Cylindrical Diameter Research Articles

Joining Process for Plates Using Plastic Deformation with Rotating Tool and Pilot Hole

A new joining method using plastic flow has been developed. In this method, a tool with a shoulder and drill-shaped tip is used. This tip rotates and plunges into the workpieces until the shoulder of the tool touches the plate surface. The rotating tool drills a hole through the workpieces and deforms into a rivet shape, so the two plates are joined without preprocessing such as drilling a rivet hole. Therefore, this method is considered to have a decreased number of processes. However, it is difficult to drill a pilot hole with a tool made of metal that is easy to deform, such as aluminum alloy. Therefore, in this study, a pilot hole was drilled into the workpieces before using the tool. This method was used to make lap joints, and the joint strength of the joined aluminum alloy plates was investigated using a tensile shear test. In all cases, the tool plunge rate was kept constant at 1.2mm/min, and the tool rotational speed was set to 766 r/min. A tool plunge depth of 7.0mm below the upper plate surface was used. The tool, which is made of aluminum alloy (AA7075-T6), has a shoulder diameter of 10.0mm, a cylindrical tip diameter of 3.0mm, and a length of 7.0mm. The pilot hole was drilled to a diameter of 3.0–3.6mm. As a result, the tip of the tool softens by frictional heat and deforms by compressive loading and shear force. The maximum tensile shearing loads of all the samples in this study were more than 2.5kN, so all of the samples can be joined with high strength.

D43 回転ツールを用いた穿孔と固定による重ね接合継手の強度評価(GS1 一般セッション)

In this paper, a new joining method using rotating tool has been developed. In this method, a tool with a shoulder and bolt-shaped tip is used. This tip rotates and plunges into the workpieces until the shoulder of the tool touches the plate surface. The rotating tool forward through the workpieces, the two plates are joined without any preprocessing. Therefore, this method is considered to have a decreased number of processes. This method was used to make lap joints, and the joint strength of the joined aluminum alloy plates was investigated using a tensile shear test. In all cases, the tool plunge rate was kept constant at 20mm/min, and the tool rotational speed was set to 765-1890r/min. The tool, which is made of SKD11, has a shoulder diameter of 10.0mm, a cylindrical tip diameter of M3-LH and a length of 4.0 mm. As a result, the workpieces are joined by frictional stir, and the maximum tensile shearing loads of all the samples in this study were more than 3.4kN, those the samples can be joined with high strength.

Influence of the Cylindrical Source Size on Impact Probability Caused by Fragments

The movement equations of fragment with the size of the bursting vessel were developed. The ground distributions of fragments, and the probability of impact between the fragments and the target were investigated in consideration of cylindrical source size using Monte-Carlo simulations. The results showed that the distributions of the fragments from the lower half of the source vessels on the ground were larger than 0, it was simply probable that the fragments would hit the target around the source. The relative deviation of impact probability would be larger than 10% when the target vessel was located in the distance less than 8 times of the cylindrical source diameter. The proportion of impact probability of lower part of the source to the total impact probability decreased with the distance, but that of upper part increased. The proportion of upper and lower parts would be equal if the distance was about 5 times of the source diameter. The source size should be considered with the distance from the source to the target less than 14 times of the source diameter, and its effect on the impact probability was significant.

Settling velocity of irregularly shaped particles in Newtonian fluids

This work explores the expression of irregularly shaped particles in Newtonian fluids. Ta2O5 and Nb2O5 particles, with sizes ranging from 42 to 141 μm, were settled in Newtonian fluids placed in cylindrical tubes of different inner diameters (20–50 mm). The formula proposes an explicit relationship between the cylindrical tube diameter and settling velocity of irregularly shaped particles in Newtonian fluids.

Comparisons of a Polymer in Confinement versus Applied Force

The similarities and differences between geometric and tensile constraints on polymers have not been fully investigated. Here we use theory (blob models) and simulations to present a comprehensive comparison between polymers in these two situations. For a polymer in good solvent, the effect of tensile force f on extension in the Pincus regime is similar to the effect of cylindrical confinement in the de Gennes regime after mapping the characteristic length kBT/f to the cylindrical diameter D, where kBT is the thermal energy. However, the comparison of the effects of tension and confinement on extension is lacking when kBT/f and D are less than the thermal blob size b, referred to as extended Pincus regime and extended de Gennes regime, respectively. In the extended Pincus regime, force can still segregate the ideal-coils with the size of ∼kBT/f, resulting in the scaling of extension L∥ ∼ (kBT/f)−1. In the extended de Gennes regime, excluded volume interaction is not sufficient to segregate the ideal-coils...

Toward sub‐micro‐XRF working at nanometer range using capillary optics

Capillary optics are used for X‐ray fluorescence micro‐analysis using the Cu Kα line provided by a rotating anode. The excitation beam is focused using a polycapillary lens on a Co–Ti sample. Cylindrical glass capillaries of various diameters are fitted to the X‐ray detector (Energy Dispersive X‐Ray (EDX) analyzer) and displaced along the irradiated zone of the sample. The fluorescence is studied as a function of capillary position. Good agreement is found between experimental and calculated lateral widths of the fluorescence collection, taken into account the cylindrical capillary critical angles relevant in the experiment. The influence of the cylindrical capillary diameter on the signal level detected is studied to estimate the possibility of lateral resolution increase of X‐ray fluorescence technique both in‐lab and in synchrotron environment. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Investigate the effect of tool conical angle on the bushing height, wall thickness and forming in friction drilling of A7075-T651 aluminum alloy

Friction drilling process is a non-traditional hole drilling process formed by thermal friction having the most important features such as no pollution, short machining time and long tool life. In this process conical tool is used to generate heat by friction to soften and generate a thin workpiece and create a bushing without generating chips. In this friction drilling experimental study, the selected spindle speeds were 2400 rpm, 3600 rpm, and 4800 rpm, feed rates were 50 mm/min, 75 mm/min, and 100 mm/min and tool material was HSS tool with 24°, 36°, and 48° conical angles, 8 mm, 10 mm, and 12 mm cylindrical region diameters and 16 mm tool cylindrical region lengths. The specimens were A7075-T651 with thickness of 4 mm, and 6 mm. The effect of tool conical angle on the bushing height, bushing wall thickness, and bushing shape were analyzed. It was seen that for 4 mm and 6 mm materials thicknesses, according to the bushing height, the most optimum tool conical angle was 24° for all diameters. For 4 mm material thickness according to the bushing wall thickness 48° was the most optimum conical angle in friction drilling 8 mm diameter, 24° for friction drilling 10 mm and 12 mm diameters. The most optimum tool conical angle was 36° for 8 mm diameter, 24° for 10 mm and 12 mm diameters. With decreasing tool conical angle the bushing height was increased and bushing wall thickness was decreased. In the conditional low tool conical angles the softened material flow in the direction of tool motion in friction drilling, thus bushing height increased and wall thickness decreased. With increasing both tool conical angle and spindle speed the cracks in obtained bushing were advanced and the shape of bushing formed as petal. But with increasing feed rate the bushings shapes were not changed.

SM45C 환봉의 직경변화에 따른 Nd:YAG 레이저 표면경화 특성

Heat-treatment is one of the core technologies to enhance various characteristics such as strength, hardness, toughness, abrasion resistance and fatigue resistance for the mold material. This paper focuses on characteristics of the laser heat-treatment according to the cylindrical bar diameter variation in case of the SM45C. From the results of the experiments, it has been observed that the maximum hardness is 744Hv when the power is 1630W and the travel of laser is 0.5m/min. And then, the hardness width, depth and microstructure were observed for characteristics. Finally, when the cylindrical bar diameter size grow, the hardness width decrease whereas hardness depth increase.

Optimization of detection geometry for industrial SPECT by Monte Carlo simulations

The Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute (KAERI) has developed an industrial SPECT to investigate the fluid flow and mixing patterns in columns. It has been found that the industrial SPECT is indeed a very powerful tool to study the hydrodynamics in multiphase reactors. One of the practical issues in the development of industrial SPECTs is to achieve a required imaging resolution of an industrial SPECT with a minimum number of component detectors, the number of which is frequently limited by both the size of the detectors and the total cost of the imaging system. In the present study, a set of different geometries of industrial SPECTs were evaluated by Monte Carlo simulation using MCNPX to determine the minimum number of detectors that will provide a spatial resolution that corresponds to 10% of the cylindrical column diameter. Our results show that 11 and 12 detectors will satisfy the 10% resolution requirement for the 40 cm and 60 cm diameter columns, respectively, for the industrial SPECT and radioisotopes considered in the present study. The conclusion of this result is valid only for the case considered in the present study, but we believe that the same procedure can be applied to other industrial SPECTs for this kind of optimization.

Real Time Blood Testing Using Quantitative Phase Imaging

We demonstrate a real-time blood testing system that can provide remote diagnosis with minimal human intervention in economically challenged areas. Our instrument combines novel advances in label-free optical imaging with parallel computing. Specifically, we use quantitative phase imaging for extracting red blood cell morphology with nanoscale sensitivity and NVIDIA’s CUDA programming language to perform real time cellular-level analysis. While the blood smear is translated through focus, our system is able to segment and analyze all the cells in the one megapixel field of view, at a rate of 40 frames/s. The variety of diagnostic parameters measured from each cell (e.g., surface area, sphericity, and minimum cylindrical diameter) are currently not available with current state of the art clinical instruments. In addition, we show that our instrument correctly recovers the red blood cell volume distribution, as evidenced by the excellent agreement with the cell counter results obtained on normal patients and those with microcytic and macrocytic anemia. The final data outputted by our instrument represent arrays of numbers associated with these morphological parameters and not images. Thus, the memory necessary to store these data is of the order of kilobytes, which allows for their remote transmission via, for example, the cellular network. We envision that such a system will dramatically increase access for blood testing and furthermore, may pave the way to digital hematology.

Formulation of Ergonomic Design Problem with Considering the Response to Individual Difference

This paper proposes a formulation method of ergonomic design problem so as to support the decision making of designers. The optimization problem for each participant is formulated as a multi-objective optimization problem. In addition, the optimization problem for all participants is formulated based on different ergonomic design strategy for considering individual difference: a) design for average participants (Strategy A), b) design for weak participants (Strategy B), and c) design for divided clusters (Strategy C). The regret is defined as the difference from the objective function value of optimum solution for each participant. Then, the ergonomic design problems for three different strategies are formulated as follows; a) strategy A is formulated as the minimization of the average regret, b) strategy B is formulated as the minimization of the maximum regret, and c) strategy C is formulated as the minimization of average regret for divided clusters. The proposed method is applied to the design problem of cylindrical diameter for power grip. The cylindrical diameter is the only design variable, and the average pressure and the coefficient of variance are objective functions. From the result of optimization, it is found that the average regret based on the strategy C is significantly lower than the other strategies. In addition, the average regret based on the strategy A is significantly lower than that of the strategy B; while the maximum regret of the strategy A is higher than that of the strategy B.

Morphology Transition of Diblock Copolymer with Nanoparticles Confined in Cylindrical Nanopores

Coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations on self-assembly behavior of diblock copolymers (DCP) with nanoparticles confined in cylindrical nanopores are perfomed to study the morphology transition of DCP affected by the confined ratio of the cylindrical confinement diameter to the block copolymer domain spacing, the wall-polymer interactions, the particle-polymer interaction potential and the component concentration. The simulation results show that nanoparticles have a pronounced effect on the morphology transition of DCP and can therefore be considered as an important aspect in controlling the confined self-assembly in cylindrical confinement. Besides, the phase diagram indicates the process of morphology transition.

Magnetic properties of cylindrical diameter modulated Ni80Fe20 nanowires: interaction and coercive fields

Magnetic properties of cylindrical Ni80Fe20 nanowires with modulated diameters are investigated theoretically as a function of their geometrical parameters and compared with those produced inside the pores of anodic alumina membranes by pulsed electrodeposition. We observe that the Ni80Fe20 nanowires with modulated diameters reverse their magnetization via the nucleation and propagation of a vortex domain wall. The system begins generating vortex domains in the nanowire ends and in the transition region between the two segments to minimize magnetostatic energy generated by surfaces perpendicular to the initial magnetization of the sample. Besides, we observed an increase of the coercivity for the sample with equal volumes in relation to the sample with equal lengths. Finally, the interaction field is stronger in the case of constant volume segments. These structures could be used to control the motions of magnetic domain walls. In this way, these nanowires with modulated diameters can be an alternative to store information or even perform logic functions.

Research on the Influence Factors of Cavitating Jet in Jet Pipe Amplifier Nozzle

The cavitation flow characteristics in jet pipe amplifier with different nozzles were simulated using commercial computational fluid dynamics (CFD) software. The influence of operating parameters and structural parameters of jet nozzles on cavitation jets are the key objective. These parameters mainly include inlet pressure, outlet pressure, temperature of water, nozzle convergence angle, the length of the nozzle cylindrical section, nozzle diameter and nozzle export chamfer angle. The results provide methods to limit the emergence and development of the nozzle jet internal cavitations.

Maximum Hand-Rung Coupling Forces in Children

To quantify the effect of handhold size (diameter) on the maximum breakaway strength between a hand and handhold for children. Falls from playground equipment are a major cause of childhood injury and death. It is unclear if recommendations for handholds on playground equipment are too broad. Breakaway strength was defined as the maximum quasistatic force that can be exerted on a grasped object before the object is forcibly pulled from the grasp. Hand anthropometry, grip, and breakaway strengths were measured for 397 children between the ages of 6 and 11 years. Three cylindrical handhold diameters were tested. Breakaway strength was significantly affected by handhold size, gender, and hand dominance. Significant covariate predictors for breakaway strength included grip strength, age, and hand breadth. Breakaway strength was reduced for the largest diameter (3.81 cm) for children of all ages. Handhold design factors significantly affect the breakaway strength of children. The results can be used as a basis for design recommendations for hand rungs used by children to reliably support their bodyweight.

Dynamic shape and wall correction factors of cylindrical particles falling vertically in a Newtonian liquid

AbstractResults of numerical calculations of dynamic shape and wall correction factors for the flow of a Newtonian fluid over a vertically oriented cylindrical particle in a cylindrical tube are reported. Mathematical model of the flow was solved using the finite element method by means of the COMSOL Multiphysics software. Dependences of the shape factor on the cylinder aspect ratio and of the wall correction factor, F W, on the ratio of the cylindrical particle diameter to the tube diameter, and on the aspect ratio were obtained. Numerical dependences were approximated by simple relationships suitable for dynamic shape and wall correction factors prediction.

Development of a nanoparticle-based influenza vaccine using the PRINT® technology

Historically it is known that presentation of vaccine antigens in particulate form, for a wide range of pathogens, has clear advantages over the presentation of soluble antigen alone [J.C. Aguilar, E.G. Rodriguez, Vaccine adjuvants revisited. Vaccine 25 (2007) 3752–3762, M. Singh, D. O'Hagan, Advances in vaccine adjuvants. Nature Biotechnology 17 (1999) 1075–1081]. Herein we describe a novel particle-based approach, which independently controls size, shape, and composition to control the delivery and presentation of vaccine antigen to the immune system. Highly uniform particles were produced using a particle molding technology called PRINT® (Particle Replication in Non-wetting Templates) which is an off-shoot of imprint lithography [J Am Chem Soc 127 (2005) 10096–10100, J Am Chem Soc 126 (2004) 2322–2323, Chem Soc Rev 35 (2006) 1095–1104, J Am Chem Soc 130 (2008) 5008–5009, J Am Chem Soc 130 (2008) 5438–5439, Polymer Reviews 47 (2007) 321–327, Acc Chem Res 41 (2008) 1685–1695, Acc Chem Res 44 (10) (2011) 990–998]. Cylindrical (diameter [d]=80nm, height [h]=320nm) poly (lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) based PRINT particles were designed to electrostatically bind commercial trivalent injectable influenza vaccine. In a variety of blended PLGA formulations, these particles were safe and showed enhanced responses to influenza hemagglutinin in murine models. From the Clinical EditorShape is one of the determining factors in interactions of nanoparticles with their biologic environment. PRINT technology is able to fabricate nearly uniform nanoparticles and this technology is tested here in murine models to effectively deliver influenza vaccine.

Numerical Investigation of Impact of Pile Space on Flow around Two Vertical Cylindrical Piles

The flow around two vertical cylindrical piles exposed to a steady current is studied numerically by a three-dimensional hydrodynamic model, which is closured with a k-ε turbulence model. This model is firstly validated by experimental data obtained from a labortory experiment for a steady flow through a circular pile. Then this validated model is used to study flow pattern around two cylindrical piles. Finally, four key physical factors of the size of the horseshoe vortex and lee wake vortex, the maximum current velocity and bottom shear stress are analyzed under the different pile spaces. The main conclusions are: i) the size of the horseshoe vortex increases with the increase of the two pile space, while the size of the lee wake vortex changes slightly; ii) the maximum current velocity and the maximum bottom shear stress decrease with the increase of two pile space, and reach steady after the two pile space larger than six times of cylindrical pile diameter.

Estimating physical splenic filtration ofPlasmodium falciparum-infected red blood cells in malaria patients

Splenic filtration of Plasmodium falciparum-infected red blood cells has been hypothesized to influence malaria pathogenesis. We have developed a minimum cylindrical diameter (MCD) filtration model which estimates physical splenic filtration during malaria infection. The key parameter in the model is the MCD, the smallest tube or cylinder that a red blood cell (RBC) can traverse without lysing. The MCD is defined by a relationship between the RBC surface area and volume. In the MCD filtration model, the MCD filtration function represents the probability of a cell becoming physically removed from circulation. This modelling approach was implemented at a field site in Blantyre, Malawi. We analysed peripheral blood samples from 120 study participants in four clinically defined groups (30 subjects each): cerebral malaria, uncomplicated malaria, aparasitaemic coma and healthy controls. We found statistically significant differences in the surface area and volumes of uninfected RBCs when healthy controls were compared with malaria patients. The estimated filtration rates generated by the MCD model corresponded to previous observations in ex vivo spleen experiments and models of red blood cell loss during acute malaria anaemia.There were no differences in the estimated splenic filtration rates between cerebral malaria and uncomplicated malaria patients. The MCD filtration model estimates that at time of admission, one ring-stage infected RBC is physically filtered by the spleen for each parasite that remains in peripheral circulation. This field study is the first to use microfluidic devices to identify rheological diversity in RBC populations associated with malaria infection and illness in well-characterized groups of children living in a malaria endemic area.

Silver-Decorated Cylindrical Nanopores: Combining the Third Dimension with Chemical Enhancement for Efficient Trace Chemical Detection with SERS

We report on the facile fabrication of efficient porous alumina membrane-based SERS substrates that avoid the cumbersome stages of chemical surface modification of the pores and premixing/infiltration of nanoparticles with analytes. The design relies on higher light transmission through the SERS substrates by widening the cylindrical pore diameter to 355 nm and in situ growth of uniform silver nanoparticles on the inner walls. Electromagnetic simulations confirm that the interaction of excitation light with the nanoparticles along the pore walls can be maximized in such a membrane when the nanoparticles are placed within the first 14 μm of the pore depth. For common benchmark Raman analytes such as benzenethiol and Rhodamine 6G, nanomolar detection limits are readily obtained without any additional chemical surface functionalization and/or additional premixing and preconcentration of metal nanoparticles and analytes. Moreover, a high enhancement of 10 6 and a micromolar detection limit are achieved for nonresonant, Raman-stealthy perchloric acid molecules. Quantum mechanical calculations of perchloric acid bound to nanostructured silver clusters with different sizes and binding sites suggest that the maximum chemical enhancement is achieved for molecules located at the tips of the (111) planes of silver lattices, which are abundantly available on the nanoparticles grown in this study.