Exchange Cycle Research Articles

ОСНОВНЫЕ ЭТАПЫ РАЗВИТИЯ КРИПТОГРАФИЧЕСКИХ ПРОТОКОЛОВ SSL/TLS И IPsec

The paper discusses the main stages of development of cryptographic protocols from SSL 2.0 (Secure Socket Layer) to TLS 1.3 (Transport Layer Security), which ensure the protection of transport layer data in the OSI model. A brief description of the modification of the RuTLS protocol based on TLS 1.3 and their main differences is given. The development of IPsec, which provides cryptographic protection of communications at the network level of the OSI model, is considered using examples of the development of the three most commonly used protocols. These include IKE (Internet Key Exchange), AH (Authentication Header), and ESP (Encapsulation Security Payload). For the SSL/TLS and IPsec specifications, the basic handshake protocols and the main stages of their development are considered. The described handshakes include primary cryptographic information exchange cycles in the form of identifiers of interaction participants, one-time numbers, lists of supported cryptographic combinations. Authentication of participants based on certificates, shared symmetric keys, data exchange for establishing a shared Diffie — Hellman secret, development of key material for secret keys of communication sessions, message authentication, and other cryptographic parameters are presented. For different versions of SSL/TLS and IPsec, the logical structures of application data cryptographic protection functions are described.

A Decision Support System for Urban Agriculture Using Digital Twin: A Case Study With Aquaponics

There are many pressures on the global food system such as urbanization, climate change, and environmental degradation. Urban agriculture is an approach to producing food inside cities where, globally, more than half the worlds population live. It has been shown to have a range of potential benefits, for instance in reducing waste and logistics costs. Increased uptake of urban farming can even relieve pressure on the natural environment by reducing the burden of production required from farmland by creating space for it to recover from accumulated damage as a result of the use of unsustainable farming practices historically. This article describes an approach for a new type of decision support system suitable for urban farming production. We discuss differences between the requirements and the users of decision support in urban agriculture, and those of ordinary agribusiness enterprises. A case study is performed using a novel technology for urban farming: a cyber-physical implementation of aquaponics is enhanced with adaptive capabilities using a digital twin system and machine learning. Aquaponics is a farming technique that utilizes a harmonious nutrient exchange cycle for growing plants and fish together, while conserving water, and possibly without the need for soil or even sunlight. Empirical results are provided that evaluate the use of data driven decision analytics and a digital twin model to plan production from the aquaponic system during a three month trial. Another set of results evaluate a proposed modelling framework for large scale urban agriculture ecosystems. This concept forms the basis of the suggested approach for an urban farming decision support system that coordinates the activities of many independent producers to target collective goals.

ANALYSIS OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF CONSENSUS-BUILDING ALGORITHMS IN DISTRIBUTED DATA PROCESSING SYSTEMS BASED ON BLOCKCHAIN TECHNOLOGY

The authors of the article consider consensus-building algorithms that are central to the life cycle of transactional exchange between nodes of a DDPS (Distributed Data Processing System) based on blockchain technology. The term under consideration is formally defined. It is proved that when developing these algorithms, it is necessary to choose the main indicators and methods for calculating them, which can be used to evaluate their effectiveness. The process of false forking is described in detail, and the probability of its occurrence is calculated in order to assess the security of data stored in the distributed ledger. When analyzing existing consensus-building algorithms based on statistical data, it is shown that the Byzantine Fault Tolerance Delegated Proof-of-Stake (BFT-DPoS) algorithm has a higher level of efficiency not only in terms of security, but also in terms of performance compared to other algorithms. There is a lack of comprehensive evaluation of candidates for winning Registrar nodes that generate (mining) blocks and distribute them to verifier nodes. It is concluded that the elimination of the above-mentioned drawback would provide a more correct construction of the distributed ledger, since most of the existing algorithms are focused on applicability only in cryptocurrency systems and are not universal. To solve this problem, we propose the need to synthesize the BFT-DPoS and Proof-of-Importance algorithms in order to make it applicable to any type of DDPS using distributed ledger technology (blockchain).

Performance Analysis of Internal Heat Exchanger‐Based Quasi‐Two‐Stage Vapor Compression Heat Pump System for High‐Temperature Steam Production

The thermodynamic performance of a high‐temperature heat pump steam (HTHPS) system is determined mainly by its different cycle configurations. The present study involves improving the thermodynamic performance of a quasi‐two‐stage vapor compression high‐temperature heat pump based on a front internal heat exchanger (IHX) cycle and a rear, and analyzing the influence of an IHX. The present study establishes thermodynamic models for front reheating structure (FRS) and rear reheating structure (RRS) models on the basis of conservation of mass and energy. The system is compared to the traditional quasi‐two‐stage compression cycle system in terms of thermodynamic parameters. The results demonstrated that the RRS system exhibits an increase of 4.87% in the coefficient of performance when the exhaust superheats is maintained under 5 K. With an increase in the condensation temperature, the required mass flow of the refrigerant in the traditional system is 9.94–12.36% higher compared to the RRS system, the power consumption of the compressor is increased by 3.9–5.6%, and the steam output per unit refrigerant is decreased by 1.04–5.07%. Furthermore, the Aspen Plus simulation verifies that the reason for the change in the exhaust superheats is the different pressure ratios in the theoretical calculation.

Disseminated inflammation of the central nervous system associated with acute hepatitis E: a case report

BackgroundHepatitis E infection affects over 20 million people worldwide. Reports of neurological manifestations are largely limited to the peripheral nervous system. We report a middle-aged genotype 3c male patient with acute hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection and severe neurological deficits with evidence of multiple disseminated inflammatory lesions of the central nervous system.Case presentationA 42-year-old male patient presented to our emergency department with musculoskeletal weakness, bladder and bowel retention, blurred vision and ascending hypoesthesia up to the level of T8. Serology showed elevated liver enzymes and positive IgM-titers of hepatitis E. Analysis of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) showed mild pleocytosis and normal levels of glucose, lactate and protein. HEV-RNA-copies were detected in the CSF and stool. Within 3 days after admission the patient became paraplegic, had complete visual loss and absent pupillary reflexes. MRI showed inflammatory demyelination of the optic nerve sheaths, multiple subcortical brain regions and the spinal cord. Electrophysiology revealed axonal damage of the peroneal nerve on both sides with absent F-waves. Treatment was performed with methylprednisolone, two cycles of plasma exchange (PLEX), one cycle of intravenous immunoglobulins (IVIG) and ribavirin which was used off-label. Liver enzymes normalized after 1 week and serology was negative for HEV-RNA after 3 weeks. Follow-up MRI showed progressive demyelination and new leptomeningeal enhancement at the thoracic spine and cauda equina 4 weeks after admission. Four months later, after rehabilitation was completed, repeated MRI showed gliotic transformation of the spinal cord without signs of an active inflammation. Treatment with rituximab was initiated. The patient remained paraplegic and hypoesthesia had ascended up to T5. Nevertheless, he regained full vision.ConclusionsOur case indicates a possible association of acute HEV infection with widespread disseminated central nervous system inflammation. Up to now, no specific drugs have been approved for the treatment of acute HEV infection. We treated our patient off-label with ribavirin and escalated immunomodulatory therapy considering clinical progression and the possibility of an autoimmune response targeting nerve cell structures.While response to treatment was rather limited in our case, detection of HEV in patients with acute neurological deficits might help optimize individual treatment strategies.

Mainstream nitrogen separation and side-stream removal to reduce discharge and footprint of wastewater treatment plants

The activated sludge process is efficient for pollutant removal, but was criticized for its large upfront investment and land area requirements. Improving nitrogen removal to levels sufficient to reduce eutrophication is a challenge to conventional nitrification and denitrification, which is limited by process configuration (with nitrate recirculation) and environmental inhibition. To satisfy stringent discharge standards within a compact plant footprint, a sustainable strategy by moving nitrogen removal from mainstream to side-stream is designed by a cycle of ammonium exchange, regeneration and nitrogen removal (AERN), combined with biological and physiochemical technologies. Ammonium was rapidly captured by ion exchangers, then exchanged into regenerant, and converted to N2 by chlorination or Sharon-anaerobic ammonia oxidation in the side-stream. The AERN cycle can be combined with a high-rate anaerobic/aerobic process and chemical phosphorus removal to construct a HAERN process, or inserted between a coagulation-sedimentation tank and a membrane bioreactor to construct a CAERNM process. Two AERN-based systems both achieved efficient pollutants removal (especially for nitrogen removal of 86.8–93.7%) in long-term running, and didn't impair exchange capacity and properties of ion exchangers. Compared with the conventional anaerobic/anoxic/aerobic process, AERN-based processes reduce land occupancy, upfront investments, and treatment costs by 59.9–71.1%, 25.5–38.0% and 2.3–31.0%, respectively.

How Well Can Land-Surface Models Represent the Diurnal Cycle of Turbulent Heat Fluxes?

AbstractThe diurnal cycle of solar radiation represents the strongest energetic forcing and dominates the exchange of heat and mass of the land surface with the atmosphere. This diurnal heat redistribution represents a core of land–atmosphere coupling that should be accurately represented in land surface models (LSMs), which are critical parts of weather and climate models. We employ a diagnostic model evaluation approach using a signature-based metric that describes the diurnal variation of heat fluxes. The metric is obtained by decomposing the diurnal variation of surface heat fluxes into their direct response and the phase lag to incoming solar radiation. We employ the output of 13 different LSMs driven with meteorological forcing of 20 FLUXNET sites (PLUMBER dataset). All LSMs show a poor representation of the evaporative fraction and thus the diurnal magnitude of the sensible and latent heat flux under cloud-free conditions. In addition, we find that the diurnal phase of both heat fluxes is poorly represented. The best performing model only reproduces 33% of the evaluated evaporative conditions across the sites. The poor performance of the diurnal cycle of turbulent heat exchange appears to be linked to how models solve for the surface energy balance and redistribute heat into the subsurface. We conclude that a systematic evaluation of diurnal signatures is likely to help to improve the simulated diurnal cycle, better represent land–atmosphere interactions, and therefore improve simulations of the near-surface climate.

Influence of kinetic effects on long wavelength gradient-drift instability in high-frequency range in Hall thruster

A typical for Hall thruster discharges strong inhomogeneity of plasma parameters is a source of various types of instabilities. Some types of such instabilities (long high-frequency waves, in particular) are assumed to contribute to anomalous electron conductivity, which is essential to understand for the development of a reliable modelling tool for Hall thrusters. In this paper, the results of an analytical study of the influence of kinetic effects on dispersion properties of high-frequency perturbations in Hall thruster plasmas are presented, including the effect of the gradient magnetic electron drift on the long wavelength high-frequency instability. It was shown that when the long waves with phase velocity on the order of the unperturbed electron drift motion occur, the electron guiding center deviates significantly from the electric field equipotential line. The observed phenomenon leads to a self-sustained cycle of an intensive energy exchange between the waves and the electrons and a long-wavelength high-frequency instability inciting each other.

The carbon reactions of photosynthesis: role of lectins and glycoregulation

Modulation of glycoregulation in agriculture is reviewed here with emphasis on the elucidation of previously unknown pathways involving vacuolar lectins as well as a bypass of lectins that direct free sugars toward productivity. The reversible binding sequences of the endogenous lectin cycle are compared to an induced lectin bypass, as follows. (1) In the cycle, carbohydrate ligands, with similar binding specificities that compete for binding sites on lectins, are involved in the natural cycle of sugar exchanges. (2) For the bypass, tightly bound ligands that occupy lectins prevent free sugars from binding, making them available for productivity. This bypass is induced by methyl-α-D-mannopyranoside, a biochemical plant growth regulator for photosynthesis. Integration of this novel technology, with structural elements crucial for ligand binding by the lectins and with nitrogen assimilation, provides the basis for successful modulation of glycoregulation in crops for enhancement of quality and quantity.

Thermodynamic and thermoeconomic analyses of a new dual-loop organic Rankine – Generator absorber heat exchanger power and cooling cogeneration system

This study aims to produce power and cooling by applying exhaust heat. To this end, a hybrid dual-loop organic Rankine – Generator absorber exchange cycle is designed and studied. Furthermore, a thermoeconomic analysis is an essential requirement to study the performance of a thermal cycle. For this reason, the thermoeconomic analysis of this cycle is performed. The dual-loop organic Rankine cycle used in the present study has one low-temperature loop and one high-temperature loop in which R143a and Water are used as working fluids, respectively. Also, in the generator absorber exchange refrigeration loop, ammonia-water is applied as a working fluid. In this research, the impact of pressure and temperature of the first evaporator as well as the generator temperature on exergy efficiency, thermal efficiency, total exergy destruction, exergy destruction ratio, net output power, the heat transfer rate of all components, and the coefficient of performance of the Generator absorber exchange section of the hybrid cycle are evaluated. The results indicate that with increasing the temperature of the first evaporator from 620 K to 680 K, the quantities of exergy efficiency, thermal efficiency, total exergy destruction, and net output power increases with the highest increase being 19.96%, 26.54%, 5.67%, and 32%, respectively. The highest exergy destruction ratio happens in the first turbine at the temperature of the first evaporator equal to 620 K, and the pressure of the first evaporator equal to 9 MPa. With increasing the temperature of the generator from 423 K to 448 K, for the generator absorber exchange refrigeration section of the hybrid dual-loop organic Rankine – Generator absorber exchange refrigeration cycle, the coefficient of performance increases by 3.69%. For the system, the exergoeconomic factor indicates that 13.39% cost of the system is relevant to the investment costs and the remaining is related to the cost of exergy destruction.

On the similarity of the decision-making proces in Hobbes’s man-mechanism and Mazur’s man-autonom

ABSTRACT Two concepts of human being are compared, i.e. the mechanistic concept of T. Hobbes and the cybernetic one of M. Mazur. The decision-making process is developed in both conceptions. The Hobbesian man-mechanism makes a decision as a result of the complicated convolution of appetite or aversion motions. The Mazurian man-autonom makes a decision as a result of the reflexive-reactionary cycles of energy and information exchange. In both models, the decision-making process is determined and computable. The similarity of both models is shown and their relation to the human physiology of decision making is presented. The deficiencies of both models are discussed in connection with the failure to take into account the cultural condition of making decisions, i.e. the value system. It significantly affects motivation in the decision-making process and makes the decision, paradoxically, more easily predictable.

Operating Room Setup: How to Improve Health Care Professionals Safety During Pandemic COVID-19-A Quality Improvement Study.

Background: COVID-19 is a terrific pandemic and a potential risk for every health care professional (HCP), especially during emergency conditions where the right timing is essential for the correct treatment. During surgery the correct setting of operative room (OR) is mandatory to reduce the risk of contamination. Personal protection equipment (PPE), specific devices, and planned OR setting are essential during surgery in pandemic COVID-19. Methods: Medline, PubMed, Scientific societies recommendations, and guidelines were consulted to identify articles reporting the setup of OR during pandemic COVID-19. Results: OR must have a high-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filter with negative pressure and a high air exchange cycle rate. Every supply kit should be packed and placed in the OR before patient arrival. A detailed checklist of equipment and devices is necessary. Personal PPE at the highest level should be provided to every HCP (Association of the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation [AAMI]-Level-III surgical gowns; double latex-free gloves with Acceptable Quality Level <1.0; FFP3 or powered air-purifying respirator masks with face shield). Anesthesia should be performed with a rapid sequence intubation. During surgery energy devices should be settled to the lower level in combination with a smoke evacuation switch pen with disposable smoke evacuation HEPA filter to minimize surgical smoke spread. During laparoscopy low pneumoperitoneum pressures and aspiration systems must be provided. Conclusions: Emergency surgery during pandemic COVID-19 increases the risk for every HCP in the OR. A theoretical risk of transmission from the surgical field exists. It is mandatory the adoption of strong strategies to reduce the risk of contamination in the OR.

Energetic and exergetic studies of modified CO2 transcritical refrigeration cycles

Abstract Thermodynamic analysis including energetic and exergetic analysis is carried out employing Engineering Equation Solver for the five modified cycles: dual expansion cycle, internal heat exchanger cycle, work recovery cycle, work recovery with internal heat exchanger cycle and vortex tube expansion cycle. Contours are developed to study the effect of gas cooler temperatures and evaporator temperatures on the system performance and optimum gas cooler pressure. The modified cycle with work recovery turbine offers relatively higher COP and higher exergetic efficiency with lower compressor discharge pressure. The exergy loss in compressor, gas cooler, throttle valve and vortex tube (VT) are considerably higher than that in internal heat exchanger (IHX), evaporator and turbine. It is observed that COP of modified cycle with VT is slightly less than that with IHX, whereas the cycle with work recovery turbine brings the highest COP with the improvement of 25% at the gas cooler exit temperature of 305 K and evaporator temperature of 248 K.

Impacts of Vegetation and Topography on Land Surface Temperature Variability over the Semi-Arid Mountain Cities of Saudi Arabia

Land surface temperature (LST) can fully reflect the water–heat exchange cycle of the earth surface that is important for the study of environmental change. There is little research on LST in the semi-arid region of Abha-Khamis-Mushyet, which has a complex topography. The study used LST data, retrieved from ASTER data in semi-arid mountain areas and discussed its relationship with land use/land cover (LULC), topography and the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI). The results showed that the LST was significantly influenced by altitude and corresponding LULC type. In the study area, during the summer season, extreme high-temperature zones were observed, possibly due to dense concrete surfaces. LST among different types of land use differed significantly, being the highest in exposed rocky areas and built-up land, and the lowest in dense vegetation. NDVI and LST spatial distributions showed opposite trends. The LST–NDVI feature space showed a unique ABC obtuse-angled triangle shape and showed an overall negative linear correlation. In brief, the LST could be retrieved well by the emissivity derived NDVI TES method, which relied on upwelling, downwelling, and transmittance. In addition, the LST of the semi-arid mountain areas was influenced by elevation, slope zenith angle, aspect and LULC, among which vegetation and elevation played a key role in the overall LST. This research provides a roadmap for land-use planning and environmental conservation in mountainous urban areas.

The Cult of the Underworld in Singapore: Mythology and Materiality

Myths provide hagiographic and iconographic accounts of the gods, which shape rituals that are performed in cults associated with these gods. In the realization of iconographies and ritualization of narratives in myths, material objects play an active role. This article examines the pattern of worship in the cult of the Ah Pehs, a group of Underworld gods whose efficacy lies in the promise of occult wealth, and focuses on the material aspects such as offerings and paraphernalia associated with these gods. Though ritual texts and scriptures are absent in the Ah Peh cult, symbols in the form of material objects play a crucial role. These objects are also considered as synecdoche for the gods in certain cases. The first part of this paper presents a case study of the autonomous ritual of “Burning Prosperity Money”, which reveals the cycle of occult exchange between gods and devotees. The second part involves an imagery analysis of the material objects central to the cult, and argues that in the system of reciprocity with the gods, material objects common to the everyday life are reinterpreted and enchanted with a capitalist turn, resulting in the development of occult economies within the local Chinese religious sphere.

Lipid transfer proteins and instructive regulation of lipid kinase activities: Implications for inositol lipid signaling and disease.

Cellular membranes are critical platforms for intracellular signaling that involve complex interfaces between lipids and proteins, and a web of interactions between a multitude of lipid metabolic pathways. Membrane lipids impart structural and functional information in this regulatory circuit that encompass biophysical parameters such as membrane thickness and fluidity, as well as chaperoning the interactions of protein binding partners. Phosphatidylinositol and its phosphorylated derivatives, the phosphoinositides, play key roles in intracellular membrane signaling, and these involvements are translated into an impressively diverse set of biological outcomes. The phosphatidylinositol transfer proteins (PITPs) are key regulators of phosphoinositide signaling. Found in a diverse array of organisms from plants, yeast and apicomplexan parasites to mammals, PITPs were initially proposed to be simple transporters of lipids between intracellular membranes. It now appears increasingly unlikely that the soluble versions of these proteins perform such functions within the cell. Rather, these serve to facilitate the activity of intrinsically biologically insufficient inositol lipid kinases and, in so doing, promote diversification of the biological outcomes of phosphoinositide signaling. The central engine for execution of such functions is the lipid exchange cycle that is a fundamental property of PITPs. How PITPs execute lipid exchange remains very poorly understood. Molecular dynamics simulation approaches are now providing the first atomistic insights into how PITPs, and potentially other lipid-exchange/transfer proteins, operate.

Analysis of the 21-years long carbon dioxide flux dataset from a Central European tall tower site

Eddy-covariance based carbon flux datasets spanning decades are becoming available worldwide due to the effort of associated scientists. Tall tower based monitoring stations are relatively rare, but provide important information about the carbon balance of a larger region surrounding the tower. In this study we report and analyze the 21-year-long dataset provided by the Hungarian tall tower site, Hegyhátsál. The daily and annual cycles of net ecosystem exchange (NEE), gross primary production, and total ecosystem respiration are presented. Footprint analysis reveals that the fluxes mostly originate from the surrounding arable lands; the main source region is located within 1 km around the tower. Long-term, mean NEE was -0.467 gC m-2 day-1, or -170 gC m-2 year-1, revealing that the complex region was a net carbon sink from the atmospheric perspective. Trend analysis indicates that overall, NEE decreased (i.e. became more negative, which means stronger sink) by 12 gC m-2 year-1, a trend that is explained by improved agrotechnology and climate change. Net biome production (NBP) was estimated using crop census data and assumptions about the management practices that affect lateral carbon flux. Long term mean NBP was -30 gC m-2 year-1, which indicates that the soils may be losing carbon, though this loss is within the range of uncertainty of the measurements (~50 gC m-2 year-1). Analysis of county-scale yield statistics suggested that the results can be representative to at least county scale (1651 km2). Interannual variability was analyzed by using environmental variables such as maximum and minimum temperature, precipitation, vapor pressure deficit, soil water content, and satellite based vegetation index aggregated at monthly and longer time intervals. The results indicate that environmental conditions in spring have a major role in the annual carbon balance. Moreover, water availability represented by soil water content rather than by precipitation is a major driver of the interannual variability of NEE. The statistical analysis suggested that the large positive NEE anomaly during 2001–2003 was caused by interplay among the environmental drivers, in particular maximum temperature, vapor pressure deficit and radiation in April, followed by a soil water content deficit during the growing season. This novel statistical analysis provides insight into the drivers of the carbon balance of a mixed agricultural region.

Scaling relations and baryonic cycling in local star-forming galaxies

Metallicity and gas content are intimately related in the baryonic exchange cycle of galaxies, and galaxy evolution scenarios can be constrained by quantifying this relation. To this end, we have compiled a sample of ∼400 galaxies in the local Universe, dubbed “MAGMA” (Metallicity And Gas for Mass Assembly), which covers an unprecedented range in parameter space, spanning more than 5 orders of magnitude in stellar mass (Mstar), star-formation rate (SFR), and gas mass (Mgas), and it has a factor of ∼60 in metallicity [Z, 12 + log(O/H)]. Stellar masses and SFRs were recalculated for all of the galaxies using IRAC, WISE, and GALEX photometry, and 12 + log(O/H) was transformed, where necessary, to a common metallicity calibration. To assess the true dimensionality of the data, we applied multidimensional principal component analyses (PCAs) to our sample. We find that even with the vast parameter space covered by MAGMA, the relations between Mstar, SFR, Z, and Mgas (MHI + MH2) require only two dimensions to describe the hypersurface, which confirms the findings of previous work. To accommodate the curvature in the Mstar–Z relation, we applied a piecewise 3D PCA that successfully predicts observed 12 + log(O/H) to an accuracy of ∼0.1 dex. MAGMA is a representative sample of isolated star-forming galaxies in the local Universe, and it can be used as a benchmark for cosmological simulations and to calibrate evolutionary trends with redshift.

Efficacy of therapeutic plasma exchange in a patient with coagulation inhibitors (acquired haemophilia A) – A case report

Acquired haemophilia A (AHA) is a rare disorder with mostly idiopathic aetiology that leads to factor VIII (FVIII) deficiency due to coagulation inhibitors formation. Treatment protocol includes immunosuppression and Factor VIII bypassing agents including activated Prothrombin Complex Concentrates (PCC). Nevertheless, the role of plasma exchange is not clear in the treatment of AHA. We report a case of 73 year old male who presented with haematuria, prolonged activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) and a very high titres of Factor VIII inhibitors of 98 Bethesda units (BU) and was diagnosed with acquired haemophilia A. He failed to respond to multiple immunosuppressive therapies including rituximab. Therefore, therapeutic plasma exchange (TPE) therapy was planned due to persistence of haematuria despite immunosuppressive therapies. After five cycles of plasma exchange, APTT became normal, haematuria subsided and Factor VIII inhibitors became negative. Patient was discharged without any bleeding and in a stable condition. In this index case, plasma exchange played a very crucial role, resulting in recovery of the patient. These results advocate that therapeutic plasma exchange is an effective therapy for acquired haemophilia A.

TheGazette, theTatler, and the Making of the Periodical Essay: Form and Genre in Eighteenth-Century News

The<i>Gazette</i>, the<i>Tatler</i>, and the Making of the Periodical Essay: Form and Genre in Eighteenth-Century News