Cyclic Pulse Research Articles

An Electrochemistry and Computational Study at an Electrified Liquid-Liquid Interface for Studying Beta-Amyloid Aggregation.

Amphiphilic peptides, such as Aß amyloids, can adsorb at an interface between two immiscible electrolyte solutions (ITIES). Based on previous work (vide infra), a hydrophilic/hydrophobic interface is used as a simple biomimetic system for studying drug interactions. The ITIES provides a 2D interface to study ion-transfer processes associated with aggregation, as a function of Galvani potential difference. Here, the aggregation/complexation behaviour of Aβ(1-42) is studied in the presence of Cu (II) ions, together with the effect of a multifunctional peptidomimetic inhibitor (P6). Cyclic and differential pulse voltammetry proved to be particularly sensitive to the detection of the complexation and aggregation of Aβ(1-42), enabling estimations of changes in lipophilicity upon binding to Cu (II) and P6. At a 1:1 ratio of Cu (II):Aβ(1-42), fresh samples showed a single DPV (Differential Pulse Voltammetry) peak half wave transfer potential (E1/2) at 0.40 V. Upon increasing the ratio of Cu (II) two-fold, fluctuations were observed in the DPVs, indicating aggregation. The approximate stoichiometry and binding properties of Aβ(1-42) during complexation with Cu (II) were determined by performing a differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) standard addition method, which showed two binding regimes. A pKa of 8.1 was estimated, with a Cu:Aβ1-42 ratio~1:1.7. Studies using molecular dynamics simulations of peptides at the ITIES show that Aβ(1-42) strands interact through the formation of β-sheet stabilised structures. In the absence of copper, binding/unbinding is dynamic, and interactions are relatively weak, leading to the observation of parallel and anti-parallel arrangements of β-sheet stabilised aggregates. In the presence of copper ions, strong binding occurs between a copper ion and histidine residues on two peptides. This provides a convenient geometry for inducing favourable interactions between folded β-sheet structures. Circular Dichroism spectroscopy (CD spectroscopy) was used to support the aggregation behaviour of the Aβ(1-42) peptides following the addition of Cu (II) and P6 to the aqueous phase.

Room temperature ductile W-Y2O3 alloy with high thermal shock resistance

The microstructure and mechanical properties of tungsten (W) materials have strong influences on their thermal shock performance. In this work, a W-Y2O3 (0.14 wt% Y) alloy with bimodal grain structure was fabricated by swaging plus high energy rate forging of the hydrogen sintered compact. In tensile tests, the W alloy exhibits a high yield strength (σY = 1400 MPa) and a plastic strain ε = 5.5% at room temperature, and extensive tensile strains exceeding 20% at 100–300 °C. Its thermal shock performance was assessed by applying cyclic edge localized mode-like long heat pulse for 100 times at room temperature with an electron beam equipment. Within the range 0.44–1.1 GW m−2, the specimens are free of cracking, and the surface modifications change from shear step-like bulges to recrystallization with increasing absorption power density.

LPI Radar Waveform Design With Desired Cyclic Spectrum and Pulse Compression Properties

This paper considers the practical LPI radar waveform design problem for jointly achieving a desired cyclic spectrum and pulse compression properties. In this work, the weighted cyclic frequency sidelobe (WCFS) level is minimized to achieve the LPI purpose while the similarity constraint regarding a known radar waveform that occupies the desired detection properties is considered. The waveform design problem is then formulated as a quartic optimization problem with heterogeneous quadratic inequality constraints. These properties make the problem NP-hard in general. To solve this problem efficiently, by introducing necessary auxiliary variables, the original problem is converted into several quadratic optimization problems with respect to each independent variable under a separated linear inequality constraint, which can be efficiently solved by leveraging the alternation direction method of multipliers (ADMM) framework. Finally, the performance of the proposed method is demonstrated via numerical examples.

Synergistic effect of manganese (II) phosphate & diamond nanoparticles in electrochemical sensors for reactive oxygen species determination in seminal plasma

In this work, we explore the ability of manganese (II) phosphate (MnP) as a catalytic element for the determination of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in seminal plasma, when MnP is employed as modifier of a glassy carbon electrode. The electrochemical response of the manganese (II) phosphate-modified electrode shows a wave at around +0.65 V due to the oxidation of Mn2+ to MnO2+, which is clearly enhanced after addition of superoxide, the molecule considered as the mother of ROS. Once proved the suitability of manganese (II) phosphate as catalyst, we evaluate the effect of including a 0D (diamond nanoparticles) or a 2D (ReS2) nanomaterial in the sensor design. The system consisting of manganese (II) phosphate and diamond nanoparticles yielded the largest improvement of the response. The morphological characterization of the sensor surface was performed by scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy, while cyclic and differential pulse voltammetry were employed for the electrochemical characterization of the sensor. After optimizing the sensor construction, calibration procedures by chronoamperometry were performed, leading to a linear relation between peak intensity and the superoxide concentration in the range of 1.1 10−4 M − 1.0 10−3 M with a limit of detection of 3.2 10−5 M. Seminal plasma samples were analysed by the standard addition method. Moreover, the analysis of samples fortified with superoxide at the μM level leads to recoveries of 95%.

Coercive Force of Low-Carbon Steel Specimens Subjected to Cyclic Loading and Impulse Current

The change in the coercive force of the 10kp5 steel specimens subjected to cyclic loading and impulse current has been studied. The choice of processing methods, including their combination in a certain sequence, was shown to provide the best plastic or strength properties of metal materials. The feasibility and good perspectives of express assessment of the effectiveness of the chosen method or methods of processing metal materials by magnetic properties, e.g., coercive force, without resorting to mechanical tests with the destruction of specimens, are noted. The highest changes towards increase in strength and coercive force in the 10kp5 low-carbon steel have been found after cyclic loading and in a combined mode with cyclic loading at the final stage. The optimal combination of cyclic loading and pulse current can make it possible to control the strength and magnetic properties of ferromagnetic materials.

Detection of Theophylline using Samarium Oxide Nanoparticles Ingrained Graphite Electrode

In this overview, a significantly low-cost electrode for the quick determination of theophylline (THP) using graphite electrode ingrained with samarium oxide nanoparticles is fabricated. The electrochemical behavior of the fabricated electrode is studied in details using cyclic and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). The electrode has shown a linear working range of 10–1000[Formula: see text][Formula: see text]M with a low detection limit of 5 5.69[Formula: see text][Formula: see text]M. The characteristics of the electrode are studied in terms of repeatability, reproducibility and stability with RSD values 1.59%, 2.04% and 5.33%. Two varieties of black tea were taken and successfully segregated using principal component analysis (PCA) tool with a separability index of 13.14. This study explicitly demonstrates a significant improvement in electrochemical detection of THP in tea samples using samarium oxide nanoparticles infused in the graphite paste. The novelty of this research work lies in the fact that these fabricated electrodes can be dipped into the tea samples directly with no pre-treatment, hence an easy estimation of the quality of tea sample is possible.

Electrochemical molecularly imprinted polymer sensor for ultrasensitive indoxacarb detection by tin disulfide quantum dots/carbon nitride/multiwalled carbon nanotubes as a nanocomposite

Unsuitable use of agricultural pesticides has caused excessive pollution of the environment. Therefore, it is very important to identify the remaining contamination in environmental samples. Indoxacarb (IDC) as an oxadiazine fungicide use on large part of corps. In this work, we reported voltammetric sensor-based molecularly imprinted polymers (MIP) film on a tin disulfide quantum dots-carbon nitride-multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MIP@SnS2 QDs/pg-C3N4/MWCNTs) nanocomposite for ultrasensitive detection of IDC. Cyclic and differential pulse voltammetry (CV and DPV), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), UV-Vis absorption spectroscopy, photoluminescence spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), dynamic light scattering (DLS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX), elemental mapping used for characterization of the proposed electrode. Under optimum conditions, the current response for IDC was obtained in the linear range of 20.0 nmol L−1 to 10.0 µmol L−1 and a detection limit of 7.1 nmol L−1. Using this MIP sensor, IDC has been determined in samples of Zayandeh Rood river water and apple. Several advantages of the proposed sensor were demonstrated, including its sensitivity, selectivity, and simplicity.

Electro-kinetic investigations and voltammetric detection of anti-ulcer drug cinitapride at low-cost pencil graphite electrode

Herein, we proposed a cost-effective, eco-friendly, fast and sensitive square wave cathodic stripping voltammetry (SWCSV) and differential pulse cathodic stripping voltammetry (DPCSV) methods for the quantification of anti-ulcer drug cinitapride in pharmaceuticals. Cinitapride electrochemically reduced at pencil graphite electrode and gave an irreversible well-defined cathodic peak in cyclic, square wave, and differential pulse voltammograms. The effect of pH of buffer, scan rates, and drug concentration on peak current and peak potential were studied. The reduction of cinitapride at pencil graphite electrode was diffusion controlled and occurred via participation of two electrons and two protons (2e−/2H+). The various electro-kinetic parameters such as diffusion coefficient(Do), surface coverage (T o)and electron transfer coefficient (α) were calculated, additionally, the mechanism of reduction of cinitapride at pencil graphite electrode was also proposed. The peak currents vary linearly in the concentration range 2.48 μmolL−1 to 17.39 μmolL−1 for all the voltammetric techniques. The obtained value of LOD for SWCSV and DPCSV techniques were2.48 μmolL−1 and 3.19 μmolL−1, respectively, which proved higher sensitivity of the proposed methods.

Design of an electrochemical sensing platform based on MoS2-PEDOT:PSS nanocomposite for the detection of epirubicin in biological samples

Synthesizing of two dimensional (2D)-based nanomaterial and its sensing platform design is an attractive approach for quantitative purposed electrochemical applications. In this work, for the first time, we synthesized the molybdenum disulphide (CE-MoS2) nanosheets exfoliated by metal intercalation method and followed by the modification of their surfaces with Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) as a conductive polymer. The structural, morphological, and electrochemical characterization of CE-MoS2/PEDOT:PSS nanocomposite were performed by XPS, TGA, TEM and EIS. The portable electrochemical sensing platform was fabricated by the modification of CE-MoS2/PEDOT:PSS nanocomposite on screen-printed carbon electrode (SPCE). The electrochemical behaviour of epirubicin (EPB) was examined on SPCE modified with CE-MoS2/PEDOT:PSS nanocomposite using cyclic and differential pulse voltammetry. CE-MoS2/PEDOT:PSS/SPCE demonstrated a promising electrocatalytic activity towards the oxidation of EPB, and analytical performance in the concentration range of 0.06 – 9.30 µM with a low detection limit of 44.3 nM. The human plasma samples containing EPB were successfully analyzed using CE-MoS2/PEDOT:PSS/SPCE with the satisfactory recoveries. The proposed sensing design could be an alternative strategy to produce the 2D-based nanoplatforms for electroanalytical applications in clinical samples.

An Enhanced Thermal Model With Virtual Resistance Technique for Pouch Batteries at Low Temperature and High Current Rates

In this article, an enhanced thermal model is proposed for pouch batteries, which can be used for a battery management system (BMS) at low temperatures and high current rates. This thermal model integrates a virtual resistance model (VRM) and post resistance model at low temperatures. First, based on the Arrhenius equation, the resistance model at low temperatures (from 0 °C to −10 °C) and high discharge rates (from 3.125C to 12.5C) is extrapolated from the resistance model under room temperature conditions. In this context, the resistance model at low temperatures is regarded as the VRM. In comparison to the experimental results, the maximum error of this VRM is 0.851 <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\text{m}\Omega $ </tex-math></inline-formula> . In addition, the equivalent post resistance model of the pouch battery, including that of the positive electrode and negative electrode, is also given for low temperatures. Finally, the complete thermal model for pouch batteries is validated at low temperatures and high discharge rates. The temperature evolution at different points on the battery, along with the heat-generation properties of the battery, is simulated under cyclic pulse current and constant current working conditions. For cyclic pulse current, the maximum mean error in terms of temperature evolution is 0.72 °C, and for constant current working conditions, the maximum mean error is 0.79 °C.

Magmatic record of changing Cordilleran plate-boundary conditions—Insights from Lu-Hf isotopes in the Mojave Desert

Abstract Belts of Cordilleran arc plutons in the eastern part of the Mojave crustal province, inboard from the southwestern North American plate boundary, record major magmatic pulses at ca. 180–160 and 75 Ma and smaller pulses at ca. 100 and 20 Ma. This cyclic magmatism likely reflects evolving plate-margin processes. Zircon Lu-Hf isotopic characteristics and inherited zircons for different-age plutons may relate magma sources to evolving tectonics. Sources similar in age to the bulk of the exposed Mojave crust (1.6–1.8 Ga) dominated the magmas. Rare zircons having εHf(t) values as low as −52 indicate that Cretaceous melt sources also included more ancient crustal components, such as Archean-derived detritus in supracrustal gneisses of the Vishnu basin. Some rocks signal contributions from mantle lithosphere (in the Miocene) or asthenosphere (middle Cretaceous). Temporal shifts in isotopic pattern in this sample of the Cordillera relate to cyclic pulses of magmatic flux. Hf-isotopic pull-downs suggestive of dominantly crustal sources characterize the Jurassic and Late Cretaceous flare-ups. The Late Cretaceous flare-up, occurring near the onset of flat-slab subduction, produced abundant Proterozoic xenocrystic zircon and Hf isotopes implicating derivation largely from heterogeneous deep Mojave crust. Isotopic pull-ups characterize the lower-flux middle Cretaceous and Miocene magmatic episodes. The middle Cretaceous pulse ca. 105–95 Ma produced Mojave crust signals but also the isotopically most juvenile magmatic zircons, ranging upward to barely positive εHf values and suspected to signal an asthenosphere contribution. This may point toward transtension or slab retreat causing 105–95 Ma backarc extension in the Mojave hinterland of the Cordillera. That possibility of backarc extension raises questions about the tectonic environment of the contemporaneous main Sierra Nevada high-flux arc closer to the continental margin.

Peripherally mixed halogenated boron subphthalocyanines

The goal of this study was to develop mixtures of peripherally halogenated boron subphthalocyanines (BsubPcs) to explore these macrocycles as mixed alloys for applications within the organic electronic space. These halogenated BsubPc mixtures were synthesized by reacting mixtures of commercially available phthalonitriles, namely 4,5-dichlorophthalonitrile (Cl2-pn), 4,5-difluorophthalonitrile (F2-pn), tetrachlorophthalonitrile (Cl4-pn), and tetrafluorophthalonitrile (F4-pn), with boron trichloride (BCl[Formula: see text] to achieve mixed halogenation upon formation of the BsubPcs. More specifically, as named, Cl2-pn + F2-pn and Cl4-pn + F4-pn mixtures were used to form Cl-Cl[Formula: see text]F[Formula: see text]BsubPc and Cl-Cl[Formula: see text]F[Formula: see text]BsubPc, respectively. To establish a firm synthetic methodology, the reaction kinetics of forming the BsubPc mixtures from their respective phthalonitrile mixtures were compared to the kinetics of the standard procedures forming the individual BsubPcs, for example, Cl-Cl[Formula: see text]BsubPc from Cl4-pn. As we use BCl3 to form the BsubPcs, the axial bond is in general chloride, but we observed again random fluoride axial exchange, and therefore moved to the second step to have complete axial fluorination. Crude mixed halogenated BsubPcs were sublimed at high purities to enable physical characterization, including a study of UV-Vis absorption spectra differentiation, and cyclic (CV) and differential pulse voltammograms (DPV) electrochemical differentiation. We also did density functional theory (DFT) calculations for points of physical properties comparison. The comparison points are together with fully peripherally chlorinated Cl[Formula: see text]BsubPcs and fluorinated F[Formula: see text]BsubPcs. Given the outcomes, we foresee in future studies the ability to tune different ratios of peripherally halogenated BsubPc mixtures via synthetic tools, to enable tuning of the HOMO LUMO energy levels, which could consequently tune their application and performance in organic electronics.

Applicability of a graphene oxide nanocomposite for fabrication of an electrochemical sensor for simultaneous detection of sunset yellow and rhodamine B in food samples.

Developing a sensitive portable sensor for the determination of food additives is very important. Herein, a simple and sensitive electrochemical sensor has been constructed based on a carbon paste electrode (CPE) modified with graphene oxide (GO) nanosheets for the simultaneous determination of sunset yellow (SY) and rhodamine B (RhB) in phosphate buffer solution (pH = 4). The cyclic and differential pulse voltammetry (CV and DPV) results revealed two well-resolved anodic peaks for SY and RhB with a remarkable increase in oxidation signals of these colorants. Based on this, an electrochemical method was developed for the first time for the simultaneous detection of SY and RhB. Applicability of the sensor was confirmed in various concentrations of two analytes in two linear ranges of 1-20 μM for SY and 1-30 μM for RhB with a limit of detection (LOD) of 10.0 nM and 20.0 nM, respectively. Furthermore, the proposed sensor was successfully employed for the simultaneous detection of SY and RhB in food samples with recoveries of 93.1-106.0% indicating promising potential in practical application.

Orthogonal Time Frequency Space Modulation—Part II: Transceiver Designs

The fundamental concepts and challenges of orthogonal time frequency space (OTFS) modulation have been reviewed in Part I of this three-part tutorial. In this second part, we provide an overview of the state-of-the-art transceiver designs for OTFS systems, with a particular focus on the cyclic prefix (CP) design, window design, pulse shaping, channel estimation, and signal detection. Furthermore, we analyze the performance of OTFS modulation, including the diversity gain and the achievable rate. Specifically, comparative simulations are presented to evaluate the error performance of different OTFS detection schemes, and the advantages of coded OTFS systems over coded orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) systems are investigated.

Cyclic pulse loads generate the new concept in abdominal wall reconstruction: suture closure

Aim: Incisional hernias frequently occur after open abdominal surgery. Up to 30% of elective midline laparotomy closures result in an incisional hernia. The properties of a safe abdominal wall reconstruction must be assessed under lifelike conditions to obtain a realistic estimate of the durability. The interplay of the biomechanical qualities determines the long-term stability of a repair. Various suture materials and techniques for optimal closure of the abdominal wall are still under discussion. The results of this experimental study might significantly affect the active discussion about optimal suturing techniques for median abdominal wall closure. Methods: For this purpose, a bench test was developed that delivers repetitive cyclic pressure impacts to the abdominal wall, simulating coughs. This allows the assessment of the reconstructed abdominal wall as a compound. We used stiff porcine abdominal walls and elastic bovine flanks as model tissues. We chose two different types of defects. Type one consisted of a 15 cm long medial incision, whereas for type two, a 5 cm circular defect was added in the center of the incision. The incisions were solely sutured in large-bite (0.8-1.2 mm bites) or small-bite (0.5-0.8 mm bites) technique with Monomax® or PDS® sutures USP 2-0 or USP 1. The suture to wound length (SWL) ratio had to exceed 4:1. After suturing, the tissues were subjected to repetitive cyclic loading on a validated bench test. Results: We found that regardless of technique and material thickness, secure closure of median abdominal wall incisions is feasible by suturing. In larger defects, the small bites technique using Monomax® sutures achieves a safer closure compared to PDS® sutures. Conclusion: Based on the results of this experimental study, a tailored standardized closure technique after midline incision of the abdominal wall, including an optional mesh augmentation, is recommended.

A Resolution-Tunable Low Power Time-to-Digital Converter With an Improved ADDLL Based on a Cyclic Pulse Ring Oscillator

A Resolution-Tunable Low Power Time-to-Digital Converter With an Improved ADDLL Based on a Cyclic Pulse Ring Oscillator

Future of Voltammetry

It is exactly one hundred years ago when the first paper about the development of polarography was published in 1922. Polarography is considered a predecessor of voltammetry, and this iconic electrochemical technique was designed by the Nobel laureate Jaroslav Heyrovsky. In this short review, the aim is to highlight some of the most important achievements of voltammetry so far. While hints are given to some of the most important theoretical works related to various electrode mechanisms in cyclic voltammetry and pulse voltammetric techniques, a critical part is written that should help to improve the communication between theoretical and experimental electrochemists. Since a main application of voltammetry is in the field of constructing biosensors, some of the major achievements and several drawbacks of applying voltammetric techniques in designing sensors are discussed. In a small part of this review, the role of nanomaterials in voltammetry is also considered. As scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) seems to be most promising instrumental system that will bring voltammetry a step closer to probing real biological systems, critical aspects about the weaknesses of this technique are also briefly discussed. In the final outlooks, we present a set of directions in which voltammetry will develop in the coming years. The paper is written in a way to motivate younger electrochemists to get more involved in exploring the voltammetry.

Electrochemical Characterization and Voltammetric Determination of Methylisothiazolinone on a Boron-Doped Diamond Electrode.

The electrochemical properties of methylisothiazolinone (MIT), the most widely used preservative, were investigated by cyclic (CV) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) to develop a new method for its determination. To our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of a voltammetric procedure for the determination of MIT on a boron-doped diamond electrode (BDDE) in a citrate-phosphate buffer (C-PB) environment. The anodic oxidation process of methylisothiazolinone, which is the basis of this method, proved to be diffusion-controlled and proceeded with an irreversible two-electron exchange. The radical cations, as unstable primary products, were converted in subsequent chemical reactions to sulfoxides and sulfones, and finally to more stable final products. Performed determinations were based on the DPV technique. A linear calibration curve was obtained in the concentration range from 0.7 to 18.7 mg L-1, with a correlation coefficient of 0.9999. The proposed procedure was accurate and precise, allowing the detection of MIT at a concentration level of 0.24 mg L-1. It successfully demonstrated its suitability for the determination of methylisothiazolinone in household products without the need for any separation steps. The proposed method can serve as an alternative to the prevailing chromatographic determinations of MIT in real samples.

Effect of Molar Ratio Modulation of Cobalt Precursors on Supercapacitor Behavior of Engineered Co–Co3O4 Nanocomposite Electrodes

Nanostructured Co–Co3O4 composite thin films deposited on nickel foam (NF) using combined cyclic voltammetry (CV) and pulse reverse potential (CV PRP) modes of electrodeposition from an electrolyte composed of CoCl2 and Co(CH3COO)2 precursor salt solutions with varied molar ratios demonstrated a dependency of the supercapacitance performance over the precursor components’ molar ratios. The specific capacity and its retention were found to increase with increasing CoCl2 in the electrolyte with a starting value of 474.6 C/g (791 F/g) at an applied current load of 1 A/g for a molar ratio of Co(CH3COO)2:CoCl2 of 100:0. High specific capacity of 1548 C/g (2580 F/g) and large retention (90.5%) were obtained at a critical molar ratio of Co(CH3COO)2:CoCl2 of 20:80. However, with 100% CoCl2 in the electrolyte, the specific capacity lowered to 276 C/g (460 F/g) with poor retention of only 60%. Crystallinity and morphological features, driven by the electrolyte concentration with molar variations of the deposited films, have been found to influence the specific capacitance performance. The degree of crystallinity, and the presence of Co and Co3O4 phases for the different molar ratios have been revealed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) studies. The diverse morphological features obtained by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and the varying quantities of Co and O in the Co–Co3O4 nanocomposite thin films as confirmed by energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) spectra correlate well with the electrochemical performance. The phase composition was further confirmed by the presence of Co–O bonds via the attenuated total reflection–Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectra obtained on these films.

The Phosphinate Group in the Formation of 2D Coordination Polymer with Sm(III) Nodes: X-ray Structural, Electrochemical and Mössbauer Study

A coordination polymer has been synthesized using ferrocene-based ligand-bearing phosphinic groups of 1,1'-ferrocene-diyl-bis(H-phosphinic acid)), and samarium (III). The coordination polymer's structure was studied by both single-crystal and powder XRD, TG, IR, and Raman analyses. For the first time, the Mössbauer effect studies were performed on ferrocenyl phosphinate and the polymer based on it. Additionally, the obtained polymer was studied by the method of cyclic and differential pulse voltammetry. It is shown that it has the most positive potential known among ferrocenyl phosphinate-based coordination polymers and metal-organic frameworks. Using the values of the oxidation potential, the polymer was oxidized and the ESR method verified the oxidized Fe(III) form in the solid state. Additionally, the effect of the size of the phosphorus atom substituent of the phosphinate group on the dimension of the resulting coordination compounds is shown.