Cylinder Of Material Research Articles

Mathematical modeling of systems for automatic control of the material cylinder heating zones for extrusion unit

Mathematical modeling is carried out to determine the optimal temperatures in the zones of the material cylinder for the extrusion unit. The transfer function of the material cylinder is obtained. The optimal tuning coefficients for the proportional-integral-differential adjustment law are calculated. Modeling of the temperature control system with optimal controller parameters in the VisSim environment is performed. A graph of the transient process with a PID controller is built. The obtained data of mathematical modeling and calculation of the optimal coefficients for the PID controller can be used to adjust the temperature on the material cylinder in the production of plastic pipes by extrusion. Keywords automatic control system, extrusion, mathematical modeling, adjuster

Development of a system for automated temperature control in a material cylinder for the production of plastic products by injection molding

A modern automated control systems for an injection molding machine (IMM), which make it possible to carry out such aspects of automation as temperature control in a material cylinder, production cycle control of castings, control and management of the manufactured products quality are presented. As an analysis result of the injection molding machine (IMM) control systems, conclusions about the work quality are drawn, modern automation facilities are presented, and the main criteria of the modern equipment choosing for plastic products manufacturers are formulated. Keywords injection molding, injection molding machine, automation technical facilities, plastic products

Thermoelastic reactions in a long and thin flexible viscoelastic cylinder due to non-uniform heat flow under the non-Fourier model with fractional derivative of two different orders

<abstract> <p>In this paper, a new fractional model of non-Fourier heat conduction is presented that includes phase delays and two fractional orders. To derive the proposed model, the fractional integral Atangana-Baleanu (AB) operator with non-singular and non-local kernels was used. The proposed model has been applied to solve a one-dimensional thermoelasticity problem that includes an annular cylinder of a flexible material whose inner and outer surfaces are subjected to a variable heat flux that depends on time and temperature and is free from traction. The Laplace transform approach was applied to find the general solution to the problem and to obtain the expressions for the different physical fields. To estimate the effects of the fractional-order parameters and instantaneous time on the responses of all thermophysical field variables, comparisons are presented in figures and tables.</p> </abstract>

Analysis of fatigue characteristics of dual-drive axial piston motor cylinder block

To improve the service life of axial piston motor with dual-driving, the cylinder model of axial piston motor with dual-driving is established, the cylinder force is derived and used as the boundary condition, based on the results of finite element analysis, the S-N curve of the cylinder material is modified and fatigue solution is carried out. The results show that: the main stress and strain of the cylinder block are mainly located at the cylinder block hole and the flow distribution window, the stress concentration is generated at the structural mutation, and the stress and strain are the largest; the cylinder block will be repeatedly subjected to high-pressure oil action will produce fatigue damage, fatigue damage mainly occurs at the location of higher stress.

DEVELOPMENT OF STUDENT WORKSHEET WITH SAVI APPROACH TO IMPROVE MATHEMATICS REPRESENTATION ABILITIES IN CYLINDER MATERIALS

This research aimed to develop a valid, practical, and effective worksheets with SAVI approach and can improve students' mathematical representation skills on cylinder material. The method of this research was a Research and Development (R and D) through the development of 4-D (Define, Design, Develop, and Disseminate). This research was conducted at SMP Negeri 1 Pace. The subjects of this research was 32 students of class IX. The results of the validation of the LKS with SAVI approach by the validator get an assessment of 3.8 after experiencing product revision. This shows that the LKS with SAVI approach that was developed is declared valid. The results of the analysis of the practicality of the LKS with SAVI approach were declared practical with the percentage of student response questionnaires of 85.03% and from the teacher's observation sheet of 87.5%. LKS with SAVI approach succeeded in increasing students' representation ability with a percentage increase of 90.625%. The result of the percentage of product completeness is 71.875% so it can be said that the LKS product with SAVI approach is an effective product. These results indicate that worksheets with SAVI approach are considered valid, practical, effective, and can improve mathematical representation skills.

Application of PET as a non-metallic liner for the 6.8 L type-4 cylinder based on the hydrogen cycling test

This study aims to find the evidence that polyethylene terephthalate (PET) is pertinent, with respect to the risk of thermal degradation during fueling, as a liner material of a type-4 composite cylinder for storing 6.8 L of compressed hydrogen. In particular, one type-4 cylinder with the PET liner of thickness 0.6 mm and one type-3 cylinder for comparison have simultaneously undergone 6 cycles of fast fueling (0.15 MPa/s) and fast defueling (0.55 MPa/s) with hydrogen gas in the range of 2 to 45 MPa. The hydrogen temperatures in cylinders, which were measured by a specially-devised thermocouple inserted in each cylinder, change within the range of −30.0 to 70.0 °C. Although the temperature in the type-4 cylinder rises higher than that in the type-3 cylinder due to the lower heat conductivity of PET, it does not exceed 85 °C, which is the limit set by the international standards, EC No. 79. Furthermore, from the measurements of the deformation by the laser displacement sensors, the type-4 cylinder swells less than the type-3 cylinder. The pressure-displacement analysis shows that the deformation of type-4 cylinders occurs reversibly, i.e., defueling makes the cylinder regain its previous shape. In essence, PET is safe against thermal degradation when applied as a liner of a 6.8 L type-4 cylinder for hydrogen storage.

Pengaruh konduktivitas thermal pada hot cylinder mesin stirling menggunakan energi surya terkonsentrasi

Renewable energy is one of the businesses sector that will develop rapidly after the changing economic order due to the corona outbreak. The characteristics of Indonesia's tropical climate by getting good sunlight throughout the year can be used as alternative and renewable energy. The Stirling engine is one type of external combustion engine, because combustion is carried out outside the engine using a closed regenerative cycle in which the working fluid is compressed or expanded in a separate reservoir and then distributed to drive the power piston reciprocatingly. The method developed is the use of solar energy which is concentrated by a parabolic reflector to the hot cylinder of the Stirling engine to convert heat energy into motion energy. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of the thermal conductivity of several material specimens used in the hot cylinder of the Stirling engine including copper, stainless steel, & glass. This study uses an experimental method to describe the performance of a stirling engine prototype using various types of hot cylinder material specimens. The results showed that the gamma stirling engine using hot cylinder glass material had the best performance because with a heat conductivity of 0.78 W/m˚C it was able to drive a stirling engine with a speed of 132 rpm and a torque of 0.57 N.mm at the temperature difference between hot cylinder and cold cylinder of 88˚C and with a thermal efficiency of 20.39%.

Pengembangan Perangkat Pembelajaran Matematika Menggunakan Model Discovery Learning pada Materi Bangun Ruang Sisi Lengkung Kelas IX SMP/ MTs

This study aims to create mathematics learning devices such as a syllabus, lesson plans, and student worksheets for the 9th grade of junior high school using discovery learning on curved face three-dimensional (cylinder, cone, and sphere) material. The incompatibility instruments arranged by the teacher based on the 2013 Curriculum inspired this research. The 4-D development model was used in this study, and it consists of defining, designing, developing, and disseminating stages. The validation sheet and student response questionnaires were the instruments used in this study. The learning that was developed was validated by three of the validators and revised based on their suggestions. With very valid categories, the average score of the validation results for the syllabus is 3,79, lesson plans are 3,81, and student worksheet is 3,73. This validation indicates that the syllabus, lesson plans, and student worksheet can be sampled. Then, in small groups, valid student worksheets are tested. The average percentage of small group trial results for student worksheets is 92,29 percent, with a very practical category. Based on the results of data analysis and discussion, it can be concluded that syllabus, lesson plans, and student worksheets by using discovery learning on curved face three dimensional material for the 9th grade of junior high school has fulfilled valid

Effect of multiple firings on the shear bond strength of presintered cobalt-chromium alloy and veneering ceramic

Statement of problemHow multiple firing cycles may affect the oxide layer and, consequently, the shear bond strength of metal-ceramic restorations is unclear. PurposeThe purpose of this in vitro study was to determine the effect of multiple firings on the shear bond strength of porcelain to cobalt-chromium (Co-Cr) alloy. Material and methodsForty cylinders (Ø6.8×9 mm) of a representative presintered Co-Cr alloy (Ceramill Sintron) were prepared with computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacturing (CAD-CAM) technology. After airborne-particle abrasion and polishing, the specimens were ultrasonically cleaned of surface contaminants. A circular surface (Ø4×2 mm) was veneered on each specimen with porcelain (VM13) after 3 firings (wash opaque, opaque, and dentin). The specimens were then randomly divided into 4 groups (n=10). The normal group underwent 3 firings. The other groups underwent an additional porcelain firing: the one-plus firing group underwent 4 firings, the two-plus firing group underwent 5 firings, and the three-plus firing group underwent 6 firings. Next, the specimens were mounted in autopolymerized acrylic resin and tested in a universal testing machine and loaded at a crosshead speed of 0.5 mm/min at the metal-ceramic interface until fracture occurred. The average shear bond strength (MPa) was calculated by dividing the maximum fracture force (N) by the bonded surface of the specimens (mm2). The fracture patterns were observed microscopically and classified as adhesive, cohesive, or mixed. One-way ANOVA was used to determine differences between groups (α=.05). ResultsNo significant differences were found among the shear bond strengths of specimens after 3, 4, 5, and 6 porcelain firings (P>.05). The mean bond strength of all groups ranged from 30 to 34 MPa. The fracture pattern of all specimens was mixed, indicating that multiple firings had no significant effect on the failure pattern. ConclusionsMultiple porcelain firings under controlled conditions had no significant effect on the fracture pattern or shear bond strength of porcelain to a presintered Co-Cr alloy.

Two dimensional stress wave propagation analysis of infinite 2D-FGM hollow cylinder

There are controversial findings on how projectile penetration into the human tissue can induce tissue damage. The evidence from recent experimental investigations has explained the related underlying mechanisms. To understand and simulate the exact biomechanical mechanisms of projectile penetration-induced tissue damage, we evaluated effects of two-dimensional (2D) transient stress wave propagation of 2D-functionally graded material (FGM, radial and circumferential inhomogeneity) in an infinite hollow cylinder. A periodic radial and circumferential material gradation fluctuating a constant value has been considered as the effective material properties, across the cylinder wall and the problem has been solved by implementing the graded finite element method with nonlinear Lagrangian shape functions. In contrast with other researches, the stress wave propagation for r and θ -inhomogeneity is different compared to the case in which the r or θ -inhomogeneity has been considered, separately. Moreover, this example resembles the bullet penetration in human tissue that produces stress wave propagation, resulting in unintentional trauma in human organs. For the case of 1D-FGM ( r – inhomogeneity), the responses are pulse-like and symmetric. Finally, due to shear waves, the θ -inhomogeneity has more visible effect on the stress wave propagation than r – inhomogeneity due to shear waves, especially when the pulse collapses.

Modified analytical model for water entry of two-dimensional elastic cylinders based on continuum theory

This paper is devoted to the modification of analytical model for the water entry of two-dimensional cylinders. Compared with the conventional analytical model, the modified analytical model includes the effect of specific acoustic impedance. Firstly, based on the continuum theory, the mathematical relationship between the water impact on an elastic cylinder and that on a rigid cylinder is deduced, and the influence of specific acoustic impedance on water entry is introduced. Then, the steel cylinder, aluminum alloy cylinder, magnesium alloy cylinder and polyamide cylinder are taken as examples to compare the modified analytical results, conventional analytical results and SPH-FEM results. Among these four materials, the specific acoustic impedance of steel is large, while those of aluminum alloy, magnesium alloy and polyamide are small. The results show that only the conventional analytical results of the steel cylinder are in good agreement with the SPH-FEM results; in contrast, the modified analytical results of all the cylinders are in good agreement with their SPH-FEM results. Finally, the effect of specific acoustic impedance on water entry is validated by existing experimental data. It indicates that the modified analytical model can be used to solve the water entry problems of elastic cylinders of different materials.

Weight Optimization by Using Both Aluminum and Composite Material on the Big Excavator

The aim of this research is the development of a lightweight large excavator. This is due to the need to reduce the system suitable for its movement and to increase the hourly production of the excavator. This lightweight is done on all the main components by adopting aluminum alloy and composite materials. The study, developed in analytically and in numerically way, considers different loading conditions to which the excavator can be subjected during its use. The new solution was developed in order to have almost the same performance for safety coefficient, displacement and so the stiffness and critical buckling load. The excavator in its minimum weight configuration, obtained by applying composite materials for arms and hydraulic cylinders while aluminum alloy for frame, has an operating weight that goes from the value of 577.6 kN to the value of 425.8 kN with a reduction of over 26%. With this result, three important factors are to be underlined: increase in capacity which depends on the geometric configuration of the arms (about +41.5%); a significant reduction in ground pressure allowing the use of the excavator in previously inaccessible places and finally greater ease in transporting the machine.

Effect of Different Surface Treatments on the Bond Strength of the Hybrid Ceramic Characterization Layer.

Using the microshear bond strength (µSBS) test, this study investigated the bond strength between a hybrid ceramic and the extrinsic characterization layer after different ceramic surface treatments. Hybrid ceramic blocks (Vita Enamic, Vita Zahnfabrik) were sectioned and randomly divided into 4 groups (N = 120) according to the surface treatment and aging (n = 15): P: polishing; E: acid etching with HF; A: aluminum oxide blasting; S: self-etching ceramic primer. The specimens were silanized, then cylinders of light-curing characterization material (Vita Enamic Stain, 1.6 mm diameter x 2 mm height) were fabricated, followed by glazing. The specimens were subsequently immersed in distilled water for 24 h and subjected to the µSBS test using a universal testing machine (load cell 0.5 mm/min, 50 kgf) or tested after thermocycling for 10,000 cycles in water (5°C-55°C). After treatment, the specimen surfaces were analyzed using SEM, with failure types defined as adhesive, predominantly adhesive, or cohesive. The data were analyzed by two-way ANOVA followed by Tukey's test (p < 0.05). The most frequent failure type was predominantly adhesive between ceramic and the characterization layer. There were statistically significant differences between the surface treatments (p < 0.05). Thermocycling did not lead to statistically signifcant different results (p > 0.05). For groups P and A, a sharp decrease in SBS was observed. The absence of surface treatment drastically reduced the microshear bond strength between the ceramic and the characterization layer. Conditioning with 5% hydrofluoric acid for 60 s is the most suitable treatment for adhesion of the characterization layer to hybrid ceramic.

Effect Of Taper Angle On Flow And Stress In Conical Shell Fluid Mixers

Hollow cylindrical flow mixers achieve a homogeneous mixture with less pressure loss and higher momentum. However, the low volume of the mixer due to the hollow creates high pressure effects and mechanical stresses on the mixer. In this study, the stresses formed on the mixer by considering the flow and thermal effects of fluids in a conical cylinder mixer at different temperatures were examined. The effect of taper angle has been studied. In the examinations carried out using the finite element method, a verification study was first made, and solution sensitivity was determined. Water as fluid in standard conditions and common steel properties as cylinder material were used. Plate thickness was chosen to be 1 mm. It seems more appropriate to use a non-conical straight model to achieve thermal equilibrium. The taper angle reduced the velocity of fluid entering the mixer. Stress concentrations were observed at the supports and a lower and decreasing stress distribution was obtained for the conical mixer while it was constant for the straight cylinder in the other regions.

Applied Systems Theory: Mathematical and Numerical Simulation of Strength of Thick-wall Pipe by Using Static Elastic Problems

In Systems Theory, the Mathematical and numerical simulation of strength of thick-wall pipe by using static elastic problems is an important problem and has attracted the attention of many researches, academicians and practitioners. the The present work studies the change in the strength of a quite long isotropic thick-wall pipe (circular cylinder) for the varying pipe diameter, wall thickness and material. The pipe is in the plane deformed state, i.e. plane deformation is considered. Based on the problems of statics of the theory of elasticity, a mathematical model to calculate the strength of the thick-wall pipe was developed and the problems of statics of the theory of elasticity were set and solved analytically in the polar coordinate system. The analytical solution was obtained by the method of separation of variables, which is presented by two harmonious functions. The dependence of the pipe strength on the thickness and material of the pipe wall, when (a) normal stress is applied to the internal boundary (internal pressure) and external boundary is free from stresses and (b) normal stress is applied to the external boundary (external pressure) and the internal boundary is free from stresses, is studied. In particular, the minimum thicknesses of the walls of homogeneous isotropic circular cylinders of different materials and diameters with a plane deformed mode when the pressures in the cylinders do not exceed the admissible values were identified. Some numerical results are presented as tables, graphs and relevant consideration.

Nondestructive parameter identification technique of ultra-light CFRC corrugated sandwich cylinder

Lightweight is the eternal pursuit of astronautic structures. In this research, an ultralight but strong and stiff carbon fiber reinforced composite (CFRC) sandwich cylinder with corrugated cores was designed, manufactured and tested. Free vibration testing was performed to reveal its free vibration behaviors. Combined with classical composite theory, finite element modelling (FEM) and free vibration testing, a nondestructive vibration related technique (VRT) was suggested to identify the material property through determining the fiber volume fraction (FVF) of the composite material of the corrugated-core sandwich cylinder (CSC). The FVF is 43% in this research and much smaller than the standard parameter of the unidirectional laminate made by the hot pressing technique. The actual material property could make the structural analysis more accurate.

Tribological Assessment of Aluminum Cylinder Material for Piston Compressors in Trucks and Buses Brake Systems

Tribological Assessment of Aluminum Cylinder Material for Piston Compressors in Trucks and Buses Brake Systems

Stoma and intestine ultrastructure of the marine free-living nematode Odontophora deconincki (Nematoda: Araeolaimida: Axonolaimidae)

Summary The fine morphology of the buccal capsule and intestine (midgut) of the marine free-living nematode Odontophora deconincki was investigated. The cheilostome is armed with six equal claw-like odontia that can evert radially by opening the mouth. Light-refracting accessory buccal structures within the cheilostomatal cuticle alternate with odontia and consist of two elements: anterior armilloids and posterior granular armilliths. The buccal cavity (pharyngostome) is surrounded by a complex of longitudinal and oblique muscles partially attached to the cheilostome cuticle at the sites of the accessory buccal structures and enabling a wide opening of the mouth. With the described stoma condition, the nematode probably scrapes food particles from the substrate surface. In cross-section, the midgut consists of 5-7 cells that appear uniform throughout its length. An extracellular matrix (glycocalyx) over the microvillar brush varies in thickness and stratification depending on presence or absence of food content in the lumen. Abundant spherocrystals (globular inclusions with concentric striations) were present in all gut cells. No indication of endocytosis or digestive vacuoles was observed in the gut cells and extracellular digestion predominates. Most specimens had a gut content formed from a long cylinder of compressed flocculent material with some barely identifiable components and few spherocrystals expelled from the enterocytes. We assume that the nematode diet comprises a wide range of objects, mainly eukariotic epigrowth organisms, which are shorn off and scraped from the surface of sand grains and then ingested.

Effect of flexible coastal vegetation on waves in water of intermediate depth

This paper presents a new theoretical framework, based on the homogenization theory, for studying small-amplitude periodic water waves through emergent flexible vegetation in water of intermediate depth. The vegetation is modeled by an array of flexible cantilever-type cylinders with uniform properties. It is assumed that the cylinders oscillate with small amplitude in the stream-wise direction at the frequency of incoming water wave, and that each cylinder moves without the direct interaction with its neighbors. Using the homogenization theory, the wave-flexible-vegetation problem is separated into micro- and macro-scale problems, respectively. The fluid flows consist of contributions from the interactions between incident waves and an array of rigid cylinders and the vibrations of cylinders, which are superimposed and coupled within the framework of small-amplitude wave theory. The micro-scale problem is solved numerically by a finite-element method, while the macro-scale problem is solved using a second-order finite difference method. It is found that the present model can successfully reproduce the results of rigid stationary forest, when the Young's modulus E > 1 GPa. The model also shows good agreements with laboratory data for flexible cylinders. Moreover, the detailed fluid flows in the vicinity of a flexible cylinder, and a synthetic analysis of the effects of cylinder material properties on wave attenuation are also presented.

Microstructure and tribological properties of sprayed nanostructure Fe-based martensite coating on an aluminum cylinder liner

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to improve the tribological properties of aluminum cylinder liner. Higher martensite contents were closely related to the higher hardness and excellent wear resistance of Fe-based coatings. Furthermore, the grain size of the Fe-based coating was approximately 40 nm, which provides an excellent fine grain strengthening effect.Design/methodology/approachTo improve the tribological properties of aluminum cylinder liners, a Fe-based martensite coating was prepared by internal plasma spraying technology, whose microstructure and tribological properties were then investigated.FindingsSprayed Fe-based coating possessed a low contact angle and strong adhesion with lubricating oil. In a simulated engine condition, Fe-based coating exhibited a decreased friction coefficient and increased wear resistance under oil lubrication, which was dominated by a stronger adhesive force with lubricating oil, higher martensite contents on the worn surface, higher hardness and higher H/E value than those of the reference HT 200 and Al-19Si cylinder material.Originality/valueNanostructure Fe-based martensite coating was sprayed on an aluminum cylinder liner, which demonstrated remarkable advantages over the reference cylinder material.