Cyclic Intervals Research Articles

ワイヤーロープの静的試験および繰返し引張疲労試験

The objected of this experimental research was to decide the quality of several kinds of wire ropes of different sectional patterns under the static and the pulsating loads. Especially, the authors placed great emphasis on the latter case, and clarified the relations between the cycles of load repetitions and the elongation of wire ropes.Fatigue tests were made under the pulsating tensile load of +500kg-+5000kg, using the Losenhausen fatigue testing machine Type UHS.The wire ropes tested were of the following six kinds: Filler tpye of Hemp core (abbreviated to H.C.) and Rope Core (abbreviated to R.C.); Special Seale type of H.C. and R.C; and Warrington type of H.C. and R.C.. The Diameter of all wire ropes was 16mm in nominal size.Measurements on the elongation of wire rope during the progress of load repetitions were taken, using the Tanabe Deflectometer, with the cyclic interval, as a rule, with 25000 cycles interval of load repetitions.Main results obtained are as follows.(1) The fatigue failure of wire rope occurred in the neighbourhood of the socket of alloy metal where the most remarkable twist was observed during the testing.(2) The relation between the elongation of wire rope and the number of cycles of loading formed a line almost straight in most cases, on the semi-log graph, until the element wire failed, in which the abscissa was taken as the logarithm of the number of cycles. After the element wire failed, the elongation of the wire ropes gradually a remarkable increase, which got higher and higher showed the elongation which increased more and more until the strand failed, and they endured more than 20000 load cycles.(3) The order of durability of the wire ropes for the repeating load of +500kg-+5000kg was as follows: Special Seale type of R.C. (the best); The same of H.C.; Filler type of R.C.; The same of H.C.; Warrington type of R.C.; The same of H.C..(4) The rate of increment of wire rope elongation accompamying the progreass of cycles of load repetitions increased as for each wire rope in the following order: Warrington type of R.C.; Special Seale type of R.C.; Filler type of R.C.; Special Seale type of H.C.; Filler type of H.C.; Warrington type of H.C..(5) Comparing the group R.C. with that of H.C., the durability for fatigue of R.C. group was superior to that of H.C. group. On the contrary, the rate of increment of the elongation of R.C. group was inferior to that of H.C. group.

Climatic changes or cycles?

The sums of negative daily means of temperature (centigrade degrees) for the winter season appear to be suitable criteria of the severity or the mildness of winters.K. Knoch published such temperature totals for the homogenized 180 year's temperature series for Berlin, Germany. By means of the standard deviation (σ)objective numerical limits are established between normal and abnormal winters. Wedefine: winters with a temperature total smaller than the arithmetic mean of the entire series, $$\bar S( - )$$ diminished by σ aremild; those with a temperature total $$ > [\bar S( - ) + \sigma ]$$ aresevere. With these definitions a series of severe winters and one of mild winters are determined and investigated. The main result showed that frequencies, average numerical severity (or mildness), average time interval between abnormal winters, and therefore also contingent cyclic intervals depend, to a great extent, upon the magnitude of the usually arbitrarily fixed limits (between normal and abnormal). Theobjective limits, here used, do not offer a reason to surmise a cyclical recurrence of extreme winters — mild or severe — in the case of the Berlin temperature series. Avoiding any deformation of the actual series — as can be caused by intense smoothing procedures — a simple method revealed clearly the existence of asecular climatic change. During the first portion of the 180 years' period, severe winters were prevalent, while during the second portion mild ones prevailed.

OVARIAN DYSFUNCTIONS AND THEIR TREATMENT

The ovaries have three essential functions: First, they produce ova, the germ cells. Second, they elaborate or metabolize estrogenic substances, which play a primary role in the development of the female secondary sex characters and in the maintenance of the accessory genital organs. Third, in them is formed corpus luteum, an ovarian structure which appears at cyclic intervals and produces a hormone, progesterone, which is indispensable for reproduction. Ovarian dysfunctions must be regarded as manifestations of deficiency or hyperactivity of one or more of these phenomena, but with the present knowledge a classification in terms of clinical syndromes is impossible. For this reason it is best to discuss the subject not on the basis of ovarian pathologic conditions but indirectly from evidences of gonadal disturbance obtained from the study of disorders of menstruation. It must be granted that there are disadvantages in doing this, since one must deal with symptoms