Classification Of Cybercrimes Research Articles

A TIPIFICAÇÃO PENAL DOS CRIMES CIBERNÉTICOS NO DIREITO BRASILEIRO

This article, a descriptive and qualitative bibliographic research, based on authors such as Delgado (2017), Prado (2019), Souza and Ramalho (2022) among others, aims to discuss the way in which the Brazilian legal system has acted in the prevention and classification of cyber crimes. The work was structured in topics which correspond to its specific objectives as follows: bringing concepts of crime and criminal offenses and the way in which they are configured in Brazilian law; elucidate what would be a cyber crime and what are the requirements for its configuration; argue about the three dimensional theory of law (fact, value and norm) to justify governmental actions that lead to the classification of cyber crime. The conclusion reached was that Brazilian Criminal Law has been adapting to new situations and social facts that give rise to a legal response in defense of society.

Measuring Cybercrime in Calls for Police Service

Conventional police databases contain much information on cybercrime, but extracting it remains a practical challenge. This is because these databases rarely contain labels that could be used to automatically retrieve all cybercrime incidents. In this article, we present a supervised machine learning method for extracting cybercrime incidents in calls for police service datasets. Data from the Korean National Police (2020, 9 months, N = 15 million call logs) is used for the demonstration. We combined methods of keyword query selection, minority oversampling, and majority voting techniques to develop a classifier. Three classification techniques, including Naïve Bayes, linear SVM, and kernel SVM, were tested, and the kernel model was chosen to build the final model (accuracy, 93.4%; F1-score, 92.4). We estimate that cybercrime only represents 4.6% of the cases in the selected dataset (excluding traffic-related incidents), but that it can be prevalent with some crime types. We found, for example, that about three quarters (76%) of all fraud incidents have a cyber dimension. We conclude that the cybercrime classification method proposed in this study can support further research on cybercrime and that it offers considerable advantages over manual or keyword-based approaches.

Cybercrime Classification: A Victimology-based approach

The need for understanding cybercrime and the possibility of its occurrence is significant to mitigate its adverse effects on society. A comprehensive universally agreed-upon classification scheme for cybercrime is hugely lacking in terms of utilizing a complete perspective of the entities involved in the same. A new perspective in cybercrime classification is moving beyond the machines and focusing on the humans, especially the victims. Cyber victimization extends from the single user to a mass or system perspective, thereby representing governments, organizations, and society to be categorized as victims. This paper proposes a novel ontological classification of cyber victimology that can help illustrate the complete cybercrime incident from the perspective of the victim. We utilize a multidimensional typology to represent the dimensions and classifications of the cybercrime victim. We then analyse the semantic relationships between the ontological objects to develop a comprehensive victimology representation. The understanding of the type and role of the victim provides new insight into the analysis of the cyber incident. Moreover, the resultant representation can serve as an extension to current cybercrime ontological frameworks and help in providing a new point of defence in cybercrime incidents. Finally, such a victimology-based classification can subsequently result in a dynamic ontology which can be queried to obtain relevant insights into the nature and occurrence of cybercrimes.

Cyber Crime Classification and Analysis of Various Indian States and Union Territories During 2011 to 2022 Using Data Mining Techniques

This paper attempts to identify the performance and to classify the cybercrime rate in Indian states during the period of 2022 with twenty-seven states and seven union teritories. The secondary source of data were collected from National Crime Records Bureau in India. Intially, the researchers selected 27 parameters related to crime. After data mining few variables are discarded from the analysis. The discarded variables are considered as outliers. The remaing twenty parameters were considered for further analysis, the variables like hacking the system, sexual exploitation, business, personal emotion, purchase of illegal drugs, spreading piracy, motives of blackmailing, etc. In this connection the main objectives are (i) to identify in which states crime rate is more, (ii) to identify which factors influence more for cybercrime, and (iii) to classify the performance based on the k-means clustering techniques. The results are classifed and are labelled as High Cyber Crime Rate States (HCCRS), Moderate Cyber Crime Rate States (MCCRS) and Low Cyber Crime Rate States (LCCRS)

Analysis of Procedural Problems in Cybercrime Investigations

The approach used to investigate cybercrime in developed nations is examined in this article, along with the innovations that might be implemented in Georgia to ensure successful investigations. Detailing the procedures outlined under the Budapest Convention on Computer Crimes, attention is given to the procedural issues that crop up while gathering and presenting electronic evidence in criminal investigations. The convention's individual articles are examined, including those that deal with information requests, and a comparison between the convention's legal provisions and the standards incorporated into Georgian law is made. The article examines the practice of collaboration between developed country law enforcement bodies and Internet service providers. The absence of computer data classification in Georgian law is highlighted, which results in the existence of a single, all-encompassing rule for all forms of electronic information. The paper also covers court rulings on the admissibility of electronic evidence and offers advice on whether it would be wise to clarify or improve the criminal procedure laws. The article explains the need for varied time limits and tactics for getting and maintaining information from internet service providers based on the classification of cybercrimes into distinct crime categories, such as serious, particularly serious, and crimes against national security.

Improved Multi-Verse Optimizer Feature Selection Technique With Application To Phishing, Spam, and Denial Of Service Attacks

Intelligent classification systems proved their merits in different fields including cybersecurity. However, most cybercrime issues are characterized of being dynamic and not static classification problems where the set of discriminative features keep changing with time. This indeed requires revising the cybercrime classification system and pick a group of features that preserve or enhance its performance. Not only this but also the system compactness is regarded as an important factor to judge on the capability of any classification system where cybercrime classification systems are not an exception. The current research proposes an improved feature selection algorithm that is inspired from the well-known multi-verse optimizer (MVO) algorithm. Such an algorithm is then applied to 3 different cybercrime classification problems namely phishing websites, spam, and denial of service attacks. MVO is a population-based approach which stimulates a well-known theory in physics namely multi-verse theory. MVO uses the black and white holes principles for exploration, and wormholes principle for exploitation. A roulette selection schema is used for scientifically modeling the principles of white hole and black hole in exploration phase, which bias to the good solutions, in this case the solutions will be moved toward the best solution and probably to lose the diversity, other solutions may contain important information but didn’t get chance to be improved. Thus, this research will improve the exploration of the MVO by introducing the adaptive neighborhood search operations in updating the MVO solutions. The classification phase has been done using a classifier to evaluate the results and to validate the selected features. Empirical outcomes confirmed that the improved MVO (IMVO) algorithm is capable to enhance the search capability of MVO, and outperform other algorithm involved in comparison.

A Suggestion of New Classification of Cybercrimes

인터넷은 우리에게 편리함은 물론 생산성 향상과 교류, 소통 등 여러 면에서 큰 발전과 기회를 주고 있지만, 사이버범죄와 같은 인터넷의 부작용이 급속하게 증가하여 위험 수준에 이르고 있다. 본 연구는 사이버범죄에서 나타난 다양한 동기(목적), 수단과 방법, 대상, 결과를 단순화하고 구조화하여 알기 쉽게 사이버범죄의 유형을 제시함으로써 사이버범죄를 예방하고 사후에도 효과적으로 대응하기 위한 기반을 제시한다. 2000년부터 2021년까지 국내외에서 발생한 1,117건의 사이버범죄를 분석하여 사이버범죄를 네 가지 유형, 즉 사이버범죄의 동기(목적) 기반 분류, 수단과 방법 기반 분류, 대상 기반 분류, 그리고 결과 기반 분류로 세분화하였다. 사이버범죄의 새로운 분류유형을 도출하기 위해 먼저 사이버범죄를 여섯 가지 기준, 즉 심각성, 안보 관련성, 불법성, 즉각성, 수익성, 발생빈도를 적용하여 사이버범죄의 수준을 구분하였으며, 사이버범죄를 국가의 직간접 지원을 받은 개인이나 단체가 감행하는 국가 주도 사이버범죄(SLCCs)와 자발적 애국자, 핵티비스트 등 비국가행위자(NSAs)가 저지른 사적 주도 사이버범죄(PLCCs)로 구분했다. 또한 사이버범죄가 실행되는 과정을 준비 – 계획 수립 – 실행 – 결과의 네 단계로 구분하였고, 이들 간의 상호연관성을 분석하여 일정한 사이버범죄 패턴을 확인했다. 새로운 사이버범죄 분류 방법은 어느 시점에 사이버범죄를 발견하더라도 나타나는 증상, 범행 대상의 특성 등에 따라 대략적인 범죄의 진행 과정을 알 수 있으며, 효율적인 대응이 가능하다. 초지능, 초연결, 초융합 시대에 불법행위가 사이버공간을 더욱 위협할 것으로 우려되지만 이해하기 쉬운 네 가지 기준으로 분류하고 사이버범죄 수준별, 주체별, 진행 과정별, 상호연관성 등을 분석하여 대비한다면 사이버범죄에 쉽게 효과적으로 대응할 수 있을 것으로 기대한다.

Киберпреступность как угроза национальной безопасности России

The aim of this article is determination of main lines on rise efficacy of anti-cybercrime in Russia. This article describes the Russian law base and international law acts about anti-cybercrime, and also norms of project of Convention United Nations Countering the use of information and communications technologies for criminal purposes, which Russia sent to United Nations in 30 July of 2021. There are the terms “cybercrime”, “cyberspace”, “cybersecurity” in according with international standards of International Organization for Standardization and International Telecommunication Union in this article. There is classification of cybercrimes in this article, which is in criminal law theory. The author makes proposals of main lines of national politics in sphere of anti-cybercrime.

CYBERCRIME: THE COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE MODERN INFORMATION SPACE

The burning problem of modern society - cybercrime, was considered in the article. In the process of studying cybercrimes and the mechanisms of protection against information security threats, the concept of cybercrime classification was carried out. The comparative analysis between the number of registered cyberattacks and losses from them was performed. The analysis of factual data was carried out, on the basis of which the table of cyberattacks quantity indicators, general losses was developed, and the cost of cyberattacks was calculated. The study provides recommendations for improving the reliability of information protection.

Improved Multi-Verse Optimizer Feature Selection Technique With Application To Phishing, Spam, and Denial Of Service Attacks

Intelligent classification systems proved their merits in different fields including cybersecurity. However, most cybercrime issues are characterized of being dynamic and not static classification problems where the set of discriminative features keep changing with time. This indeed requires revising the cybercrime classification system and pick a group of features that preserve or enhance its performance. Not only this but also the system compactness is regarded as an important factor to judge on the capability of any classification system where cybercrime classification systems are not an exception. The current research proposes an improved feature selection algorithm that is inspired from the well-known multi-verse optimizer (MVO) algorithm. Such an algorithm is then applied to 3 different cybercrime classification problems namely phishing websites, spam, and denial of service attacks. MVO is a population-based approach which stimulates a well-known theory in physics namely multi-verse theory. MVO uses the black and white holes principles for exploration, and wormholes principle for exploitation. A roulette selection schema is used for scientifically modeling the principles of white hole and black hole in exploration phase, which bias to the good solutions, in this case the solutions will be moved toward the best solution and probably to lose the diversity, other solutions may contain important information but didn’t get chance to be improved. Thus, this research will improve the exploration of the MVO by introducing the adaptive neighborhood search operations in updating the MVO solutions. The classification phase has been done using a classifier to evaluate the results and to validate the selected features. Empirical outcomes confirmed that the improved MVO (IMVO) algorithm is capable to enhance the search capability of MVO, and outperform other algorithm involved in comparison.

Peculiarities of cybercrime investigation in the banking sector of Ukraine: review and analysis

The rapid growth in the number of cybercrimes committed in the banking sector requires the creation of an effective system for preventing such crimes and ensuring the cybersecurity of the state. The constant updating of means and methods for cybercrime commission necessitates the identification of effective measures to combat them. The paper uses a survey method to study the theoretical experience and practical measures to prevent cybercrime in the banking sector to identify effective ways to combat crime in the virtual space of Ukraine. The paper analyzes the experience of the world’s leading countries concerning cybercrime prevention, deals with measures to improve the level of cybersecurity of national and international cyberspace. It is concluded that the current state of cybersecurity in Ukraine does not meet contemporary requirements and needs initiating effective measures and coordinated cooperation between private and public sectors in order to effectively combat cybercrime, in particular: enshrining the classification of cybercrimes in the regulatory legal acts of Ukraine; introduction of the concept of “banking criminal law” in the scientific and legal sphere; creation of Ukrainian cyber forces, whose activities will be aimed at preventing and combating crimes committed in cyberspace.

Cyber crimes against property in foreign and Russian criminal law

The prerequisite for the study was a significant increase during a pandemic in the number of cyber crimes against property, caused by forced isolation, a reduction in the use of cash and an expansion of the scope of computer technology when concluding civil transactions. Purpose of the study: to identify trends in the criminalization of cyber crimes against property in foreign and Russian criminal law. To achieve the goal, the following methods were used: general scientific – analysis, synthesis, generalization, special scientific – statistical, formal logical, comparative legal, content analysis, the method of expert assessments. The results of the work were the classification of cyber crimes against property, the novelty is the definition of the most common type of these crimes – fraud, the identification of the growth of its individual forms during a pandemic. The issues related to the observed expansion of the scope of application of the liability for fraud, both in international law and in the national legislation of individual states, which are no longer limited to such traditional methods of committing it as deception and breach of trust. Cyber crimes in the Russian criminal legislation are investigated in their relation to crimes against property, recommendations are given for further optimization of the criminal legislation of the Russian Federation. In Russia, as in the rest of the world, during the period of the pandemic, an increase was recorded in crimes against property committed remotely, in relation to non-cash funds, using bank cards. When committing such acts, computer information, electronic data and programs are used as a method or means of committing them, which allows them to be classified as cyber crimes. Previously, cyber crimes were considered separately from traditional socially dangerous encroachments, but the massive use of information technology in the commission of certain types of crimes (in particular, crimes against property) requires a new approach to their description in national legislation.

Interpretation and classification of criminal offenses as cybercrimes

The problems of interpretation and classification of cybercrimes are considered, the analysis of statistical reporting of the National Police of Ukraine on indicators of cybercrime is carried out. A list of “traditional” criminal offenses that may fall into the category of cybercrime is proposed. Recommendations on the qualification of individual cybercrimes are provided.

Status and Consequences of Computer Crime

The purpose of the article is to analyze the technical and legal components of the problem of cybercrime, as well as an overview of informatization and legal regulation of information relations, this is a topical issue because digital technologies have confidently entered modern life, and, unfortunately, have become tools for crimes such as terrorism, espionage, fraud, theft, child pornography, etc. The research methods are methods of analysis of legal relations in the field of information and computer technologies, classification of cybercrimes and the impact of digital dishonesty on society both from a moral and from a legal or economic point of view. The novelty of the study is the disclosure of the essence of the criminal violation of the functioning of information systems, and the technical and technological side of the crime. The consequences of such crimes can be quite tragic, even though the way they are committed differs significantly from traditional terrorist acts or man-made disasters. Given these factors, the perpetration and analysis of cybercrime is a pressing and important issue today, and given the rapid development of digital technology, new methods of committing crimes are emerging, and therefore there is a need to develop and analyze modern approaches to their prevention. Conclusions. An important difference between computer crimes is, so to speak, the absence of traditional signs of a crime, such as fingerprints, physical evidence, and so on. The specificity of computer crimes is also the phenomenon of computer encroachment tools. Unlike traditional methods of crime (weapons, knives, etc.), the tools of computer crime are various software tools for computer intervention.

Toward a cybercrime classification ontology: A knowledge-based approach

In recent years there has been an increase in cybercrimes and its negative impacts on the lives of individuals, organizations, and governments. It has been argued that a better understanding of cybercrime is a necessary condition to develop appropriate legal and policy responses to cybercrime. While a universally agreed-upon classification scheme would facilitate the development of such understanding and also collaborations, current classification schemes are insufficient, fragmented and often incompatible since each focuses on different perspectives (e.g., role of the computer, attack, attacker's or defender's viewpoint), or uses varying terminologies to refer to the same thing, making consistent cybercrime classifications improbable. In this paper we present and illustrate a new cybercrime ontology that incorporates multiple perspectives and offers a more holistic viewpoint for cybercrime classification than prior works. It should therefore prove to be a more useful tool for cybercrime stakeholders.

New Model for Cyber Crime Investigation Procedure

In this paper, we presented a new model for cyber crime investigation procedure which is as follows: readiness phase, consulting with profiler, cyber crime classification and investigation priority decision, damaged cyber crime scene investigation, analysis by crime profiler, suspects tracking, injurer cyber crime scene investigation, suspect summon, cyber crime logical reconstruction, writing report. Computer forensics emerged in response to the escalation of crimes committed by the use of computer systems either as an object of crime, an instrument used to commit a crime or a repository of evidence related to a crime. Computer forensics can be traced back to as early as 1984 when the FBI laboratory and order law enforcement agencies begun developing programs to examine computer evidence. Digital forensics has been defined as the use of scientifically derived and proven methods towards the preservation, collection, validation, identification, analysis, interpretation and presentation of digital evidence derived from digital sources for the purpose of facilitating or furthering the reconstruction of events found to be crime or helping to anticipate the unauthorized actions shown to be disruptive to planned operations. Digital evidence includes computer evidence, digital audio, digital video, cell phones, digital fax machines etc. The U.S. Department of Justice published a process model in the Electronic Crime Scene Investigation: A guide to first responders that consists of four phases: collection, examination, analysis, reporting. The analysis phase of this model is improperly defined and ambiguous. Brian Carrier (5) proposed integrated digital investigation process. It (5) was consisted of 5 phase like readiness phase, deployment phase, physical crime scene investigation phase, cyber crime scene investigation phase, review phase. The Brian Carrier (5) procedure didn't include which classifying cyber crime and deciding investigation priority, psychological profiling investigation method, and so on. In this paper, we presented a new model for cyber crime investigation procedure. The proposed procedure model is as follows readiness phase, consulting with profiler, cyber crime classification and investigation priority decision, damaged cyber crime scene investigation, analysis by crime profiler, suspects tracking, injurer cyber crime scene investigation, suspect summon, cyber crime logical reconstruction, writing report. This paper presented a new methodology of a digital forensic investigation procedure. Section 2 shows previous cyber crime investigation model. We present our method for cyber crime investigation procedure model in section 3.