna operating at 2.45 and 5.2 GHz and two cylindrical AFSS screens. The dual-band omnidirectional monopole antenna is designed as a radiating source and surrounded by the proposed two cylindrical AFSS screens. The unit cells of the two proposed AFSS screens consist of two metallic crosses connected by a pin diode vertically. By switching the pin diodes, the transmission and reflection characteristics of unit cell of the two AFSS are investigated, respectively, at their own operating frequency. This leads to the variation of the radiation pattern when the cylindrical AFSS screens are loaded around the monopole antenna. Therefore, by switching the pin diodes with specified combinations, the dual-band beamforming antenna with multiple discrete states can be achieved at 2.45 and 5.2 GHz.

Investigation of Drivers FOV and Related Ergonomics Using Laser Shadowgraphy from Automotive Interior

A new application of laser shadowgraphy in automotive design and driver’s ergonomics investigation is described. The technique is based on generating a characterizing plot for the vehicle’s Field of View (FOV). This plot is obtained by projecting a high divergence laser beam from the driver’s eyes cyclopean point, on a cylindrical screen installed around the tested vehicle. The resultant shadow-gram is photographed on several shots by a narrow field camera to form a complete panoramic seen for the screen. The panorama is then printed as a plane sheet FOV plot. The obtained plot is used to measure and to analyse the areal visual field, the eye and nick movement ranges in correlation with FOV, the horizontal visual blind zones, the visual maximum vertical angle and other related ergonomic parameters. This work enable comparative FOV testing for many candidate cars to ease the evaluation of the automotive interior design from the ergonomics point of view, and helps car designers to enhance the preventive safety and ergonomics of their designs.

About the physical fields of plane sonar antennas formed from a cylindrical piezoelastic with tough screens in the inner cavity

Flat sonar antenna solve the problem of one-sided sound radiation, formed from a finite number of emitters, each of which is made of water-filled circular cylindrical shell of piezo ceramic asymmetrical placed inside a circular cylindrical acoustic rigid type screen. The solution obtained "through" the problem allows determining quantitative values of related electrical, mechanical and acoustic fields, emitters and antennas in general.References 6, figures 1.

Research of operational process of a grain separator with cylindrical screens

Screen separators are widely used in grain-cleaning machines. The separation occurs in the process of movement of grain over the surface of screen. The relative movement of grain is provided by different devices with various modes of motion. The most common is a vibrating sieve pan (screener), in which the grain is moved over screen by inertia. Screener has a high efficiency, but the alternating dynamic loads cause the metal fatigue and reduce machine reliability. The grain-cleaning separators with cylindrical screens operate without dynamic loads and have a simple design. They are less sensitive to grain moisture and impurity. But the separation process uses only 1/4-1/6 of the cylindrical screen surface. This problem reduces the throughput and limits the scope of application of cylindrical screens. The proportion of useful surface area can be increased by simultaneous use of two cylindrical screens. They are located one inside the other and rotate in opposite directions. The grain enters on the inner surface of the inner screen and forms a movable layer that moves in the axial direction. During the movement process, the grain passes through perforations, while the large impurities fall down from the screen. The grain having passed through the perforations of the inner screen reaches the section of the outer screen that is clear of movable grain layer. The rational conditions of simultaneous operation of screens are determined, under them the separation process on the outer screen starts immediately after the grain had passed through the perforations of the inner screen. Due to that the separation area is increased by 34-57%.

Boltzmann–Shannon entropy and the double-slit experiment

Abstract We study the Boltzmann–Shannon entropy lost (information gained) by the observer in a double-slit experiment when the slit taken by a photon is known, and when the corresponding entropy gained by the photon at the level of the screen can be calculated. Using a Gedanken experiment involving infinitesimal slits and a distant cylindrical screen, entropy values assume a very simple form. The entropy changes (at the slit and screen) are found to be equal in magnitude and opposite in sign, and correspond to the minimum change permitted by Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principle. Moreover, when welcher Weg information is knowable a priori, we see that the “cost” of this information (knowing which slit is taken) is reversion to a single slit pattern.

Comparative study of the effect of hybrid nanoparticle on the thermal performance of cylindrical screen mesh heat pipe

The thermal performance of a cylindrical screen mesh heat pipe with hybrid nanofluid was experimentally investigated. The hybrid nanofluid was prepared by mixing Al2O3 and CuO nanoparticles with deionised water. The heat pipe was fabricated with straight copper tube of dimensions 300mm length, 12.5mm outer diameter and 1mm thickness. The wick structure in the heat pipe was created by a three layer copper screen mesh of 100 mesh size. The heat input to the heat pipe was varied from 50W to 250W in five equal steps. The heat pipe was tested with three hybrid nanofluids made with combinations of Al2O3 and CuO nanoparticle in DI water (Al2O3 75%–CuO 25%, Al2O3 50%–CuO 50% and Al2O3 25%–CuO 75%). The tested hybrid nanofluids were made with 0.1% volume concentration of Al2O3 and CuO nanoparticle combination in deionised water. The results of the investigation showed that for the maximum heat load of 250W considered in this work, the thermal resistance of the hybrid nanofluid with combination, Al2O3 25%–CuO 75%, showed 44.25% reduction compared to deionised water. The reduction in thermal resistance is due to the formation of porous coating on the wick surface which increases the wettability and surface roughness thereby creating more nucleation sites as seen in the SEM images. From the experimental investigation, it was observed that hybrid nanofluids are alternative to the conventional working fluids in heat pipes for electronic cooling applications.

HoloTube: a low-cost portable 360-degree interactive autostereoscopic display

This paper proposes a novel, low cost, and portable 360-degree cylindrical interactive autostereoscopic 3D display system. The proposed system consists of three parts: the optical architecture (for back-projecting image correctly on the cylindrical screen), the projection image transformation workflow (for image rectifying and generating multi-view images), and the 360-degree motion detection module (for identifying viewers' locations and providing the corresponding views). Based on the proposed design, only one commercial micro projector is employed for the proposed cylindrical screen. The proposed display offers great depth perception (stereoacuity) with a special designed thick barrier sheet attached to the screen. The viewers are not required to wear special glasses and within appropriate range (< 5m) the viewers can view the screen at any distance and angle. The user study verified that the proposed display offers satisfactory depth perception (binocular parallax, shading distribution, and linear perspective) for various viewing distances and angles without noticeable discomfort. The production cost of the current prototype is about USD$ 300. With mass production, the unit cost is expected to decline to within USD$60. The proposed display system has the advantages of ease of use, low production cost, high portability and mobility. The proposed system is suitable for application such as museum virtual exhibition, remote meeting, multi-user online game, etc. We believe that the proposed system is very promising for the market of low-cost portable 360-degree interactive autosereoscopic displays.

Removal of Cyanide from Liquid Waste by Electrochemical Oxidation in a New Cell Design Employing a Graphite Anode

Removal of CN− from liquid solutions was studied experimentally by an anodic oxidation technique under various operating conditions. A new cell configuration was used, the cell consists of four vertical graphite rod anodes distributed at 90° on the circular circumference at a distance of 3 cm from the wall and surrounded by two cylindrical stainless steel screen cathodes from the inner and the outer side. Parameters investigated are the initial concentration of cyanide ions, applied current density, initial pH of the electrolyte, and electrolyte conductivity. All parameters were investigated at an operating time of 3 h. The % removal increased upon increasing the applied current density, increasing the electrolyte conductivity, and decreasing the initial concentration of CN−. Increasing initial pH from 4 to 8 increased the % removal by a factor ranging from 55 to 73%, further increase of pH up to 12 slightly increased the % removal (3–8%).Application of the present electrochemical reactor in treating cyanide containing effluents from different industries was highlighted.

Эффективность экранирования постоянных магнитных полей цилиндрическим экраном с учетом нелинейных эффектов

Эффективность экранирования постоянных магнитных полей цилиндрическим экраном с учетом нелинейных эффектов

Spectroscopic Investigations of Plasma Nitriding and Nitrocarburizing Processes Using an Active Screen: A Comparative Plasma Chemical Study of Two Reactor Types

AbstractLow‐pressure pulsed DC N2‐H2 plasmas with admixtures of CH4 were investigated in a comparative study in two different types of reactors, (i) a cylindrical industrial scale active screen plasma nitriding (ASPN) reactor and (ii) a laboratory scale plasma nitriding monitoring reactor (PLANIMOR) with a linear electrode configuration. Applying infrared laser absorption spectroscopy (IRLAS) the evolution of the molecular concentrations of four stable molecules, CH4, HCN, NH3, and C2H2 has been monitored. The degree of dissociation of the carbon containing precursor, CH4, varied between 80 and 95%. The concentrations of the molecular reaction products have been found in a range of 1011 to 1016 molecules cm–3. By analyzing the development of the molecular concentrations at changes of the screen plasma power, the gas mixture and the admixture of CH4, a similar behavior of the monitored species depending on the varied parameters has been found in both reactors with NH3 and HCN as the main products of plasma conversion. The fragmentation efficiency of methane has been determined, decreasing from 2.4 to 0.8 × 1015 molecules J–1 with the increasing power of the screen plasmas in both reactors. With the help of optical emission spectroscopy (OES) the rotational temperature of the N+2 ions in the plasma could be determined, being in a range of 650…920 K where the rotational temperature of the screen plasma in the ASPN reactor is approximately 100 K higher than that in PLANIMOR. Also with power the ionic component of nitrogen molecules, i.e. the intensity of the N+2 ‐(0‐0) band of the first negative system, which has been used as the reference parameter for comparing both reactors, increases strongly in relation to the intensity of the neutral component, represented by the N2‐(0‐0) band of the second positive system. In addition, steel samples have been treated in both the ASPN reactor and PLANIMOR leading to comparable nitriding results. (© 2015 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH &amp; Co. KGaA, Weinheim)

Fish, Ice, and Wedge-Wire Screen Water Intakes

AbstractThe U.S. Clean Water Act requires that the Environmental Protection Agency ensures that the location, design, construction, and capacity of water intakes for thermal power plants reflect the best technology available to reduce entrainment mortalities of fish and invertebrates during their early stages of life. Cylindrical wedge-wire screens are an efficient technology for protecting fish and invertebrates at water intakes, as they draw water at low flow velocities through a fine mesh. Although substantially reducing fish and invertebrate mortality, wedge-wire screens run significant risks of blockage by ice. This paper discusses how the characteristics of wedge-wire screens that enhance their ability to reduce mortalities also make them susceptible to blockage by frazil and anchor ice, and presents observations and field data regarding ice formation on a segment of wedge-wire screen placed in a small river. Ice formation on this screen involved initial frazil adhesion with subsequent metamorphism ...

Spectroscopic diagnostics of active screen plasma nitriding processes: on the interplay of active screen and model probe plasmas

In a reactor used for active screen plasma nitriding (ASPN) the interplay of two plasma types, (i) the plasma of the cylindrical active screen driven in a pulsed dc mode (f = 1 kHz, 60% duty cycle) and (ii) the plasma at an internal model probe driven in a cw dc mode, ignited in a low pressure H2–N2 gas mixture (p = 3 mbar) containing small amounts of CH4 and CO2 have been studied by tunable diode laser infrared absorption (TDLAS) and optical emission spectroscopy (OES) techniques. Applying in situ TDLAS the evolution of the carbon containing precursors, CH4 and CO2, and of the reaction products, NH3, HCN, CO and H2O, has been monitored. The degree of dissociation of the carbon containing precursor molecules varied between 70% and 92%. The concentrations of the reaction products were found to be in the range 1012…1015 molecules cm−3. By analyzing the development of the molecular concentrations at changes of gas mixtures and plasma power values, it was found that (i) HCN and NH3 are the main products of plasma conversion in the case of methane admixture and (ii) CO, HCN and NH3 in the carbon dioxide case. The fragmentation efficiencies of methane and carbon dioxide (RF(CH4) ≈ 1…2 × 1015 molecules J−1, RF(CO2) ≈ 0.5…1.0 × 1016 molecules J−1) and the respective conversion efficiencies to the product molecules (RC(product) ≈ 1013–1015 molecules J−1) have been determined for different gas mixtures and plasma power values, while the influence of probe and screen plasmas, i.e. the phenomena caused by the interplay of both plasma sources, was analyzed. The additional usage of the plasma at the model probe has a sensitive influence on the generation of the reaction products, in particular that of NH3 and HCN. With the help of OES the rotational temperature of the screen plasma could be determined, which increases with power from 770 K to 950 K. Also with power the ionic component of nitrogen molecules, i.e. the intensity of the -(0-0) band of the first negative system, increases strongly in relation to the intensity of the neutral component, represented by the N2-(0-0) band of the second positive system. In addition, the behavior of the emission of the plasma at the model probe has been studied during the off phase of the plasma of the active screen leading to a direct comparison of the emission characteristics of both plasma sources.

Multi-projector auto-calibration and placement optimization for non-planar surfaces

Non-planar projection has been widely applied in virtual reality and digital entertainment and exhibitions because of its flexible layout and immersive display effects. Compared with planar projection, a non-planar projection is more difficult to achieve because projector calibration and image distortion correction are difficult processes. This paper uses a cylindrical screen as an example to present a new method for automatically calibrating a multi-projector system in a non-planar environment without using 3D reconstruction. This method corrects the geometric calibration error caused by the screen’s manufactured imperfections, such as an undulating surface or a slant in the vertical plane. In addition, based on actual projection demand, this paper presents the overall performance evaluation criteria for the multi-projector system. According to these criteria, we determined the optimal placement for the projectors. This method also extends to surfaces that can be parameterized, such as spheres, ellipsoids, and paraboloids, and demonstrates a broad applicability.

Dynamic holographic three-dimensional projection based on liquid crystal spatial light modulator and cylindrical fog screen

A dynamic holographic three-dimensional (3D) projection based on phase-only liquid crystal spatial light modulator (LC-SLM) and cylindrical fog 3D screen is introduced. Sequential kinoforms of a 3D real existing object are calculated from sixty viewing angles using the slice-based fresnel diffraction algorithm. To suppress speckle noise of reconstructed images, sub-kinoforms for each viewing angle are calculated by adding dynamic pseudorandom initial phase factor into each object plane. The sequential kinoforms are reconstructed by a holographic reconstruction system based on phase-only LC-SLM. A specially designed cylindrical fog 3D screen is used as the scattered carrying medium to project the dynamic 3D images. Through our holographic 3D projection system, a vivid dynamic holographic reconstructed projection image can be observed by some observers at the same time.

Shielding from external magnetic fields by rotating magnetic conducting cylindrical shells

Purpose – In many different engineering fields often there is a need to protect regions from electromagnetic interference. According to static and low-frequency magnetic fields the common strategy bases on using a shield made of conductive or ferromagnetic material. Another screening technique uses solenoids that generate an opposite magnetic field to the external one. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the shielding effect for a magnetic and conducting cylindrical screen rotating in an external static magnetic field. Design/methodology/approach – The magnetic flux density is expressed in terms of the magnetic vector potential. Applying the separation of variables method analytical solutions are obtained for an infinitely long magnetic conducting cylindrical screen rotating in a uniform static transverse magnetic field. Findings – Analytical formulas of the shielding factor for a cylindrical screen of arbitrary conductivity and magnetic permeability are given. A magnetic Reynolds number is found to be an appropriate indication of the change in magnetic field inside the screen. Useful simplified expressions are presented. Originality/value – This paper treats in a qualitative way the possibility of static magnetic field shielding by using rotating conducting magnetic cylindrical screens. Analytical solutions are given. If the angular velocity is equal to zero or the relative permeability of the shield is equal to one the shielding factor has forms well known from literature.

Effect of strainer type, spray pressure, and orifice size on the discharge coefficient of standard flat-fan nozzles

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of nozzle strainer type (cylindrical, ball check, slotted, and cup screen type), spray pressure, and nozzle orifice size on the discharge coefficient (Cd) of standard flat-fan nozzles of different nominal sizes (from 02 to 06) and 110° spray angle. The flow rates measured for each nozzle orifice size and strainer type combinations were determined at five different spray pressures (2.0, 3.5, 5.0, 6.5, and 8.0 bars). In the study, size, shape, and area measurements concerned with nozzle geometry were performed and the differences between nozzles of different nominal sizes were revealed. Some of these data were also used to determine the liquid inlet and outlet velocity, discharge coefficient, and minimum spray pressure required for the atomization of nozzles with different strainer types. The liquid inlet and outlet velocity ranged from 4.38 to 11.75 m s-1 and 20.49 to 41.72 m s-1, respectively, depending on the spray pressures. The nozzles used with the cup screen and slotted strainers had identical velocity data as the same nozzles without strainers. The cylindrical and ball check strainers had a limiting effect on liquid inlet and outlet velocity, especially for 04 and 06 sizes. The Cd means of the nozzles with cup screen and slotted strainers, and of those without strainers, ranged from 0.874 to 0.980, and the differences between their means were found to be statistically insignificant for each spray pressure and orifice size. The Cd means of the nozzles with cylindrical and ball check strainers were 0.850-0.961 and 0.811-0.963, respectively. The Cd of the standard flat fan nozzles without strainer had a tendency to decrease with the increasing spray pressure, while the Cd means of the nozzles with ball check strainer moderately increased. For the complete atomization, the minimum pressure requirements of the orifices of 02 and 06 size without strainer were 2.03 and 0.99 bars, respectively, corresponding to flow rates of 0.64 and 1.33 L min-1. The required spray pressure for the nozzle with ball check strainer was found to be higher than that of the other strainer types.

Diffraction of a mode of a planar metamaterial waveguide by a cylindrical screen located near the waveguide

Using the method of extended boundary conditions, the 2D problem of diffraction of a symmetric mode of a planar metamaterial waveguide by a cylindrical screen located near the waveguiding layer is solved. The method is illustrated using the example of diffraction by a screen in the form of a strip and by a parabolic screen. Angular dependences of the scattering pattern and the dependences of the mode reflection and transmission coefficients on the layer’s normalized width are obtained.

Remote monitoring of an omnidirectional smoke detection system using texture features image processing techniques

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to develop an early fire-alarm raising system based on video processing, and combine it with the omnidirectional projecting system. It not only gives alarm immediately in early fire so that people can be able to strive for more time to escape from the spot, but also solves problem of discontinued screen which was presented fire scene. Design/methodology/approach – The smoke detection system is made by image processing. The flowchart of smoke detection is improved, which the method of background updating can filter out the moving objects that only stay for a short time in the image; and avoids these objects being determined to be the background. Moreover, the authors extract the flickering area to separate the non-smoke and smoke from the candidate of smoke regions. Finally, the image processing is applied in omnidirectional projecting system, then presented the 360-degree fire scene. Findings – The results show that the smoke detection system can accurately detect the smoke and mark its location, then combining it with the omnidirectional projecting system, although the resolution of omnidirectional projecting system is not enough, it can present a continued screen and location of smoke on the 360-degree cylindrical screen. Originality/value – This paper develops the smoke detection based on a improved method of image processing, and the control center staff can see the 360-degree fire scene via omnidirectional projecting system, so shorten the time to find the source of smoke.