Cyclic Character Research Articles

Violência contra a mulher: consequências da perspectiva de gênero para as políticas de segurança pública

A Lei Maria da Penha promoveu um acréscimo significativo na demanda de atuação policial. Estudos têm demonstrado o caráter cíclico da violência doméstica, decorrente da dificuldade de rompimento de relações afetivas marcadas pela violência, com a resistência em denunciar e a tendência de reatar o relacionamento, bem como o caráter potencialmente letal na evolução deste ciclo de violência. Tais características das relações de gênero devem ser incorporadas nas estratégias político-criminais de atuação policial, trazendo como consequências: (1) a especial atenção à não prática de atos de revitimização durante as interações com a mulher; (2) a incorporação de novas estratégias de investigação criminal que não se fundamentem, exclusivamente, na palavra da vítima, diante do elevado risco de eventual não cooperação posterior da mulher com a persecução penal; e (3) a incorporação de estratégias político-criminais de monitoramento de casos de risco e de integração em rede para a prevenção da reiteração da violência. A realização de reformas nas instituições policiais a partir desse paradigma hermenêutico de gênero pode permitir substancial elevação na concretização do direito fundamental à segurança das mulheres.

STRONG WINDS AND WINDTHROWS IN THE FORESTS OF THE UKRAINIAN CARPATHIANS

Using data from 16 meteorological stations, the frequency and intensity of strong winds (³20 m/s) in the Ukrainian Carpathians have been analysed. 6,633 events of strong wind were recorded in this region, 60 per cent of them at the mountain meteostations Pozhezhevs'ka and Plaj. The number of strong winds at each station varied greatly from one year to another. In 1996 an annual maximum of 52 strong winds at one station (Pozhyzhevs'ka mountain) was recorded. In general, frequency of the strong winds fluctuated and showed cyclical character. 60 per cent of the strong winds occurred between October and March. 55 percent of the analysed strong winds showed maximum wind speeds between 20.0 and 24.9 m/s. There were a total of 413 strong wind events (6.2 %) with the wind speeds of 40 m/s or more. Winter storms usually lasted longer than summer storms. Analysed was the literature regarding the factors affecting the extent of windthrows. Also, investigated was the influence of the stands composition, their age, average height, average diameter, site class and stand density on the volume of windthrows in the Ukrainian Carpathians. In general, the windthrows in the region under investigation have been only of local character. The volume of the windthrow timber made up on the average 238 m3 per ha. The amount of windthrows changes considerably from year to year. The most frequent forest winthrows were observed in spruce stands. This species made up 72 per cent of the total volume of the fallen trees. The share of silver fir made up 13 per cent of the fallen timber while the share of beech amounted to 12 per cent. Other species made up only 3 per cent of the fallen trees. The windthrows damaged largely the middle-density stands aged 71 to 90 years with the average height ranging from 26 to 30 m. The ways and methods of mitigating the wind-induced damage to forest of the Ukrainian Carpathians are indicated.

РЕЗУЛЬТАТЫ МОРФОФУНКЦИОНАЛЬНЫХ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЙ СУХОЙ КОЖИ ЛИЦА У ЖЕНЩИН В РАЗНЫХ ВОЗРАСТНЫХ ГРУППАХ

In cosmetology, there is a wide range of methods and means to correct aesthetic deficiencies and symptoms of involutional changes, in particular, dry skin. It is not sufficient to assess the patient visually while deciding which tactics of dry skin complex correction and prevention to choose. Skin dryness has a cyclical character with a tendency to age deterioration, so it is very important to have rational beauty care, adapted to the physiology and skin structure. Operating principles of instruments to assess hydration, hydrolipidic skin mantle, elasticity, flexibility and transepidermal water loss are reviewed. The authors discuss the key goals and practical value of the described biophysical study methods as well as possible impact of age, environment and conducted treatment on the dynamics of the indices. The article presents an overview of the main methods for studying the morphofunctional condition of the skin: determination of skin moisture, elasticity, greasiness, trans-epidermal water loss, as well as skin ultrasound examination. We discuss the main objectives and practical significance of the described methods of non-invasive skin studying, as well as possible influence of age on the dynamics of dry skin of women of different age groups. This paper deals with the clinical aspects of non-invasive methods for diagnostics of various abnormalities and pathological changes in the skin. The necessity of their application in cosmetology is substantiated.

From theme to rheme: The evolution of causal conjunctions of temporal origin in Catalan

AbstractWe trace the evolution of two causal conjunctions of temporal origin in Catalan,pus (que)‘since’ (laterpuix (que)), which ultimately derives from Latinpost‘after,’ andja que‘since,’ ultimately fromiam‘already.’ We focus on the different causal meanings that these connectors may express at different stages. The analysis of our Catalan corpus, which spans from the 13th to the 20th century, reveals a clear diachronic tendency for clauses headed by these conjunctions to be increasingly more frequently placed after the main clause. Given the expected correlation between clausal order and pragmatic function, we interpret these facts as showing that the thematic usage of clauses (primarily expressing causes oriented to the illocutionary force or the modal value) is prior to their interpretation as having rhematic causal value. These findings replicate the results that have been reported for the cognate Spanish conjunctions (with some time lag for Catja quevis-à-vis Spya que). and thus show a parallel evolution in the two languages. Furthermore, as in Spanish,puix (que)andja queshow a very similar evolutionary pattern, with the difference that the latter connector develops a few centuries later, providing some evidence for the cyclic character of this evolution (i.e, as the older connector moved along its grammaticalization path, a second connector arose to replace it in its original value and started evolving in the same direction).

Understanding organizational change for alliancing

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to examine an organization’s operational alignment in the process of alliance formation.Design/methodology/approachA literature study was conducted on the strategic importance of assessing and aligning organizations’ operations for alliancing. Furthermore, an instrumental case study was conducted to provide insight in the degree of operational alignment required for a maritime organization to form a service alliance.FindingsManagers indicate a complex set of organizational capabilities required for improving operating process to successfully execute their alliance strategy. Two improvement trajectories were found to be used by alliance managers for aligning operations with alliance strategy: development of a corporate alliance infrastructure, and nurturing a collaborative business culture.Research limitations/implicationsThe research is limited to one public organization establishing a vertical service alliance with one of its suppliers.Originality/valueThe paper introduces a new conceptual model of the alliance formation process, addressing the cyclical character of the pre-formation stage in which intra- and interorganizational management considerations alternate.

Multiaxial elastoplastic cyclic loading of austenitic 316L steel

Cyclic stress-strain response and fatigue damage character has been investigated in austenitic stainless steel 316L. Hollow cylindrical specimens have been cyclically deformed in combined tension-compression and torsion under constant strain rate condition and different constant strain and shear strain amplitudes. In-phase and 90° out-of-phase cyclic straining was applied and the stress response has been monitored. Cyclic hardening/softening curves were assessed in both channels. Cyclic softening followed for higher strain amplitudes by long-term cyclic hardening was observed. Cyclic stress-strain curves were determined. Study of the surface damage in fractured specimens revealed the types and directions of principal cracks and the sources of fatigue crack initiation in slip bands.

Evolution of the nickel structure during deformation by shear under high pressure at 150°C

Initial single-crystal nickel deformed by shear under pressure at the temperature of 150°C has been studied. It has been found that, under these conditions, dynamic recrystallization develops in nickel. As a result, after true strain in the range of 4 < е < 9, a heterogeneous structure that consist of recrystallized grains of different defectiveness and microcrystallites is formed. Calorimetric studies have shown that the stored energy varies nonmonotonically with increasing true strain, which is associated with the cyclic character of dynamic recrystallization. In the calorimetric dependence, several peaks of heat release have been revealed that are connected with the nonsimultaneous occurrence of static recrystallization upon heating in nickel with a heterogeneous structure formed upon dynamic recrystallization.

ОРГАНИЗАЦИЯ УЧЕБНОГО ПРОЦЕССА ПО ФИЗИЧЕСКОМУ ВОСПИТАНИЮ В ВУЗЕ В СООТВЕТСТВИИ С НОВЫМИ ТРЕБОВАНИЯМИ ОБРАЗОВАТЕЛЬНОГО СТАНДАРТА

&lt;p&gt;The paper deals with the problems of the new approach to the planning of the physical education. The research aim was to determine the influence of aerobic activity on the dynamics of physical training and health promotion among students by involving cyclical sports in the physical culture classes at higher educational institutions. The teachers are advised to give consideration not to the sport results but to the students’ state of health at the physical culture classes. Traditionally formed classes directed at the fulfillment of control demands are not always effective in the context of health promotion. Special attention must be paid to the solution of health life and educational problems of students, formation of their methodical knowledge, raising in them a stable need in systematic exercising. Teachers should help students control the development of their physical qualities and teach them to make conclusions about their own health state.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The research results confirmed the supposition that physical exercises of cyclical character have a more positive influence on health dynamics, and the 100 % scale grade improves students’ physical activity.&lt;/p&gt;

Evaluation of Clinker Microstructure Changes Resulting from Different Subsoil Contacts After Long-term Exposition to Polish Climate Conditions

A face wall is defined as an element applied inside or outside which should have an attractive look. The achievement of expected results is very difficult. Usually, during the first years of exploitation efflorescence appears, covering mostly clinker surface. This is primary efflorescence which should disappear within the first year of exploitation. Long-term observations led by the author on real objects indicate that this period is definitely longer, and efflorescence change depending on seasons of the year. The essential influence has the wall and subsoil contact area. This is an area especially endangered with rain and soluble compounds contained in water. The cyclic character of these changes influences the clinker microstructure. This paper deals with clinker microstructure changes resulting from ten years of exposition to external climate. There are three cases of wall and ground contact: a tight concrete band, humus layer, and gravel filter layer. The tests were performed on a field station located at the University of Science and Technology in Bydgoszcz. Three types of clinker walls with different mortars were analyzed. Six samples of bricks designed for wall erecting were taken as initial material for microstructure evaluation. The tests were led on 5mm thick face layer of bricks. Based on observation there were indicated areas of the biggest efflorescence intensity. Microstructure evaluation was done using mercury porosimetry method. The results obtained were used for comparative analysis of meso- and macropore share changes in clinker after ten years of functioning in external environment. These tests let us indicate the best solution taking into account the wall and ground contact.

Cyclic response and early damage evolution in multiaxial cyclic loading of 316L austenitic steel

Cyclic stress-strain response and fatigue damage character has been investigated in austenitic stainless steel 316L. Hollow cylindrical specimens were cyclically deformed in torsion and combined axial-torsion under constant strain rate condition and different constant strain and shear strain amplitudes. In-phase and 90° out-of-phase cyclic straining was applied and the stress and plastic strain response has been recorded. Cyclic hardening/softening curves were assessed and plotted using equivalent stress and strain. Long-term cyclic hardening followed initial cyclic softening in case of high strain amplitudes. Cyclic hardening was proved to be connected with the formation of strain induced martensite. Cyclic stress-strain curves were determined. The study of the surface damage in fractured specimens identified the types and directions of principal cracks. FIB cutting revealed the mechanisms of the early fatigue damage leading to production of persistent slip markings consisting of extrusions and intrusions. Fatigue crack initiated typically from the tip of intrusions in all straining conditions.

Housing Market Cycles A Disequilibrium Model and Its Application to the Primary Housing Market in Warsaw

This paper presents a simple disequilibrium model in the primary housing market, calibrated to the Warsaw market. Our aim is to point out that the primary housing market, due to the long construction process is always in disequilibrium, which has important policy implications. We discuss the last housing cycle and show how a combination of slight demand shocks with short-term rigid supply leads to strong fluctuations of house prices and new construction. The primary market can create a significant distress to the economy, because when house prices rise, this sector attracts capital and workers and is able to generate excessive supply, which finally can lead to the burst of the price bubble. The cyclical character is a permanent feature of the property market and can be explained by the inelasticity of supply. Market participants form price and demand expectations based on past observations. This causes frequent cycles that, under specific conditions, can lead to economic crises. We believe that the model describes the reality of the primary housing market better than equilibrium models do, so it can be useful for central banks and financial supervision institutions in the analysis of the impact of fiscal and monetary policy and regulations on the real estate market

Bidirectional flow measurement based on the differential pressure method for surge analysis on a small centrifugal compressor

To obtain a high temporal resolution of mass flow data, a flowmeter based on the differential pressure method has been developed. It is capable of detecting negative flow for investigations of dynamic effects in small centrifugal compressors used for turbocharging automotive internal combustion engines. Experiments were performed at a hot gas test bench focusing on the surge characteristics at different turbocharger speeds and the influence of volume modifications downstream of the compressor. Instantaneous operating points could be traced in the compressor map including the typical orbits at deep surge resulting from the cyclic character of the phenomenon.

Features of water droplet deformation during motion in a gaseous medium under conditions of moderate and high temperatures

Using cross-correlation video recording facilities, the features of deformation of water droplets with characteristic dimensions of 3–6 mm are studied experimentally during their motion in a high temperature (about 1100 K) gaseous medium (in combustion products) with velocities of up to 5 m/s. In addition, experiments for water droplets moving with identical initial velocities and dimensions in air at moderate (about 300 K) air temperatures are carried out. Typical shapes of droplets and cyclical character of their variation during motion in the considered gaseous media are established. The numerical values of the main characteristics of the isolated “deformation cycles” (amplitude, times, and durations) are determined, and their susceptibility to high temperatures of the gaseous medium, droplet dimensions, and droplet motion velocities is revealed.

Global integration of the Schrödinger equation within the wave operator formalism: the role of the effective Hamiltonian in multidimensional active spaces

A global solution of the Schrödinger equation, obtained recently within the wave operator formalism for explicitly time-dependent Hamiltonians (Leclerc and Jolicard 2015 J. Phys. A: Math. Theor. 48 225205), is generalized to take into account the case of multidimensional active spaces. An iterative algorithm is derived to obtain the Fourier series of the evolution operator issuing from a given multidimensional active subspace and then the effective Hamiltonian corresponding to the model space is computed and analysed as a measure of the cyclic character of the dynamics. Studies of the laser controlled dynamics of diatomic models clearly show that a multidimensional active space is required if the wavefunction escapes too far from the initial subspace. A suitable choice of the multidimensional active space, including the initial and target states, increases the cyclic character and avoids divergences occuring when one-dimensional active spaces are used. The method is also proven to be efficient in describing dissipative processes such as photodissociation.

REALIZATION OF RUSSIAN MINISTER OF EDUCATION PAVEL N. IGNATIEV‟S PEDAGOGICAL IDEAS IN THE SOVIET ERA

This actual research is devoted to the analysis of realization of a complex of scientific and pedagogical ideas of Pavel N. Ignatyev – minister of national education of the Russian Empire – in Soviet period. In article the emphasis on continuity of the Soviet school is placed, it is specified that it developed on a platform which was put by Pavel N. Ignatyev and his reforms. Also in article the author claims that in Russia in the late sixties – the beginning of the 80th reformatory measures of other character were carried out. It didn't concern "revolution in education", creation of new educational system, a cardinal change of course of teaching and educational process, characteristic for "all-school reforms". Generally it was talked of modernization of the maintenance of the general education taking into account those tasks which moved forward scientific and technical progress. The similar "small" reforms which had conceptual value were natural and had cyclic and periodic character, and thanks to collaboration of the special Commission of Academy of Sciences of the USSR and allied Academy of pedagogical sciences in 1965-1966 changes were made to the content of education as most important component of educational system, increasing its quality on the basis of achievements of science and technology to level not only the European, but also international standards.

Comparative Analysis of Innovation Processes in the CIS Countries

The article dwells on a retrospective analysis of a cyclic character of the development of economy processes in CIS countries with the help of productive dependencies, The authors research the existing structure of a cyclic crisis way out which can be connected only with the growth of world economy followed, probably, by a growth of consumer`s demand for basic goods exported by CIS countries. DOI: 10.5901/mjss.2016.v7n2p170

Peculiarities of the behavior of the W–Al2O3 system in a controlled reducing atmosphere

The W–Al2O3 system at T = 2400 K and standard pressure (controlled Ar + H2 atmosphere) has been calculated by stochastic simulation. It is shown that the presence of hydrogen leads to the formation of aluminum hydrides, hydrogen oxides, and aluminum hydroxides; the compounds from the two latter groups (except for water) can interact directly with tungsten. The main chemical reactions occurring in the system are determined, based on which a conclusion about the cyclic character of the processes is drawn. Some recommendations on the composition and pressure of controlled atmosphere for growing sapphire crystals are given.

Cykle pokoleniowe w czasie i przestrzeni = Generation cycles in time and space

There are many different domains of science whose elaborated theoretical concepts assume that development (understood in terms of the definite succession of processes and transformations (Taylor and Flint, 2000; Domański, 2005) is of a cyclical nature. Among these concepts, the one entailing generation cycles looks most convincing. Thus, in the view of co-authors William Strauss and Neil Howe (1991, 1997), social change is driven by generation cycles of 15-25 years’ duration, albeit coming together into phases some 80 years long termed saecula. M. Alexander in turn maintains that a saeculum corresponds to one Kondratieff cycle, and has also designated 36-year paradigmatic cycles identical to those found for the New York Stock Exchange. The latter are shown to comprise approximately two Strauss-Howe cycles. It is in turn Wojciech Białek (2009) who has applied the term “generation cycle” to these cycles of roughly 36 years’ duration, given that this length of time concurs with geneticists’ recently established average difference in age between consecutive generations (Tremblay and Vezina, 2000). Where the historical experience of Polish society is concerned, the existence of a 30-40 year generation cycle governing political and cultural life would not represent a truly new discovery. Norman Davies (1984, 1995) notes that: “There is no doubt that the wheel of political fortune in nineteenth-century Poland revolved with a regularity beyond the bounds of mere coincidence”. In his opinion, therefore: “strong credence must be given to the idea that the regular alternation of the two dominant ideologies was closely associated with the rise and fall of successive generations”. (…) “Neither Romantics nor Positivists could ever enjoy a run of more than three or four decades before disillusionment and failure destroyed their supremacy, and gave an opening for the revival of their opponents”. The cyclical character of definite processes observed under both Polish and American conditions in fact emerges as of a universal nature, finding its analogies throughout the world, though first and foremost within the European cultural circle. It is also possible to speak of its far reaching synchronicity, encompassing change on both local and global scales. This is witnessed by successive culminations of cycles with the French Revolution and Napoleonic Wars, the revolutionary surges of the 1830s and 1840s, the events of the 1860s and 1870s, the turbulences and wars of the early 20th century (notably World War I), then World War II, the great transformations of the 1980s, and the recently observed increase in political tension in various parts of the world (e.g. t e Middle East, Ukraine, etc.). In the economic sphere the symptoms are shifts in the business climate, which can even be calculated by reference to quantitative indicators. Then, in the sphere of culture, it is possible to denote successive periods in literature and the arts. In the political sphere in turn, events that shape the state or territorial order are to be observed readily. The present article thus seeks to propose the existence of a universal and synchronous 36-year generation cycle, which manifests itself in real symptoms in the world of politics, and for instance in the cyclicity seen to characterise intensit of change on the political map of Europe.

ATMOSPHERE EXPANSION AND MASS LOSS OF CLOSE-ORBIT GIANT EXOPLANETS HEATED BY STELLAR XUV. II. EFFECTS OF PLANETARY MAGNETIC FIELD; STRUCTURING OF INNER MAGNETOSPHERE

This is the second paper in a series where we build a self-consistent model to simulate the mass-loss process of a close-orbit magnetized giant exoplanet, so-called hot Jupiter (HJ). In this paper we generalize the hydrodynamic (HD) model of an HJ expanding hydrogen atmosphere, proposed in the first paper, to include the effects of intrinsic planetary magnetic field. The proposed self-consistent axisymmetric 2D magnetohydrodynamics model incorporates radiative heating and ionization of the atmospheric gas, basic hydrogen chemistry for the appropriate account of major species composing HJ's upper atmosphere and related radiative energy deposition, and H3+ and Ly{\alpha} cooling processes. The model also takes into account a realistic solar-type X-ray/EUV spectrum for calculation of intensity and column density distribution of the radiative energy input, as well as gravitational and rotational forces acting in a tidally locked planet-star system. An interaction between the expanding atmospheric plasma and an intrinsic planetary magnetic dipole field leads to the formation of a current-carrying magnetodisk that plays an important role for topology and scaling of the planetary magnetosphere. A cyclic character of the magnetodisk behavior, composed of consequent phases of the disk formation followed by the magnetic reconnection with the ejection of a ring-type plasmoid, has been discovered and investigated. We found that the mass-loss rate of an HD 209458b analog planet is weakly affected by the equatorial surface field <0.3 G, but is suppressed by an order of magnitude at the field of 1 G.

Recostruction of the unusual Mid Miocene (Badenian) palaeoenvironment of the Carpathian Foredeep (Lomnice/Tišnov denudational relict, Czech Republic)

Multiproxy sedimentological, gammaspectrometric, foraminiferal, calcareous nannoplankton, and otolith data were used for the reconstruction of the Badenian (Middle Miocene) history of the Moravian part of the Carpathian Foredeep. The study material originated from the new bore hole LOM-1, which drilled >20 metres of monotonous clayey siltstones with exceptionally rich and well preserved microfossil assemblages. Distal parts of the Carpathian Foredeep (a forebulge depozone) are exposed in this succession. Generally, a quiet environment of outer shelf to upper bathyal of monotonous clayey silts was interpreted, which is typical for the proximal parts of a peripheral foreland basin. The section studied can be subdivided into six intervals, confirming the cyclical character of Middle Miocene sedimentation in the Central Paratethys. Interannual oscillations of nutrient content, temperature and/or salinity are interpreted based on the oscil aions of geochemical as well as palaeobiological data. The turnover connected with the initiation of the Middle Miocene Climatic Transition is recorded above the LO (last occurrence) of Helicosphaera waltrans in agree ment with previous observations in the Carpathian Foredeep. The changes include cooling a decrease in nutrients, a probable increase of the sa linity of surface water, and increase of seasonality. Seasonal ity was manifested by an alternation of mixed and stratified water columns with a seasonal input of nutrients. Concerning nutrients, sources of seasonal riverine input or seasonal upwelling are both possible.