Cybercrime Research Articles

Enhancing Legal Safeguards for Human Trafficking Victims in Indonesia

Human trafficking constitutes one of the most egregious forms of human rights violations, characterized by extensive criminal networks operating at both individual and group levels. This phenomenon is not new, and certain countries, including Indonesia, report high incidences of human trafficking-related crimes. The purpose of this research is to provide an evaluation and understanding of the legal protections available to victims of human trafficking in Indonesia. This study is classified as normative legal research, involving an examination of theories, concepts, legal principles, and relevant statutory provisions pertaining to the topic. Despite significant efforts by the Indonesian government to combat human trafficking, minimum standards for eradication have not been fully met. While there have been notable advancements compared to previous periods, especially in response to the challenges posed by the COVID-19 pandemic, substantial deficiencies remain. Indonesia's upgrade to Tier 2 reflects progress in the investigation, prosecution, and adjudication of human trafficking offenses, including cases of forced labor in palm oil plantations and cyber fraud operations abroad. Additionally, there have been efforts to enhance compensation for victims of human trafficking.

Efficient usage of web forensics, disk forensics and email forensics in successful investigation of cyber crime

Efficient usage of web forensics, disk forensics and email forensics in successful investigation of cyber crime

Exploring Cyber Fraud within the South African Cybersecurity Legal Framework

All countries are globally struggling with the challenges cybercrime presents to the cybersecurity legal framework. Fraud is not a new crime and existed long before the internet. The internet provides a threat actor access to a lot of potential victims and the use of various threat vectors to gain access to personal information by means of social engineering. It is therefore not surprising that cyber fraud has become a serious threat which continues to escalate globally. In 2021, around $100 million was lost in Canada due to online fraud. The United Kingdom (UK) Finance indicated that cyber fraud costs consumers more than £1.2 billion in 2022. The South African (SA) Fraud Prevention Services noted a 356% surge in identity fraud between April 2022 and April 2023. The cybersecurity threat landscape is ever-evolving with the UK Finance warning that the number of cyber frauds could surge out of control as threat actors begin to incorporate the use of Artificial intelligence (AI) to make their operations far more sophisticated and not as easily detected. In 2023 the United States (US) also warned that the irresponsible use of AI could exacerbate societal harms such as fraud. Cyber fraud, also referred to as a “white collar” or commercial crime, is an umbrella term to describe the commission of different types of cyber fraud by means of the use of various threat vectors. The threat vector used to commit the different type of fraud is continuously evolving, such as the use of sophisticated phishing to quishing and deep fakes which are aimed at deceiving the recipient in sharing information. The information obtained from a data breach may be used to commit cyber fraud. Irrespective of the threat vector used to commit fraud, all types of fraud present with the same elements, namely a threat actor who unlawfully and intentionally deceives a victim to benefit and cause harm. The discussion focuses on cyber fraud in general and not a specific type of cyber fraud. The purpose of the discussion is to provide an overview of the challenges cyber fraud present to the South African cybersecurity legal landscape.

Cybercrime and Digital Transactions Law in Nigeria: A Review

The internet is a tool that drives globalization and enhances global inclusion and integration. It has become imperative to make use of information and communication technology in this era of increased broadband access to the internet. The use of information and communication technology has increased the commission of cybercrime such as data breaches, identity theft and cyber fraud. This paper aims to identify the relevance, authenticity and nexus between digital transactions and cybercrimes in Nigeria. This paper seeks to give a summary of cybercrime and digital transaction laws in Nigeria, as well as the challenges inherent in applying them. The methodology adopted is the doctrinal method of legal research approach in literature review, analysis of cases and access to internet sources. This paper made use of primary sources of data such as such as enabling laws, acts and secondary sources of data, conventions, journal articles and the study is also analytical and comparative in nature. The paper finds that the legal and institutional framework for digital transaction laws in Nigeria is somewhat limited. Some digital forensic tools have not been recognized by our laws in Nigeria. The paper concludes that the extant legal framework for digital transaction laws in Nigeria has lapses that impair the evidence emanating from digital tools/records. This paper recommends amongst others; training of prosecution officers, legal practitioners and judicial officers in the collection and use of forensic/digital evidence in court of law, review of some of our extant laws and creation of institutional framework for digital transaction laws in Nigeria.

Structure and Content of Forensic Characteristics of High-Tech Crimes

The paper identifies the main classifying characteristics of the forensic group of high-tech crimes. The problems of developing a forensic characterization of crimes included in this group are considered. The most important structural elements of the forensic characteristics under consideration are described. The determining role of the high-tech method of committing crimes has been established and its features have been analyzed. Debating points related to the object and subject of high-tech criminal encroachment are noted. With regard to the subject of the crime, the author concludes that such is a group, while the accomplices of the crime have personal characteristics that prevent the construction of a single typical portrait. The specificity of the crime situation is considered, because the main cause-and-effect relationships are formed in cyberspace. Important features of the trace pattern, manifested in the formation of electronic digital traces, are noted. It is shown that the means of committing high-tech crimes are special software, hardware and software-hardware, the peculiarity of which is their novelty. The role of counteraction to the investigation of high-tech criminal acts on the part of criminals and persons associated with them is revealed. For the first time in criminological theory, the glocalization factor is noted, and the relevance of this element of criminological characteristics for the study of high-tech crimes is shown. The cause-and-effect and correlation relationships between the elements of the forensic characteristics are analyzed.

Penegakan Hukum pada Kejahatan Cyber Crime Produsen yang Mempekerjakan Endorsement untuk Mempromosikan Kosmetika Ilegal Melalui Instagram

Internet users in Indonesia are increasing, in 2021 the development of Internet use is increasing rapidly as many as 7,000 samples come from Indonesia and all provinces in Indonesia and is growing from 8.9% to 73.7%, equivalent to 196.7 million internet users. Internet use is mostly used for social media such as Instagram. However, not all Instagram users can use Instagram wisely, so many cases of cyber crime still occur in Indonesia. So this research will discuss how law enforcement deals with cybercrime by manufacturers who employ endorsements to promote illegal cosmetics via Instagram. Using normative research methods activities that will examine internal aspects (to solve problems that exist within) positive law. For cases that occur, law enforcement can be applied such as imposing criminal sanctions as explained in the Law of the Republic of Indonesia Number 19 of 2016 concerning Amendments to Law Number 11 of 2008 concerning Information and Electronic Transactions Article 9 in conjunction with Article 62 paragraph 1 of the Law Law of the Republic of Indonesia Number 8 of 1999 concerning Consumer Protection which reads Business actors who violate the provisions referred to in Article 8, Article 9, Article 9, Article 10, Article 13 paragraph (2), Article 15, Article 17 paragraph (1) letter a , letter b, letter c, letter e, paragraph (2), and article 18 shall be punished with imprisonment for a maximum of 5 (five) years or a fine of up to Rp. 2,000,000,000.00 (two billion rupiah). Suggestions that consumers are obliged to report if a case like this occurs so that the implementation in law enforcement will run smoother and be eradicated quickly, similar cases will no longer exist.

An Analysis of Cyberwarfare Attribution Techniques and Challenges

Identifying the source of cyber-attacks is crucial to ensuring cybersecurity. This study examines different attribution techniques, obstacles, and real-world examples in the context of cyber warfare. It explores challenges such as incorrect attributions, ethical concerns, legal barriers, and complexities in the digital environment. The discussed topic includes modern techniques such as malware analysis, network traffic study, digital forensics, and the implementation of AI/ML. These methods help improve cybersecurity and shape cyber warfare strategies. Case studies on the Standard Bank South Africa ATM fraud and the TransUnion South Africa cyber-attack illustrate the importance of attributing cyber incidents, especially with global cyber criminals. The analysis emphasizes the need for a comprehensive approach that takes into account legal, technical, ethical, and geopolitical considerations relevant to the evolution of computing and cyber warfare. It stresses the need for cybersecurity tools enhancement and global cooperation. The study pairs attribution challenges with techniques to deepen our understanding of threats. It underlines the need for ongoing cybersecurity research and adaptation, sustained innovation, and collaboration to fortify global cyber defenses.

Krađa identiteta kao krivično delo: de lege lata i de lege ferenda

The paper defines the basic forms of computer crime with an emphasis on identity theft as a special form that would de lege ferenda be characterized and adequately prescribed as a criminal offense in the Criminal Code of the Republic of Serbia. The aim of the work is to show the place of identity theft in the spectrum of various criminal acts that are classified as high-tech crime. The paper is divided into three parts, where the first is an introductory presentation describing the way in which the very rapid development of information and communication technologies affects the development of new methods for their abuse, after which the definitions of identity theft and its characteristics are described. The second part of the paper is dedicated to the ways, characteristics and modalities of identity theft, while the third part gave importance to the ways of protection and prevention of identity theft, within which a reasoned proposal was given for defining it in the Criminal Code of the Republic of Serbia. At the end of the paper, a short summary is given in the form of a conclusion.

Simulation of network forensics model based on wireless sensor networks and inference technology

The purpose of network forensics is forensic analysis of traces after hacker attacks, obtaining electronic evidence of Cyber Crime, and accusing hackers by electronic evidence. Both foreign and domestic, the research of network forensics is in the beginning stage, and the technology of network forensics is developed in this background. An analysis system of fuzzy decision tree based network forensics, network forensics personnel to assist in the network environment of computer crime forensics analysis. The experimental results of this method are given and compared with the existing methods of the analysis results. The experimental results show that this system can classify most kinds of events (the average correct classification rate. 91.16 %), can provide comprehensible information for network forensics personnel, to assist forensic personnel for rapid and efficient analysis of the evidence.

Financial Technology as a Tool for Promoting Financial Inclusion in Nigeria

Financial technology (FinTech) as a concept and practice, started gaining serious worldwide traction following the outbreak of the global financial crisis in 2008. Thus, this paper is undertaken to critically discuss the emerging trends in financial technology and how they enhance financial inclusion, as well as the problems faced by financial technology in financial inclusion, with a specific focus on Nigeria. The paper adopts the exploratory qualitative research approach, using secondary data sources involving an extensive review of recent articles, periodicals, empirical and analytical studies, policy discussions, working papers, and other documented materials found to be pertinent to the study. The paper reveals that over the last decade, Fintech’s contribution to financial inclusion in Nigeria has exploded. FinTech has improved the usual way of rendering financial services and has created new inventions that have made financial activities not only more accessible but also faster, thereby easing the lives of financial service users in Nigeria, where mobile network technology is powering financial inclusion and bringing more people into the financial system. Despite the contributions of FinTech to financial inclusion in Nigeria, the paper notes the issue of high level of attrition in customer patronization and the threat of Cyber-attacks as major challenges. Based on this therefore, the paper recommends the need for regulatory bodies to do more to bring synergy between the operating companies and their interactions with the customers and prospective consumers for proper sensitization about these fintech services, considering the disinterest of many due to distrust of the system. Furthermore, the paper recommends that regulatory bodies should develop a more effective framework for monitoring cyber risk management at financial institutions using technology and laws that will duly prosecute cyber criminals and serve as a deterrent to others.

Emerging Trends and Challenges in Digital Crime: A Study of Cyber Criminal Tactics and Countermeasures

The rise of digital crime, particularly cybercrime, poses significant challenges to individuals, organizations, and societies worldwide. This study explores emerging trends and challenges in digital crime, focusing on the tactics employed by cybercriminals and the countermeasures developed to mitigate these threats. The urgency of this research lies in the increasing sophistication and frequency of cyberattacks, which threaten sensitive data, financial assets, and critical infrastructure. The objectives of this study are to analyze current trends in cybercrime, identify the most prevalent tactics used by cybercriminals, and examine effective countermeasures and strategies implemented by organizations and law enforcement agencies. This research adopts a literature review methodology, synthesizing findings from academic research, industry reports, and government publications. Key findings highlight the evolving nature of cyber threats, including phishing attacks, ransomware campaigns, and data breaches. Effective countermeasures include cybersecurity frameworks, incident response protocols, and technological advancements in threat detection and prevention. The study underscores the importance of ongoing research and collaboration among stakeholders to address the dynamic landscape of digital crime and safeguard digital ecosystems against emerging threats

The Protection of Children from Cyber Crimes in India

The Protection of Children from Cyber Crimes in India

Brute forcing on secured shell servers emphasising the role of cyber forensics - a quali-quantitative study.

Increasing numbers of cyber attacks threaten us personally and professionally. Cyber crimes include obtaining sensitive information (medical or financial) but may extend to organising heinous crimes including murders and aggravated sexual assaults. A major vector of cyber crimes is brute force attacks on secured shell servers. This research highlights the prevalence of the intensity of brute force attacks on secured shell servers via quali-quantitative analysis of cyber attacks. The brute force attacks were recorded over a period of 20 days with the help of logs taken from five dedicated servers installed in a production environment. There were a minimum of 6470 and maximum of 22,715 attacks on a server per day. The total number of attacks on all the servers during the study period was 1,065,920. The brute force attacks were mainly targeted at the service network accounts. Growth of the field of cyber forensics is the optimal solution to prevent the malicious use of internet services and the commissioning of crimes by this means.

Proactive cyber fraud response: a comprehensive framework from detection to mitigation in banks

PurposeThis study addresses the ever-increasing cyber risks confronting the global banking sector, particularly in India, amid rapid technological advancements. The purpose of this study is to de velop an innovative cyber fraud (CF) response system that effectively controls cyber threats, prioritizes fraud, detects early warning signs (EWS) and suggests mitigation measures.Design/methodology/approachThe methodology involves a detailed literature review on fraud identification, assessment methods, prevention techniques and a theoretical model for fraud prevention. Machine learning-based data analysis, using self-organizing maps, is used to assess the severity of CF dynamically and in real-time.FindingsFindings reveal the multifaceted nature of CF, emphasizing the need for tailored control measures and a shift from reactive to proactive mitigation. The study introduces a paradigm shift by viewing each CF as a unique “fraud event,” incorporating EWS as a proactive intervention. This innovative approach distinguishes the study, allowing for the efficient prioritization of CFs.Practical implicationsThe practical implications of such a study lie in its potential to enhance the banking sector’s resilience to cyber threats, safeguarding stability, reputation and overall risk management.Originality/valueThe originality stems from proposing a comprehensive framework that combines machine learning, EWS and a proactive mitigation model, addressing critical gaps in existing cyber security systems.

Reducing fraud in organizations through information security policy compliance: An information security controls perspective

As more business processes and information assets are digitized, computer resources are increasingly being misused to perpetrate fraudulent activities. Research shows that fraud committed by (or with) trusted insiders (called occupational fraud or internal organizational fraud) is responsible for significantly more damage than that committed by external actors (for example, cyber fraud). Current fraud research has primarily focused on the person perpetuating the fraud instead of the internal mechanisms organizations can employ in reducing fraud. The study examines the relationship between compliance with organizations' technology controls (primarily focused on information security) and its impact on computer-based occupational fraud. Based on general deterrence and fraud triangle theories, the study proposes information security control proficiency (ISCP) modeled as an integration of the quality of information security policy and its enforcement as a key factor that influences information security policy compliance. We further postulate that compliance with information security policy mediates the relationship between information security control proficiency and computer-based-occupational fraud. Empirical assessment supports the structure of the information security control proficiency construct. Model testing shows that information security control proficiency positively impacts information security policy compliance, which further deters the use of a company's computer systems and resources to conduct fraudulent activities. Thus, if an organization establishes high-quality information security policies and supports the policies with effective enforcement, it correspondingly leads to better compliance. Furthermore, less fraud is committed when compliance with information security controls is high. We offer various managerial implications and future research extension ideas.

Cyber Crime Countermeasures Policies Carried Out Within the Scope of Illegal Online Loans

Fintech Lending or online loans provide convenience for everyone who will borrow funds only with internet media or applications. However, with this convenience, illegal online loans have emerged which cause cyber crime in the scope of illegal online loans such as intimidation collection, extortion, fraud and even death threats and sexual harassment. This study analyzes both repressive and preventive countermeasures policies in tackling cyber crime in illegal online lending. This research uses juridical normative methods with primary materials of laws and regulations. Repressive efforts in law enforcement in cyber crimes in online loans carried out by the National Police, Prosecutors, Judges, and community agencies are influenced by legal factors, law enforcement factors, facilities or facilities factors. Preventive efforts in tackling these crimes by direct education to the community through socialization, seminars, discussions and dialogues.

Fear and perceived risk of cyber fraud victimization among Chinese University students

Cyber fraud has surfaced as a serious social problem in China, resulting in billions of Chinese yuan worth of financial losses in recent years. The high prevalence and large quantity financial losses from cyber fraud have sparked widespread public concerns about online safety. Based on survey data from over 1000 university students in China, this study explores the prevalence of fear and perceived risk of cyber fraud and its correlates among university students. The results showed that although only 10% of the respondents believed they would likely experience cyber fraud victimization in the next 12 months, approximately 50% reported feeling fearful of cyber fraud in the past 3 months. The logistic regression results show that both fear and perceived risk are influenced by different domains of risk factors, with higher self-control and deviant online behaviors explaining greater odds of fear. In contrast, the perceived risk of crime is linked to vicarious victimization experiences, perceived crime seriousness, and satisfaction with the police. Implications for future research and policy are discussed.

Cyber Crimes And Social Media Addictions: The Role Of Perceived Usage Of Conversational GPT-4 AI Model Among Residents In Nigeria

Cyber Crimes And Social Media Addictions: The Role Of Perceived Usage Of Conversational GPT-4 AI Model Among Residents In Nigeria

A Critical Analysis on Cyber Crime Against Women in India with Special References to Phishing

A Critical Analysis on Cyber Crime Against Women in India with Special References to Phishing

Smart FIR: Blockchain Based FIR Lodging

Abstract: In order to effectively deal with major crimes like murder, robbery, rape, and kidnapping, we need a secure system for case reporting. In general terms, victims or proxies complete and file e-initial reports (e-FIRs) online to report cybercrime offenses known as electronic crimes (e-crimes). This approach has some drawbacks which include susceptibility to cyberattacks and fraudulent entries. At the same time, scholars are examining various means of improving traditional ways based on technological advancements. One of the possible alternatives is the utilization of digital currencies like Bitcoin while dealing with criminals involved in electronic fraud. Ethereum has a blockchain which has raised curiosity due to its smart contract mechanism. Improvement in data integrity and prevention of fake registrations are the main goals that are meant to be achieved by incorporating Ethereum into the e-FIR system. Security plus reliability are provided for in high measures by the decentralized and immutable nature of the blockchain. This implies that after adding a record to it, it cannot be altered minus agreement from the network, giving it a high reputation based on how safe it is. The use of blockchain in smart cities, and more specifically the smart contracts in Ethereum, may revolutionize how major crimes are reported and recorded as it can offer much better transparency and information integrity in the eyes of both the public and the police