Cyclic Intervals Research Articles

Continual Day–Night eDNA Detectability Amidst Diel Reef Species Fluctuations on Diver Transects

ABSTRACTRecent research into the spatiotemporal dynamics of eDNA in marine environments indicates that eDNA signals are highly localized and may dissipate beyond detection levels within a few hours of production. This affects whether single‐timepoint eDNA sampling, which generally occurs during daylight hours, or cyclic (day/night) interval eDNA sampling is necessary to detect both diurnal and nocturnal marine species. Our study investigated short‐term variability in eDNA derived from fishes and macroinvertebrates across three temperate reef sites in eastern Tasmania, Australia. Simultaneous eDNA and underwater visual census (UVC) diver transect surveys were conducted every 6 h over a 24‐h period to investigate whether eDNA was able to detect marine species outside of their UVC‐observed diel activity. We report that single‐timepoint eDNA sampling can detect both diurnal and nocturnal species on temperate reefscapes. A lack of eDNA compositional turnover between day and night suggests that eDNA persists beyond 12 h and/or is continuously produced by both diurnal and nocturnal reef taxa, irrespective of diel behavioral changes observed by UVC. Given high eDNA sample variability, however, we recommend a high replication level (> 10 × 1 L samples) to produce robust site community composition profiles. This study builds on emerging literature on short‐term variability in eDNA, assisting in the design of future eDNA studies at sites with pronounced variation in faunal activity between day and night.

Combinatorics of essential sets for positroids

Positroids are a family of matroids introduced by Postnikov in the study of non-negative Grassmannians. Postnikov identified several combinatorial objects in bijections with positroids, among which are bounded affine permutations. On the other hand, the notion of essential sets, introduced for permutations by Fulton, was used by Knutson in the study of the special family of interval rank positroids. We generalize Fulton's essential sets to bounded affine permutations. The bijection of the latter with positroids, allows the study of the relationship between them. From the point of view of positroids, essential sets are maximally dependent cyclic intervals. We define connected essential sets and prove that they give a facet description of the positroid polytope, as well as equations defining the positroid variety. We define a subset of essential sets, called core, which contains minimal rank conditions to uniquely recover a positroid. We provide an algorithm to retrieve the positroid satisfying the rank conditions in the core or any compatible rank condition on cyclic intervals.

Cyclic Stability of Locking Plate Augmented with Intramedullary Polymethyl Methacrylate (PMMA) Strut Fixation for Osteoporotic Humeral Fractures: A Biomechanical Study.

The locking plate may provide improved fixation in osteoporotic bone; however, it has been reported to fail due to varus collapse or screw perforation of the articular surface, especially in osteoporotic bone with medial cortex comminution. Using bone graft as an intramedullary strut together with plate fixation may result in a stronger construct. However, the drawbacks of bone grafts include limited supply, high cost, and infection risk. PMMA (so-called bone cement) has been widely used for implant fixation due to its good mechanical properties, fabricability, and biocompatibility. The risk of donor-site infection and the drawbacks of allografting may be overcome by considering PMMA struts as alternatives to fibular grafts for humeral intramedullary grafting surgeries. However, the potential effects of intramedullary PMMA strut on the dynamic behaviour of osteoporotic humerus fractures remain unclear. This study aimed to investigate the influence of an intramedullary PMMA strut on the stability of unstable proximal humeral fractures in an osteoporotic synthetic model. Two fixation techniques, a locking plate alone (non-strut group) and the same fixation augmented with an intramedullary PMMA strut (with-strut group), were cyclically tested in 20 artificial humeral models. Axially cyclic testing was performed to 450 N for 10,000 cycles, intercyclic motion, cumulated fragment migration, and residual deformation of the constructs were determined at periodic cyclic intervals, and the groups were compared. Results showed that adding an intramedullary PMMA strut could decrease 1.6 times intercyclic motion, 2 times cumulated fracture gap migration, and 1.8 times residual deformation from non-strut fixation. During cycling, neither screw pull-out, cut-through, nor implant failure was observed in the strut-augmented group. We concluded that the plate-strut mechanism could enhance the cyclic stability of the fixation and minimize the residual displacement of the fragment in treating osteoporotic proximal humeral unstable fractures. The PMMA strut has the potential to substitute donor bone and serve as an intramedullary support when used in combination with locking plate fixation. The intramedullary support with bone cement can be considered a solution in the treatment of osteoporotic proximal humeral fractures, especially when there is medial comminution.

Effect of varying cycle time interval and aerosol pre-charge on filtration performance of polyester media

Present study embodies filtration characterization of two nonwoven needle-felt polyester filter materials, viz. PTFE coated and without coated media. The materials have been assessed using flyash aerosol under varying time intervals (6, 9 and 12 min) at different inlet dust densities (50, 90 and 150 g/m3). The flyash particles are charged prior to their deposition over the filter media using a three phase parallel plate box pre-charger at two different levels of pre-charge, viz. 4 kV and 8 kV along with 0 kV. Results reveal that the filtration performance for PTFE coated material is better under all conditions. However, an enhanced filtration performance in terms of particle emission and pressure drop is noted at increased pre-charge level and higher cyclic interval. It may also be noted that the level of improvement in filtration behavior for both the materials has been better at initial level of pre-charge from 0 kV to 4 kV. However, the cumulative behavior of all the factors is also found significant.

From weakly separated collections to matroid subdivisions

We study arrangements of slightly skewed tropical hyperplanes, called blades by A. Ocneanu, on the vertices of a hypersimplex \(\Delta_{k,n}\), and we investigate the resulting induced polytopal subdivisions. We show that placing a blade on a vertex \(e_J\) induces an \(\ell\)-split matroid subdivision of \(\Delta_{k,n}\), where \(\ell\) is the number of cyclic intervals in the \(k\)-element subset \(J\). We prove that a given collection of \(k\)-element subsets is weakly separated, in the sense of the work of Leclerc and Zelevinsky on quasicommuting families of quantum minors, if and only if the arrangement of the blade \(((1,2,\ldots, n))\) on the corresponding vertices of \(\Delta_{k,n}\) induces a matroid (in fact, a positroid) subdivision. In this way we obtain a compatibility criterion for (planar) multi-splits of a hypersimplex, generalizing the rule known for 2-splits. We study in an extended example a matroidal arrangement of six blades on the vertices \(\Delta_{3,7}\). Mathematics Subject Classifications: 52B40, 05B45, 52B99, 05E99, 14T15Keywords: Combinatorial geometry, matroid subdivisions, weakly separated collections

The facets of the matroid polytope and the independent set polytope of a positroid

A positroid is a special case of a realizable matroid that arose from the study of the totally nonnegative part of the Grassmannian by Postnikov. In this paper, we study the facets of its matroid polytope and the independent set polytope. This allows one to describe the bases and independent sets directly from the decorated permutation, bypassing the use of the Grassmann necklace. We also describe a criterion for determining whether a given cyclic interval is a flat or not using the decorated permutation, then show how it applies to checking the concordancy of positroids.

Assessment of laboratory scale cylindrical sequencing batch reactor for the treatment of abattoir effluent

Meat factory effluent contains fat, protein, diluted blood, and suspended solids. As a result, nutrient and organic concentrations in this effluent are incredibly high, and residues are slightly solubilized, likely to impact environmental pollution on streams, rivers, and other watercourses if discharged untreated. The biodegradation of abattoir waste was studied using a laboratory-scale cylindrical sequencing batch reactor (SBR) in aerobic mode. The aerobic sludge was collected from the aeration compartment of a paper and pulp effluent treatment facility and cultivated in a 2.83-L Perspex-based laboratory SBR. The raw wastewater comprised 6494 ± 2144 mg/l chemical oxygen demand (COD), 1946 ± 607 mg/l biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), 1722 ± 159 mg/l total suspended solids (TSS), 3062 ± 592 mg/l CaCO3 alkalinity, 7.00 ± 0.27 pH. The duration of a complete cycle was 24 h and comprised four phases: fill (5 min), react (23 h 10 min), settle (40 min) and draw (5 min). The whole experiment was divided into four phases and the dilution was done with the help of domestic sewage. In the first stage, the reactor was fed four times diluted slaughterhouse effluent on a 24-h cyclic operation for two weeks. After achieving a significant reduction in COD, the organic content of the input was raised by lowering the dilution factor. In the second and third phases, the reactor was fed three times and twice diluted samples for two weeks each operating at the same cyclic interval. In the final stage, raw effluent was fed to the reactor for two more weeks. The average COD value of diluted wastewater in the first, second, third and fourth phase was 1040 mg/l, 3168 mg/l, 4800 mg/l, and 5200 mg/l, respectively. The COD removal efficiency at the end of the first, second, third and fourth phase was 83%, 93%, 85% and 97%, respectively. The average BOD value of diluted wastewater at the end of the first, second, third and fourth phase was 1120 mg/l, 610 mg/l, 1502 mg/l, and 1350 mg/l, respectively. The BOD removal efficiency at the end of the first, second, third and fourth phase was 84%, 88%, 85% and 98%, respectively. After 8 weeks, at an organic loading rate of 3.06 kg/m3/d, the final phase has achieved BOD and COD removal efficiency of 98% and 97%, respectively. The pH and alkalinity levels were within acceptable ranges. After two months, the sludge's settling characteristics have improved, and the nitrification efficiency of the reactor was roughly 60% at the time of deactivation of the reactor.

Biomimetic Graphene/Spongin Scaffolds for Improved Osteoblasts Bioactivity via Dynamic Mechanical Stimulation.

Biomimetics offers excellent prospects for design a novel generation of improved biomaterials. Here the controlled integration of graphene oxide (GO) derivatives with a 3D marine spongin (MS) network is explored to nanoengineer novel smart bio-based constructs for bone tissue engineering. The results point out that 3D MS surfaces can be homogeneously coated by layer-by-layer (LbL) assembly of oppositely charged polyethyleneimine (PEI) and GO. Notably, the GOPEI@MS bionanocomposites present a high structural and mechanical stability under compression tests in wet conditions (shape memory). Dynamic mechanically (2 h of sinusoidal compression cyclic interval (0.5 Hz,0-10%strain)/14d) stimulates GOPEI@MS seeded with osteoblast (MC3T3-E1), shows a significant improvement in bioactivity, with cell proliferation being two times higher than under static conditions. Besides, the dynamic assays show that GOPEI@MS bionanocomposites are able to act as mechanical stimulus-responsive scaffolds able to resemble physiological bone extracellular matrix (ECM) requirements by strongly triggering mineralization of the bone matrix. These results prove that the environment created by the system cell-GOPEI@MS is suitable for controlling the mechanisms regulating mechanical stimulation-induced cell proliferation for potential in vivo experimentation.

Expected Proportional Hazard Model in Preventive Maintenance

Whether directly in the form of expenses or indirectly, the objective of maintenance in the mining industry is self-evident in time losses and loss of production. In this paper, the reliability-based maintenance is examined with a different insight than before. The system goes back to the Good As New (GAN) state or too Bad As Old (BAO) maintenance state; why so, the maintenance of the system shifts to the midrange state. On the other hand, the implementation of repairs is strongly influenced by the environmental factors that are known as the “risk factors”. Therefore, an analysis requires a model that integrates two basic elements: (1) incompleteness of the maintenance effect and (2) risk factors. Thus, an extensive proportional hazard ratio model (EPHM) is used as a combination of the Proportional Hazard Model (PHM) and the Hybrid Imperfect Preventive Maintenance model (HIPM) in order to analyze these elements. In this regards, four different preventive maintenance strategies are proposed. All four strategies are time-based including constant interval or periodic (the first and second strategies) and cyclic interval (the third and fourth strategies). The proposed method is applied for a Komatsu HD785-5 dump-truck in the Songun copper mine as a case study. The PM intervals with a mean value of risk factors for the four activities to reach the 80% reliability for the first and second strategies are about 5 and 48 hours. These intervals for the third strategy are calculated as 48.36, 11.58, 10.25, and 9.035, and for the fourth strategy are 5.06, 4.078, 3.459, and 1.92.

An Efficient and Reversible Battery Anode Electrode Derived from a Lead-Based Metal–Organic Framework

Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) are porous crystalline materials with tailorable structural versatility that were recently considered as one of the most promising alternative anode materials for lithium-ion batteries. Herein, we have synthesized lead-based MOFs (Pb-1,3,5-benzenetricarboxylate, Pb-BTC), which had a high efficiency and reversibe lithium storage for anode material in lithium-ion batteries. The Pb-BTC based battery delivers highly reversible lithium storage capacities of 625 and 450 mA h g–1 at current densities of 0.1 and 0.5 A g–1, respectively, and can maintain its performance up to 150 charging/discharging cycles. The ex situ X-ray photoelectron spectroscopic studies on the electrode materials at different charging/discharging states and cyclic intervals reveal that the Li+ insertion, conversion, and alloying mechanism play central roles on improving the lithium storage capability. The DFT simulation reveals that the Pb sites in MOFs absorb Li atoms efficiently that support the high storage capacity. The electrochemical performance of Pb-BTC in our work is among the best compared with other reported MOF anode electrodes.

High-temperature oxidation behavior of TiC and TiC + TiB reinforced TB8 matrix composites prepared by spark plasma sintering

TB8 (Ti-13.58Mo-2.15Nb-3.27A1-0.21Si) is a metastable β titanium alloy with excellent mechanical properties. In this paper, TiC/TB8 and TiC + TiB/TB8 titanium matrix composites (TMCs) were prepared by spark plasma sintering (SPS). In addition, the cyclic oxidation interval measurement method was used to compare the high-temperature oxidation behavior of TB8 titanium alloys with different volume fractions of TiC and TiC + TiB reinforced TB8 composites. Studies have shown that after cyclic oxidation at 800 °C for 100 h, the oxidation law of TB8 is a mixture of linear and parabolic, while TMC1 (2.5 vol.% TiC), TMC3 (5 vol.% TiC) and TMC4 (3.5 vol.% TiC + 3.5 vol.% TiB) oxidation mainly follows the parabolic law. Moreover, the oxidation weight gain of TB8 after oxidation is as high as 9.83 mg/cm2, while the oxidation weight gain of TMC1, TMC3 and TMC4 is only 5.95 mg/cm2, 6.81 mg/cm2 and 2.83 mg/cm2. It shows that during the entire oxidation process, the order of excellent high-temperature oxidation resistance is TMC4 > TMC1 > TMC3 > TB8.

Novel use of pop-up satellite archival telemetry in sawsharks: insights into the movement of the common sawshark Pristiophorus cirratus (Pristiophoridae)

BackgroundUnderstanding movement patterns of a species is vital for optimising conservation and management strategies. This information is often difficult to obtain in the marine realm for species that regularly occur at depth. The common sawshark (Pristiophorus cirratus) is a small, benthic-associated elasmobranch species that occurs from shallow to deep-sea environments. No information is known regarding its movement ecology. Despite this, P. cirrata are still regularly landed as nontargeted catch in the south eastern Australian fisheries. Three individuals were tagged with pop-up satellite archival tags (PSATs) off the coast of Tasmania, Australia, to test the viability of satellite tagging on these small elasmobranchs and to provide novel insights into their movement.ResultsTags were successfully retained for up to 3 weeks, but movement differed on an individual basis. All three individuals displayed a post-release response to tagging and limited vertical movement was observed for up to 5–7 days post-tagging. Temperature loggers on the tags suggest the animals were not stationary but moved horizontally during this time, presumably in a flight response. After this response, continuous wavelet transformations identified diel vertical movements in one individual at cyclical intervals of 12- and 24-hour periods; however, two others did not display as clear a pattern. Temperature was not significantly correlated with movement in the study period. The deepest depths recorded during the deployments for all individuals was approximately 120 m and the shallowest was 5 m.ConclusionsThis study demonstrates that sawsharks can be successfully tagged by pop-up satellite archival tags. The data presented here show that sawsharks regularly move both horizontally and vertically in the water column, which was an unexpected result for this small benthic species. Additional research aimed at resolving the trophic ecology will help identify the drivers of these movements and help to better define the ecological, behavioural and physiological roles of these sharks in their ecosystems. These data describe a substantial ability to move in the common sawshark that was previously unknown and provides the first account of movement ecology on the family of sawsharks: Pristiophoridae.

Topological relations between directed line segments in the cyclic space

Topological relations between directed line segments (DLs) may contribute to queries and analyses related to noninstantaneous phenomena whose position changes over time. Although considerable research has been conducted to study topological relation models and the specification of the topological relations that exist in reality, further work is required to consider what types of topological relations between DLs in a cyclic space can be realized. This research is a contribution to the clarification of the topological relations between DLs in a cyclic space that can occur in reality. A DL is divided into four primitives: a starting point, an ending point, an interior, and an exterior. A topological relation model between two DLs in a cyclic space with a 4 × 4 matrix is proposed in this article. A total of 38 topological relations between DLs in the cyclic space are distinguished, and the matrix patterns and the corresponding geometric interpretations of the 38 topological relations are shown to prove the existence of the topological relations. Eleven negative conditions are summarized to prove the completeness of the 38 topological relations. The cyclic interval relations, spherical topological relations, and topological relations presented in this research are compared. The results show the following: (1) the proposed topological relation model can well represent the topological relations between DLs, and (2) the proposed 11 negative conditions can be used to prove the completeness of the 38 topological relations.

Cyclic deficiency of graphs

A proper edge coloring of a graph G with colors 1,2,…,t is called a cyclic intervalt-coloring if for each vertex v of G the edges incident to v are colored by consecutive colors, under the condition that color 1 is considered as consecutive to color t. In this paper we introduce and investigate a new notion, the cyclic deficiency of a graph G, defined as the minimum number of pendant edges whose attachment to G yields a graph admitting a cyclic interval coloring; this number can be considered as a measure of closeness of G of being cyclically interval colorable. We determine or bound the cyclic deficiency of several families of graphs. In particular, we present examples of graphs of bounded maximum degree with arbitrarily large cyclic deficiency, and graphs whose cyclic deficiency approaches the number of vertices. Finally, we conjecture that the cyclic deficiency of any graph does not exceed the number of vertices, and we present several results supporting this conjecture.

Fabrication of a novel Zeolite-X/Reduced graphene oxide/Polypyrrole nanocomposite and its role in sensitive detection of CO

The nanocomposite of Zeolite-X/Reduced graphene oxide/Polypyrrole was successfully synthesized and characterized by Fourier Transform-Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Powder X-Ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA) for their nature, morphology and thermal stability. The gas sensing studies for the carbon monoxide detection was carried out at the concentrations ranging from 5 ppm to 1000 ppm. The effect of parameters viz. zeolite content, cyclic interval, CO concentration on the response of the nanocomposite towards CO were investigated. A lower value of response time for Na-X/rGO/PPy nanocomposite was found as compared to polypyrrole and Na-X/Polypyrrole composite which can be attributed due to the incorporation of high surface area constituents viz. zeolite and rGO in the Na-X/rGO/PPy nanocomposite. In addition, a lower value of recovery time of Na-X/rGO/PPy was found since rGO forms a layer inside and outside the Zeolite which prevents the permanent association of the CO with the Na ion of Na-Zeolite. The sensitivity value of the Na-X/rGO/PPy nanocomposite increased as the zeolite content was increased. This increase in the response by increasing the zeolite content is attributed due to the increase in the surface area of the composite.

Post-glacial drainage basin evolution in the midcontinent, North America: Implications for prehistoric human settlement patterns

Abstract: The long-term variation in archaeological site distribution in alluvial settings results from how changing environmental conditions and drainage basin evolution interplay with cultural needs and choices to configure site distribution. These relationships are often believed synchronous with large-scale climate and environmental changes. Research results within the White River valley drainage basin, central Indiana, USA, aimed to understand the fluvial and alluvial processes and chronology responsible for landform development and associated human settlement. Two long-term processes characterized the White River since local deglaciation. The first occurred between ∼18 ka (local deglaciation) and 6 ka when channel incision and erosion/lateral migration processes dominated along the trunk. The second occurred after 6 ka when cyclical intervals of overbanking, levee formation, and vertical accretion, separated by intervals of flood plain stability, characterized the White River floodplain. Because channel migration and lateral accretion processes predominated before 6 ka, Paleoindian and Early-Middle Archaic sites are unlikely to be preserved in the valley bottom. Conversely, episodic terrace accretion process after 6 ka means that Late Archaic and Woodland sites, which occur in surface contexts on all terraces, may also be common in buried or stratified floodplain contexts. Our data indicate that the modern distribution of archaeological sites in the valley is incomplete due to geomorphic processes. Our conclusions are relevant to other drainage networks because similar processes and chronologies occur elsewhere in the world.

Some bounds on the number of colors in interval and cyclic interval edge colorings of graphs

An intervalt-coloring of a multigraph G is a proper edge coloring with colors 1,…,t such that the colors of the edges incident with every vertex of G are colored by consecutive colors. A cyclic intervalt-coloring of a multigraph G is a proper edge coloring with colors 1,…,t such that the colors of the edges incident with every vertex of G are colored by consecutive colors, under the condition that color 1 is considered as consecutive to color t. Denote by w(G) (wc(G)) and W(G) (Wc(G)) the minimum and maximum number of colors in a (cyclic) interval coloring of a multigraph G, respectively. We present some new sharp bounds on w(G) and W(G) for multigraphs G satisfying various conditions. In particular, we show that if G is a 2-connected multigraph with an interval coloring, then W(G)≤1+|V(G)|2(Δ(G)−1). We also give several results towards the general conjecture that Wc(G)≤|V(G)| for any triangle-free graph G with a cyclic interval coloring; we establish that approximate versions of this conjecture hold for several families of graphs, and we prove that the conjecture is true for graphs with maximum degree at most 4.

High-resolution stratigraphy and zircon U–Pb geochronology of the Middle Triassic Buchenstein Formation (Dolomites, northern Italy): precession-forcing of hemipelagic carbonate sedimentation and calibration of the Anisian–Ladinian boundary interval

Orbitally forced cyclic variations in sedimentary sequences provide evidence for short-term fluctuations of Earth climate and a tool for high-resolution timescale calibration. We here present stratigraphic and geochronological evidence for precession-forcing in Middle Triassic hemipelagic limestones of the Buchenstein Formation (Dolomites, northern Italy). High-resolution stratigraphy of several correlative sections of the Buchenstein Formation documents a coherent cycle pattern. Isotope dilution thermal ionization mass spectrometry zircon U–Pb geochronology of tuffs bracketing the cyclic interval reveals an average cycle duration of 18.5 ± 2.1 kyr, consistent with a shorter climatic precession cycle in the Middle Triassic compared with today. This suggests a predominantly precession-controlled climate in this low-latitude setting of the western Tethys and allows high-precision calibration of the Anisian–Ladinian boundary interval. From integrating cyclostratigraphic and U–Pb geochronological constraints, our best estimate for the age of the Anisian–Ladinian boundary is 241.464 ± 0.064/0.097/0.28 Ma. We also provide precise estimates for lithostratigraphic boundaries, biostratigraphic markers and magnetic reversals within the boundary interval. Stratigraphic intervals with elevated sedimentation rate record a sub-Milankovitch signal that may be equivalent to patterns in adjacent carbonate platforms such as the Latemar platform. The origin of this sub-Milankovitch signal remains unknown but highlights the potential to investigate shorter-term climatic variations in Mesozoic sedimentary sequences. Supplementary material: Isotope dilution thermal ionization mass spectrometry U–Pb and laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry trace element data tables as well as the results of the Bayesian age modelling are available at https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.c.3861817 .

Some results on cyclic interval edge colorings of graphs

AbstractA proper edge coloring of a graph G with colors is called a cyclic interval t‐coloring if for each vertex v of G the edges incident to v are colored by consecutive colors, under the condition that color 1 is considered as consecutive to color t. We prove that a bipartite graph G of even maximum degree admits a cyclic interval ‐coloring if for every vertex v the degree satisfies either or . We also prove that every Eulerian bipartite graph G with maximum degree at most eight has a cyclic interval coloring. Some results are obtained for ‐biregular graphs, that is, bipartite graphs with the vertices in one part all having degree a and the vertices in the other part all having degree b; it has been conjectured that all these have cyclic interval colorings. We show that all (4, 7)‐biregular graphs as well as all ‐biregular () graphs have cyclic interval colorings. Finally, we prove that all complete multipartite graphs admit cyclic interval colorings; this proves a conjecture of Petrosyan and Mkhitaryan.

Analysis of cyclical behavior in time series of stock market returns

In this paper we have analyzed scaling properties and cyclical behavior of the three types of stock market indexes (SMI) time series: data belonging to stock markets of developed economies, emerging economies, and of the underdeveloped or transitional economies. We have used two techniques of data analysis to obtain and verify our findings: the wavelet transform (WT) spectral analysis to identify cycles in the SMI returns data, and the time-dependent detrended moving average (tdDMA) analysis to investigate local behavior around market cycles and trends. We found cyclical behavior in all SMI data sets that we have analyzed. Moreover, the positions and the boundaries of cyclical intervals that we found seam to be common for all markets in our dataset. We list and illustrate the presence of nine such periods in our SMI data. We report on the possibilities to differentiate between the level of growth of the analyzed markets by way of statistical analysis of the properties of wavelet spectra that characterize particular peak behaviors. Our results show that measures like the relative WT energy content and the relative WT amplitude of the peaks in the small scales region could be used to partially differentiate between market economies. Finally, we propose a way to quantify the level of development of a stock market based on estimation of local complexity of market’s SMI series. From the local scaling exponents calculated for our nine peak regions we have defined what we named the Development Index, which proved, at least in the case of our dataset, to be suitable to rank the SMI series that we have analyzed in three distinct groups.