Cybernetic Theory Research Articles

Краткий обзор эволюции компьютерных симуляций в экономических исследованиях

The article discusses the evolution of two approaches to using computer simulations in economic research. The first was created by the American mathematician Norbert Wiener, who used the theory of cybernetics as a method of scientific research and cognition. The second, which also began its journey in the period 1944–1955, is based on the writings of John von Neumann, then a consultant to Los Alamos National Laboratory, and his invention of cellular automata. The first section provides an overview of the Wiener path, which became the guiding reference point for the Forrester system dynamics and Orcutt microsimulations. The second section presents the Neumann path, which gave birth to such methods as Monte Carlo and agent-based modeling, which, as a result, through the efforts of G. Epstein and P. Axtel, was transformed into a conceptual approach of artificial life specifically designed for socio-economic experiments. Finally, the third section explores the potential for developing hybrid simulations by combining the methods of the two paths in concern.

On the Cybernetics of Crowdsourcing Innovation: A Process Model

For small and medium-sized enterprises and large enterprises alike, crowdsourcing innovation has become an important element of a product’s whole life cycle. It is the open call process of soliciting consumers to harvest and evaluate ideas or other intellectual assets. The previous proposed taxonomic framework for charactering this process is mainly for general crowdsourcing process and summarized by empirical study. The purpose of this paper is to propose a conceptual model for crowdsourcing innovation from a cybernetic and knowledge management perspective by normative research. The authors performed a normative study and deduced five systemic characteristics from the general laws of control system that guarantee ongoing efficiency for the innovation process. The normative research results provide two key contributions. Firstly, general control laws deduce five indispensable characteristics, and they reveal the intrinsic mechanism of crowdsourcing innovation: the knowledge flow controls, which are also the connotation of open innovation. Secondly, the authors have analyzed a five-characteristics system model and tested the model in several classical cases to show the design tricks of cases. This study provides a new conceptual framework that integrates the theory of open innovation and cybernetics to provide a new view of crowdsourcing innovation process design. In practice, this framework guides managers through the design criteria needed to implement a success crowdsourcing process.

Просторове забезпечення управління сталим господарюванням у критичній інфраструктурі в особливий період

The article proposes to use the methodological provisions for the development and implementation in practice of a spatial three-level complex of monitoring programs (general/standard, operational/crisis and background/scientific), which was formed taking into account the current geopolitical and internal economic situation in the state according to the block principle of configurational transformation in the quality of the National Spatial System for Monitoring the Effectiveness of Management of Sustainable Management in Critical Infrastructure. The target activity of the National Monitoring System has been formulated, which should be aimed at: a) organization of information support at the level of decision-making and control over the execution of assignments and the creation of a permanent information testing ground for critical infrastructure objects; b) obtaining, in addition to technical-economic, technological and financial information, also information related to the dynamics of threats to the sustainable management of critical infrastructure and its submission to state bodies, management and management entities, etc.; c) the use of measures directly aimed at increasing the level of protection against identified threats and risks, which should be successfully used for decision-making in various economic and business processes. The main provisions of the cybernetic theory were used to determine the key problems of critical infrastructure in the unstable conditions of economic and military aggression, which makes it possible to consider the self-organization of the state entity as a process of achieving a dynamic balance between the management system of sustainable management in critical infrastructure and its environment.

Education on the verge of changes. The process of education in terms of the cybernetic theory of character

Contemporary change processes in the sphere of education are multi-context and determined by various factors. Undoubtedly, the factor organizing the discussion on the new model of education is the uncertainty related to the shape of the future. This uncertainty is caused by the direction of changes in the area of functioning and development of societies and the emergence of the knowledge-driven economy. These changes, in turn, are the result of the impact of mega trends, including the development of new information and communication technologies (ICT), globalization of various spheres of life, progressive phenomena of socio-economic polarization, cultural changes, acceleration of migration processes, etc. These changes set the framework for processes of education and upbringing generate numerous challenges in educational activity related to fundamental issues: how to teach? by what methods? What kind of results to expect? (Wasyluk et al., 2020). Educational institutions play an important role in this process, including universities, “where self-steering prevails over learning, externally guided” (Laurisz, 2022). M. Mazur’s (CTC) (1976) cybernetic character theory, pioneering on a global scale, is a proposition of a response to these educational challenges. This work is an attempt to use the CTC to identify the parameters of character of the studied students in the field of social work. The proposed solution may support didactic processes by optimally matching the efforts and capabilities of students to the needs of the education process.

Amendment of the Corruption Eradication Commission Act and Its Impact on the Constitution

This study analyzed the sub-system factors influencing the amendment of the Corruption Eradication Commission Act (KPK Law) from the Cybernetics theory and the impacts on the Constitution. According to this theory, there are various kinds of sub-systems, where one sub-system is interrelated with other sub-systems. Each of the sub-systems referred to will influence each other based on the primary function of each of these sub-systems, such as the cultural sub-system, which has the primary function of maintaining patterns, the social sub-system as a function of integrity, the political function as a function of achieving goals, and the economic sub-system as an adaptive function. This doctrinal legal research employed statutory approaches and concepts and found that changes in the KPK Law are influenced by the political sub-system factor, particularly the strong political interests of the House of Representatives and the Government. As a result, the amendment to the KPK Law is undemocratic because it does not fulfill the formal and material principles. In addition, it does not philosophically fulfill the function of law, leading to constitutional values violation.

Development Vectors of Foreign Librarianship: Time Challenges and Perspective

The paper presents the analysis of three concepts of the leading LIS scientists, which were developed taking into account modern development trends and future of foreign libraries. The purpose of this research is to highlight the priority development areas of foreign librarianship, which would allow Russian professionals to consider the challenges and perspective of the library sector. Such awareness could facilitate timely adjustments in the work of Russian libraries. The urgency of the issue is connected with the existence of different scenarios of librarianship development in the digital age. Over a long period of time, the scientific community has been pursuing answers to the question as to how libraries should change to operate successfully in new conditions. According to the first concept of David Lankes, which is based on the cybernetic theory, libraries should actively communicate with communities, inform readers about current events in society, encourage people to read and analyse, share ideas and broaden their horizons. The paper gives the areas of library work, which correspond to the above-mentioned tasks. The author of the second concept Wolfgang Ernst rests upon the theory of media studies, stating that digital environment crucially affects the form of knowledge presentation and organization, which is fixed in library documents, partially changing the nature of library services. In doing so, digital humanities methods are seen as a promising way of unlocking library knowledge. The third concept, authored by Ragnar Audunson, highlights two factors in the evolution of librarianship. The first factor is widespread digitalisation, which promotes open access to information. In this context, supporters of disintermediation emerge who believe that there is no need for libraries and librarians as intermediaries in the search for information now. The second factor is that modern libraries are institutions, which help to create civic engagement through conducting public debates. Digitalisation enables libraries to focus on their social mission instead of focusing on curating physical collections in this connection.

Pengembangan aplikasi “CPA” (Covid-19 prevention application) sebagai literasi mitigasi bencana covid-19 bagi siswa SMP

The Covid-19 pandemic has brought major changes, including education where most learning activities are conducted online. It is thus necessary to adapt into online learning policies where innovation is urgently needed. Among the innovations is an e-book titled Covid-19 Prevention Application (CPA) that contains Covid-19 disaster mitigation literacy for students. This research aims to: 1) produce an app for CPA; and 2) test the feasibility level of CPA app as a learning resource. The material in CPA app relates to disaster mitigation, linked to the Social Studies Learning for junior high schools, namely Social Change for the 9th graders (Class IX.1) at SMPN 21 Malang. This research and development modified Borg & Gall model, which is relevant to constructivism learning theory, Edgar Dale’s theory of experience, and cybernetic learning theory. Results show that the development of the CPA app is “highly feasible”. This result implied that CPA app offers solutions to help students in mitigating the Covid-19 disaster through creative learning. It is suggested that further large-scale trials will be conducted in the future to measure the level of effectiveness.

Craniofacial Growth and Development: Mini Review of the Servosystem Theory

Craniofacial growth is a process that begins in utero and lasts until the individual reaches maturity. Despite the fact that a consensus has been sought regarding the theories that explain how this process occurs, it hasn’t been possible to establish a validated and accepted hypothesis by the entire scientific community. It is important to understand the mechanisms by which the head and skull reach complete development, since this could determine the cause of facial malformations and dental anomalies, such as malocclusions. Among the postulated theories, Alexandre Petkovic’s Servosystem Theory stands out, and remains under considerations now a days. Unlike other postulates, the so-called cybernetic theory of growth establishes the role played by hormonal and mechanical factors over genetic activity. The aim of this review is to assess the concepts and fundamentals of the Servosystem Theory and how it explains craniofacial growth

Sibernetika Hukum Talcott Parsons Sebagai Landasan Teoritis Dan Formulasi Teori Hukum

This paper discusses Talcott Parson's legal cybernetics as a theoretical basis and formulation of legal theory in analyzing problems, then being able to speculatively analyze them as empirical facts covering society, law, and ideology. Law is always structured with the law that develops in society. The method of writing this paper the writing of this paper uses the library research method with a conceptual approach and a theoretical approach that is analyzed qualitatively. The focus of his writing is Talcott Parson's cybernetics pattern, Talcott Parsons' Social Analysis System, Law, and Cybernetics, and Law and Society Structuring. The legal materials used are the thoughts of legal experts and related legal science books. Talcott Parson's cybernetic pattern between sub-systems in society takes place through the process of information flow from sub-systems with high information levels to sub-systems with low information (LIGA) and vice versa (AGIL). The legal structured social analysis system in Talcott Parsons cybernetics is social interaction with legal behavior and legal actions so that adaptation (A), goal attainment (G), integration (I), and lattent patterns maintenance (L) make law the progressive paradigm of cybernetics theory. The structuration of law and society is a relevant theoretical order to serve as a theoretical basis or formulation of legal theory in analyzing problems, then being able to speculatively analyze them as empirical facts, including society, law, and ideology in an orderly manner. Law is always structured with the law that develops in society to achieve legal goals, both justice, certainty and legal benefit.

FROM ELECTRONIC PROCESSES IN LIVING AND INANIMATE NATURE TO SOCIALLY SIGNIFICANT

Modern information and communication tools significantly expand a person's capabilities for personal and group participation in the economic, political and social life of society, allow him to interfere in the activities of state authorities. In an attempt to curb these spontaneous dynamics as threatening the stability of the existing order, the state and power elites use classical technologies dating back to the days of Machiavelli, which provokes an increase in turbulence in society. In the theory of cybernetics, the idea has developed that overcoming technologies such as "controlled chaos" will be associated with the paradigm of transition from observing systems to self-developing systems. In theoretical terms, the implementation of this concept rests against the lack of clarity about the unity of controlled environments - natural and social. which indicates a lack of depth of the transdisciplinary approach. In the theory of international relations, A. Wendt proposed a common ontological foundation of social and natural sciences in the quantum picture of the universe. In the history of science, A.L. Chizhevsky demonstrated the possibility of such a synthesis based on the unity of electronic phenomena from animate and inanimate nature to social technologies. The future of a person largely depends on the type of that socio-electronic turbulence initiated by the authorities: in a totalitarian society, a person will be placed under total electronic control, in a democratic society, his own electronic system (types of transitions from baked external energy into activities) will be tuned to creative process.

Design of an Audio Compressor with Digital Control

Based on the concepts and insights of cybernetic theory and the applications of applied electronic engineering and control, this article deals with the design of an analog compressor with digital control. The main purpose of the device is to control the basic parameters of a hardware using an application on a micro-controller. The advantage of that design is the possibility of store the different analog positions into a digital position of the memory of the micro-controller, in order to call these presets whenever its needed. Further possible applications include the virtual-remote monitoring of events where the interaction between artist and sound engineering is required. keywords: Analog compression, digital control, HW of audio, electronicmicro-controllers.

Invoking embeddedness and cybernetic theories for evaluating the national open government data portal of India

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to present an evaluation of the national Open Government Data (OGD) portal of India (www.data.gov.in) and underline the significance of maintaining the quality of the data sets published online.Design/methodology/approachThe research approach bases itself on the adapted version of embeddedness theory and cybernetic model apart from the data sets–usability framework proposed in recent literature (Machova et al., 2018).FindingsFindings from this study indicate that OGD initiative needs to be embedded in the social fabric of the country to ensure that the data sets are being reused by a myriad set of stakeholders for deriving social and economic value. Likewise, the linkages between the stakeholders (for instance, government, citizens, non-governmental bodies, private sector, etc.) should be fortified to enable the reuse of the data sets in an appropriate manner.Originality/valueMaintenance of quality of the data sets holds paramount importance. Implicitly, efforts should be made on the part of all the stakeholders concerned that the data sets be qualitatively and quantitatively adequate. This paper concludes with limitations and further research pointers.

Goal Directedness, Chemical Organizations, and Cybernetic Mechanisms.

In this article, we attempt at developing a scenario for the self-organization of goal-directed systems out of networks of (chemical) reactions. Related scenarios have been proposed to explain the origin of life starting from autocatalytic sets, but these sets tend to be too unstable and dependent on their environment to maintain. We apply instead a framework called Chemical Organization Theory (COT), which shows mathematically under which conditions reaction networks are able to form self-maintaining, autopoietic organizations. We introduce the concepts of perturbation, action, and goal based on an operationalization of the notion of change developed within COT. Next, we incorporate the latter with notions native to the theory of cybernetics aimed to explain goal directedness: reference levels and negative feedback among others. To test and refine these theoretical results, we present some examples that illustrate our approach. We finally discuss how this could result in a realistic, step-by-step scenario for the evolution of goal directedness, thus providing a theoretical solution to the age-old question of the origins of purpose.

From Metacybernetics to Mindset Agency Theory

Metacybernetics is a general theory of higher order cybernetics that can be used to generate cybernetics theories. Such theories will necessarily adopt the axioms of metacybernetics, but can develop through the use of relevant configurations. The topic of the set of slides explains the exemplar of Mindset Agency Theory - a trait theory of personality psychology that has some connection with Maruyama's Mindscape Theory. Mindset Agency Theory has a pragmatic dimension, delivering a model able to diagnose personality pathologies. The slide summarise the results of an analytic diagnosis of two cases studies, one being of the of late president Trump. The set of slides provides a takeaway summary from the book entitled Configuration Approach to Mindset Agency Theory: A Formative Trait Psychology with Affect, Cognition and Behaviour.

Simondon Contra New Materialism: Political Anthropology Reloaded

This paper responds to an invitation to historians of political thought to enter the debate on new materialism. It combines Simondon’s philosophy of individuation with some aspects of post-humanist and new materialist thought, without abandoning a more classically ‘historical’ characterization of materialism. Two keywords drawn from Barad and Simondon respectively – ‘ontoepistemology’ and ‘axiontology’ – represent the red thread of a narrative that connects the early modern invention of civil science (emblematically represented here by the ‘conceptual couple’ Descartes-Hobbes) to Wiener’s cybernetic theory of society. The political stakes common to these forms of mechanical materialism were attacked ontologically, epistemologically and politically by Simondon. His approach, I will argue, opens the path for a genuine materialist critique of the political anthropology implicit in modern political thought, and shifts political thinking from politics conceived as a problem to be solved to politics as an arena of strategic experimentation.

Metacybernetics: Towards a General Theory of Higher Order Cybernetics

Metacybernetics refers to the higher cybernetic orders that arise in living system agencies. Agencies are complex, and for them to be viable and hence survive, they require both stability and uncertainty reduction. Metacybernetics is defined through a metasystem hierarchy, and is mostly known through 1st and 2nd order cybernetics. In this exploratory paper the purpose is to create a framework that can underpin metacybernetics and explain the relationship between different cybernetic orders. The framework is built on agency theory which has both substructural and superstructural dimensions. Substructure has an interest in stability, is concerned with the generation of higher cybernetic orders, and is serviced by horizontal recursion. Superstructure is concerned with uncertainty reduction by uncovering hidden material or regulatory relationships, and is serviced by vertical recursion. Philosophical aspects to the framework are discussed, making distinction between global rationality through critical realism, and local rationality that relates to different cybernetic orders that correspond to bounding paradigms like positivism and constructivism.

Second-order cybernetics in architecture: theoretical relevance to the concept of Posi in Palopo City

The lack of form and meaning of buildings is a challenge for the theory and development of architecture. This study examines the relevance of cybernetics theory to the concept of Posi. The center (Posi) is the representation of the axis of equilibrium of space. The Posi concept is a local theory that is the result of the dissertation research findings on the old city space and historic building space in Palopo City. This study uses the content analysis method. Data collection and analysis process carried out qualitatively. The research paradigm obeys a rationalistic framework. The results of the study show that the concept of Posi is the axis of the system of spatial order. The second-order cybernetics of Heinz von Foerster relates to the concept of Posi. The position of the Posi concept as a concept of a self-organizing system. Understanding the macrocosm space system can be a paradigm in the formation of micro space in a design process. This study has implications for the development of an architecture that is built from local theory and is strengthened by the grand multidisciplinary theory of science for architecture and urban space.

The Effectiveness of Gratification Arrangements as Part of Corruption Crimes in Indonesia: A Theoretical Study in Talcott Parsons Perspective

This research aims to examine the crime of gratification as part of the criminal act of corruption, which will be seen in Talcott Parson's perspective. Corruption today is a problem for developing countries and has become a world problem that requires integral and transnational handling. One of the most disclosed forms of corruption today is corruption in the form of gratuities. This research method uses normative juridical research with the approach of laws, concepts, and principles and collects primary legal material in the form of Law 20 of 2001 concerning Amendments to Law Number 31 of 1999 concerning Eradication of Corruption Crimes. The results of this study found that the Cybernetics Theory, which Talcott Parsons coined, views the problem of alleged gratification as being strongly influenced by the economic sub-system, this is because a decision that is made has a significant impact on anyone, so it is not surprising if there is a lot of price bargaining. Moreover, the least impact is the cultural sub-system because this sub-system is only the economic sub-system's impact.

Raymond Ruyer et la cybernétique

In “Raymond Ruyer and cybernetics”, Alix Veilhan sheds light on Ruyer’s reading of cybernetic theories, and especially on how a dialogue with the views of Norbert Wiener allows Ruyer to support the hypothesis of a “trans-spatial” origin of the information, and to demonstrate once again the inadequacy of mechanism in the explanation of the living world. Ruyer thus calls for the development of a renewed cybernetics, in conformity with his “neo-finalism”.

Álvaro Vieira Pinto e a dialética da informação

This article aims to expose and examine the dialectical-materialist concept of information elaborated by the Brazilian philosopher Alvaro Vieira Pinto in relation to theories and authors who developed the theory of information and cybernetics in the 1950s and 1970s, when Vieira Pinto developed his thought. The basic source is the second volume of his posthumously published treatise, The concept of technology. The article aims, firstly, to draw attention to the extreme originality, even in the Marxist field, of Vieira Pinto's dialectical approach to information. Secondly, in the conclusions, he draws attention to the importance of his ideas being incorporated into the current theoretical and political agenda, considering the characteristics of contemporary information capital.