Cyanidin-3-rutinoside Research Articles

Docking of human rhodopsin mutant (Gly90→Asp) with beta-arrestin and cyanidin 3-rutinoside to cure night blindness.

Rhodopsin is a visual pigment present in rod cells of retina. It belongs to GPCR family and involves photoisomerization of 11-cis-retinal to all-trans-retinal isomers, conformational changes in rhodopsin and signal transduction cascade to generate a nerve impulse. This signaling pathway has been targeted to eliminate the effect of a mutation (Gly90→Asp) responsible for abnormal activation of G-protein without retinal conformations in the absence of light leading to congenital night blindness. A theoretical model of rhodopsin with induced mutation has been deliberated in order to find potential ligands which can offset this mutational effect. The binding interactions between the target mutated rhodopsin model and potential ligands have been predicted with the help of molecular docking. The results indicated strong functional benefits of ligands as an inhibitor and an agonist for mutated rhodopsin model. Therefore, we propose a new visual cascade model which can initiate the normal signaling of rhodopsin mutant with the help of proposed ligands and can provide a hope for vision in future.

Characterization of Antioxidant Capacity from Fruits with Distinct Anthocyanin Biosynthetic Pathways

The antioxidant capacity of individual anthocyanins is well established. Less information is available however, about the relative contribution to which specific anthocyanins in a complex mixture affect total antioxidant capacity in different soft fruit sources; especially those that share a similar pathway for anthocyanin synthesis. The objectives of this work were to compare the antioxidant capacity of two different soft fruits, blackcurrant and grape, which share similarities in anthocyanin biosynthetic pathways but are composed of distinctly different anthocyanin profiles. Anthocyanin composition profiles of grape and blackcurrant were characterized by High Performance Liquid Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry (HPLC). ORAC (Oxygen Radical Absorbance Capacity) and ABTS (2,2’-azinobis 3-ethylbenzothiazoline- 6-sulfonic acid) assays were used for antioxidant activity quantification. An anthocyanin antioxidant capacity index (AACI) was derived from the product of antioxidant (ORAC) activity for each of major anthocyanins present in blackcurrant and grape, and the sum of anthocyanins recovered from purified fruit extracts to determine the extent that the total antioxidant activity derived from different anthocyanin combinations. Blackcurrant contained four predominant anthocyanins, cyanidin3-glucoside (Cy3G), delphinidin3-glucoside (Dp3G), cyanidin3-rutinoside (Cy3R), and delphinidin3- rutinoside (Dp3R). Major anthocyanins found in grape were malvidin3-glucoside (Mv3G), Dp3G, Cy3G, petunidin3-glucoside (Pt3G), and peonidin3-glucoside (Pn3G). A greater (p<0.05) total antioxidant capacity existed for blackcurrant compared to grape when measured by ORAC and ABTS methods. An antioxidant synergy was confirmed for blackcurrant and wind grape thus indicating that this phenomenon is a factor for characterizing total antioxidant activity in both blackcurrant and wine grape.

Physical changes and physiological characteristics of red and green peel during nectarine (cv. Hu018) maturation

The aim of this study was to determine physical changes in nectarine and distinctive physiological characteristics related to red and green peel under stresses occurring during fruit maturation, information on which is currently not available. Fruit firmness increased from 4 to 6 weeks after blooming (WAB) then decreased from 6 WAB until ripening. Anthocyanins in red and green peel during nectarine maturation were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography as cyanidin 3-glucoside together and, at a much lower level, cyanidin 3-rutinoside. Cyanidins in red and green peel decreased from 4 to 8 WAB then increased from 8 to 12 WAB. Anthocyanin contents were positively correlated with PAL, POD, A*, MDA and O2(·-) values and inversely correlated with L* and B* values. Red and green peel during maturation could be separated by hierarchical cluster analysis of the tested data. This study has provided an overview of red and green peel characteristics during nectarine (cv. Hu018) maturation. Values of A*, anthocyanins, O2(·-), MDA, PAL, PPO and POD in red peel were higher than those in green peel, while values of L*, B* and chroma in red peel were lower than those in green peel throughout fruit maturation.

Influence of alcoholic fermentation process on antioxidant activity and phenolic levels from mulberries (Morus nigra L.)

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the profile of the phenolic constituents of Morus nigra fruits and their antioxidant activity (DPPH) and to compare their contents before and after fermentation. Antioxidant phenolics of black mulberry (M. nigra L.) samples grown in Galicia (NW Spain) were extracted with methanol/formic acid/water (MFW) and determined by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Two major anthocyanins (cyanidin 3-glucoside and cyanidin 3-rutinoside) and two flavonols (quercetin 3-glucoside and rutin) were isolated, together with caffeic acid and other hydroxycinnamic and ellagic acid derivatives. Their chemical structures were identified by spectral analyses with diode array detection (DAD), but also with alkaline saponification and acid hydrolysis of the mulberry phenolics. Good correlations (r2 = 0.6229) were observed among total flavonols contents and the IC50 radical scavenging capacities of mulberry fruits. Anthocyanins are the major flavonoids present in mulberry. It would be expected that anthocyanins contribute significantly to their antioxidant activity; nevertheless, alcohol generated during fermentation may also contribute to antioxidant activity. Our results provide useful antioxidant nutritional information of fresh and fermented mulberry fruits.

New Phytochemicals from Acai (Euterpe oleracea Mart.)

Euterpe oleracea Mart. (Arecaceae), of which the friuts are usually named as Acai, is distributed in northern regions of South America and is especially abundant in the Brazilian Amazon and has become one of the main export products of the Amazon estuary to the other regions [1–3]. The fruits of E. oleracea (Acai) are used to make various beverages and food preparations such as juices and desserts in Brazil, and are used medicinally for the treatment of diarrhea. Previous phytochemical investigations have shown that anthocyanidins, flavonoids, lignans, benzenoids, benzoquinone, momoterpenoids, norisoprenoids are constituents of E. oleracea. In the present report, the isolation and structure elucidation of 2 new compounds (1–2) were obtained from the fruits of E. oleracea (Acai), together with 6 known compounds, namely, cyanidin 3-glucoside, cyanidin 3-rutinoside, (Z)-4-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-p-coumaric acid, vanillic acid glucoside and uridine. Their structures were established on the basis of 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopic analyses and comparison with literature data.

Evaluation of different Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains on the profile of volatile compounds and polyphenols in cherry wines

Tart cherries of ‘Early Richmond’, widely grown in Shandong (China), were fermented with six different Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains (BM4×4, RA17, RC212, D254, D21 and GRE) to elucidate their influence on the production of volatiles and polyphenols. Acetic acid and 3-methylbutanol were found in the highest concentrations among all identified volatiles with all six yeast strains, followed by 2-methylpropanol and ethyl lactate. RA17 and GRE cherry wines were characterised by a higher amount of esters and acids. D254 wine contained a higher concentration of alcohols. With respect to polyphenols, five phenolic acids and four anthocyanins were identified among all tested samples, with chlorogenic and neochlorogenic acids, cyanidin 3-glucosylrutinoside and cyanidin 3-rutinoside being the major compounds. When using principal component analysis to classify the cherry wines according to the volatiles and polyphenols, they were divided into three groups: (1) RA17 and GRE, (2) RC212 and D254 and (3) BM4×4 and D21.

Anthocyanins in Mesocarp/Epicarp and Endocarp of Fresh Acai (Euterpe oleracea Mart.) and their Antioxidant Activities and Bioavailability

We measured anthocyanin levels in fresh acai (Euterpe oleracea Mart.), a native Amazonian palm fruit; cyanidin-3-O-glucoside (C3G) and cyanidin-3-O-rutinoside (C3R) in mesocarp/epicarp portion were 5.49 and 13.0 mg/g extracts, respectively, and these amounts were remarkably higher than that in endocarp. Hydrophilic ORAC assay suggested that acai mesocarp/epicarp extracts had potent antioxidant activity compared to blueberry extract. Following, absorption and excretion of acai anthocyanins were evaluated. After oral administration of acai extracts (400 mg/kg body weight) to rats, C3G and C3R appeared as intact forms in the plasma as maximum amounts of 101.0 ± 55.6 nmol/L at 60 min and 537.0 ± 99.1 nmol/L at 120 min after administration, respectively. Most of these anthocyanins were excreted in urine by 2 h post-administration time. In conclusion, fresh acai contained hydrophilic antioxidants including C3G and C3R, and therefore has strong antioxidant potency especially in the mesocarp/epicarp portion. Upon consumption, acai anthocyanins appeared as intact forms in plasma.

Characterization and Quantification of Polyphenols in Amazon Grape (Pourouma cecropiifolia Martius)

The phenolic profile of Amazon grape fruit (Pourouma cecropiifolia Martius) was investigated by high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI-MS/MS). For this purpose, suitable extraction and liquid chromatographic methods were developed. Anthocyanins, flavonols and chlorogenic acids were found mainly in the peel. Besides the main anthocyanins, i.e. delphinidin 3-glucoside, cyanidin 3-glucoside and cyanidin 3-(6"-malonyl)glucoside, several minor anthocyanins were identified in the peel. Among these, cyanidin 3,5-diglucoside, delphinidin 3-galactoside, cyanidin 3-rutinoside, cyanidin 3-(3"-malonyl)glucoside, malvidin 3-glucoside, pelargonidin 3-glucoside, peonidin 3-glucoside and petunidin 3-glucoside were characterized on the basis of their fragmentation patterns in MS/MS experiments. The total anthocyanin content in the peel was 420.26±3.07 mg kg(-1) fresh weight. The pulp contained mainly 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid (210.39±3.43 mg kg(-1) fresh weight). Rutin was the predominant flavonol found in Amazon grape (peel 155.45 ± 2.06 mg kg(-1) fresh weight and pulp 2.64±1.21 mg kg(-1) fresh weight). Total polyphenols content was higher in the peel than in the pulp.

Characterization and Quantification of Polyphenols in Amazon Grape (Pourouma cecropiifolia Martius)

The phenolic profile of Amazon grape fruit (Pourouma cecropiifolia Martius) was investigated by high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI-MS/MS). For this purpose, suitable extraction and liquid chromatographic methods were developed. Anthocyanins, flavonols and chlorogenic acids were found mainly in the peel. Besides the main anthocyanins, i.e. delphinidin 3-glucoside, cyanidin 3-glucoside and cyanidin 3-(6”-malonyl)glucoside, several minor anthocyanins were identified in the peel. Among these, cyanidin 3,5-diglucoside, delphinidin 3-galactoside, cyanidin 3-rutinoside, cyanidin 3-(3”-malonyl)glucoside, malvidin 3-glucoside, pelargonidin 3-glucoside, peonidin 3-glucoside and petunidin 3-glucoside were characterized on the basis of their fragmentation patterns in MS/MS experiments. The total anthocyanin content in the peel was 420.26 ± 3.07 mg kg-1 fresh weight. The pulp contained mainly 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid (210.39 ± 3.43 mg kg-1 fresh weight). Rutin was the predominant flavonol found in Amazon grape (peel 155.45 ± 2.06 mg kg-1 fresh weight and pulp 2.64 ± 1.21 mg kg-1 fresh weight). Total polyphenols content was higher in the peel than in the pulp.

Yield and Chemical Composition of Blue Honeysuckle Fruit Depending on Ripening Time

The purpose of three-year observation was to compare yield, fruit quality and chemical composition of berries of two blue honeysuckle (Lonicera caerulea L.) cultivars of Polish bred 'Wojtek' and 'Br ązowa' collected at the beginning and at the end of harvest season. On average, 'Wojtek' cv. yielded 940 g per bush, whereas, 'Br ązowa' 895 g per bush. Nevertheless the time of harvest, 'Wojtek' berries surpassed 'Br ązowa' fruit regarding soluble solids, titratable ac idity and L- ascorbic acid content (for late-crop berries of bot h cultivars 13.2 > 11.5%, 2.91 > 2.82 g citric acid 100 g 1 , and 61 > 48 mg 100 g- 1 fruit juice, respectively). Further, 'Wojtek' berr ies showed higher total polyphenol content (174.95 and 223.05 mg 100 g 1 , for early and late ripening fruit, respectively) compared to that of 'Br ązowa' (144.84 and 239.48 mg 100 g 1 ). Among phenolics, anthocyanins made the substantial group ranging from 106.29 mg 100 g -1 ('Br ązowa' berries of early harvest) to 185.15 mg 100 g -1 (late Wojtek' fruit)'. For both cultivars cyanidin -3-glucoside was found a predominant anthocyanin. The decreasing order of other anthocya nins for 'Br ązowa' was cyanidin-3,5-diglucoside > peonidin-3-glucoside > cyanidin-3-rutinoside, where as, for 'Wojtek' cyanidin-3-rutinoside > cyanidin- 3,5-diglucoside > peonidin-3-glucoside. Regarding hydroxycinnamic acids, both genotypes showed the same decreasing order: chlorogenic acid > 3,5-d icaffeoylquinic acid > neochlorogenic acid. Quercetin-3-rutinoside and quercetin-3-glucoside we re main flavonols identified in both cultivars. For both genotypes, the berries of late harvest were bi gger and richer in soluble solids and total polyphenol, however, they showed decreased firmness, lower acidity, and L-ascorbic acid content.

Antiproliferative effects of cherry juice and wine in Chinese hamster lung fibroblast cells and their phenolic constituents and antioxidant activities

Cherries are good sources of bioactive phenolic compounds that are widely considered to be potentially healthy. Here we investigated the protective activities of juice and wine products of tart and sweet cherries and their constituent anthocyanins (e.g., cyanidin 3-glucoside and cyanidin 3-rutinoside) against oxidative stress induced by hydrogen peroxide (H 2O 2) in Chinese hamster lung fibroblasts (V79-4). Total phenolics in the cherry juices and wines were 56.7–86.8 mg of gallic acid equivalents (GAE)/l and 79.4–149 mg GAE/l, respectively. Total anthocyanins in the cherry juices and wines were 7.9–50.1 mg of cyanidin 3-glucoside equivalents (CGE)/l and 29.6–63.4 mg CGE/l, respectively. Both cherry juices and wines exerted protective effects against oxidative stress induced by H 2O 2 on V79-4 cells and also enhanced the activities of antioxidative enzymes, such as superoxide dismutase and catalase, in a dose-dependent manner. The protection of V79-4 cells from oxidative stress by phenolics was mainly attributable to anthocyanins. The positive correlation between the protective effects against oxidative stress in V79-4 cells and the antioxidant enzyme activities was stronger for cyanidin 3-glucoside than for cyanidin 3-rutinoside.

Effect of Phospholipids on the Stability and Absorption of Açaí Anthocyanins

The purposes of this study were to determine the efficacy of phospholipids as aiding agents in the absorption of anthocyanins isolated from açaí on a monolayer from human Caco‐2 colon cancer cells and to evaluate their effect on anthocyanin stability. Transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) was monitored to check cell confluence and integrity. Cells remained in culture for 18–21 days to guarantee enterocytic cell differentiation and P‐gp expression. Anthocyanin content was determined spectrophotometrically and by HPLC‐MS analysis. Açaí contained two anthocyanins, cyanindin‐3‐glucoside (C3G) and cyanidin‐3‐rutinoside (C3R). C3G and C3R alone were poorly absorbed (1.6% and 1.7% respectively). The presence of phospholipids (5000 mg/kg) significantly increased the absorption of C3G and C3R (5.66% and 10.2% respectively). Color degradation followed first‐order kinetics. Anthocyanin degradation was similar within treatments at every temperature illustrating that the presence of phospholipids did not affect anthocyanins degradation kinetics. In contrast, effects of temperature were evident. Higher temperatures resulted in higher losses of anthocyanins and reduced shelf life of the samples. Refrigeration (5 °C) resulted in an average half life of 97.7 days whereas higher temperatures (25 °C and 37 °C) resulted in reductions of 43% and 59% in half life respectively.Grant Funding Source: ASN

Interactions of antioxidants isolated from tart cherry (Prunus cerasus) fruits

Tart cherry produces various kinds of polyphenolics in its fruits that include cyanidin derivatives (mostly cyanidin 3-glucosylrutinoside, cyanidin 3-rutinoside, cyanidin sophoroside), peonidin 3-glucoside; kaempferol, quercetin, and isorhamnetin and their derivatives, as well as the alkaloid, melatonin. The antioxidant capacities of these constituents were analysed using the TEAC antioxidant assay. Kaempferol, quercetin, isorhamnetin 3-rutinoside, cyanidin 3-rutinoside, and melatonin showed significant antioxidant capacities; of these, kaempferol proved to be the most active. In order to determine how these constituents interact in terms of expression of their antioxidant action, we performed an isobolographic analysis. Using different dose ratios (e.g., 1:1, 1:2, 1:4) for the selected polyphenol constituents, we found evidence that three types of interactions may occur: synergistic, additive, and negative. The most important and new finding here was that pairs of compounds with the highest antioxidant capacity (e.g., kaempferol and melatonin at a dose ratio of 2:1, respectively, and cyanidin 3-rutinoside and isorhamnetin 3-rutinoside at a dose ratio of 1:4, respectively) showed strong synergistic types of interactions. Additive or negative types of interactions occurred for pairs of compounds that had lower antioxidant capacities. Thus, not all polyphenols in tart cherry fruits are equally effective in alleviating oxidative stress. Those which are most effective are likely to be acting synergistically.

Formulation and In Vitro-In Vivo Evaluation of Black Raspberry Extract-Loaded PLGA/PLA Injectable Millicylindrical Implants for Sustained Delivery of Chemopreventive Anthocyanins

The objective of this study was to formulate and evaluate freeze-dried black raspberry (FBR) ethanol extract (RE) loaded poly(DL-lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) and poly(DL-lactic acid) (PLA) injectable millicylindrical implants for sustained delivery of chemopreventive FBR anthocyanins (cyanidin-3-sambubioside (CS), cyanidin-3-glucoside (CG) and cyanidin-3-rutinoside (CR)). Identification and quantitation of CS, CG, and CR in RE was performed by mass spectroscopy and HPLC. RE:triacetyl-beta-cyclodextrin (TA-beta-CD) inclusion complex (IC) was prepared by a kneading method and characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) and UV-visible spectroscopy. RE or RE:TA-beta-CD IC-loaded PLGA or PLA implants were prepared by a solvent extrusion method. In vitro and in vivo controlled release studies were conducted in phosphate-buffered saline Tween-80 (pH 7.4, 37 degrees C) and after subcutaneous administration in male Sprague-Dawley rats, respectively. Anthocyanins were quantified by HPLC at 520 nm. The content of CS, CG, and CR in RE was 0.2, 1.5, and 3.5 wt%, respectively. The chemical stability of anthocyanins in solution was determined to be pH-dependent, and their degradation rate increased with an increase in pH from 2.4 to 7.4. PLGA/PLA millicylindrical implants loaded with 5 or 10 wt% RE exhibited a high initial burst and short release duration of anthocyanins (35-52 and 80-100% CG + CR release after 1 and 14 days, respectively). The cause for rapid anthocyanins release was linked to higher polymer water uptake and porosity associated with the high osmolytic components of large non-anthocyanin fraction of RE. XRD, (1)H NMR and UV-visible spectroscopy indicated that the non-anthocyanin fraction molecules of RE formed an IC with TA-beta-CD, decreasing the hydrophilicity of RE. Formation of an IC with hydrophobic carrier, TA-beta-CD, provided better in vitro/in vivo sustained release of FBR anthocyanins (16-24 and 97-99% CG + CR release, respectively, after 1 and 28 days from 20 wt% RE:TA-beta-CD IC/PLA implants) over 1 month, owing to reduced polymer water uptake and porosity. PLA injectable millicylindrical implants loaded with RE:TA-beta-CD IC are optimal dosage forms for 1-month slow and continuous delivery of chemopreventive FBR anthocyanins.

Optimization of ultrasound-assisted extraction of cyanidin 3-rutinoside from litchi (Lichi chinensis Sonn.) fruit pericarp

Cyanidin 3-rutinoside is an important anthocyanin which has good antioxidant activity and beneficial health effects. It was prepared from litchi fruit pericarp by ultrasound-assisted extraction and purified in this work. A mathematical model was built between ultrasonic power, time, ethanol concentration and cyanidin 3-rutinoside yield. The R2, P-values of model and “lack of fit” indicated the high fitness of the model to true behavior. Every factor showed evident effects and interactions on the cyanidin 3-rutinoside yield. The optimal conditions to obtain the highest yield of cyanidin 3-rutinoside were 240 W of ultrasonic power, 34.5 min of ultrasonic time and 54.1% of ethanol concentration. The predicted yield of cyanidin 3-rutinoside was not significantly (p > 0.05) different to the practical value conducted under optimal conditions.

Analysis of Phenolic Compounds in Six Norwegian Plum Cultivars (Prunus domestica L.)

Six European plum cultivars ( Prunus domestica L.) grown in Norway have been studied with respect to phenolic composition. Neochlorogenic acid was found to be the most important phenolic acid in all cultivars. Together with other phenolic acids, this compound varied significantly in amount among the cultivars. Cyanidin 3-rutinoside was found to account for >60% of the total anthocyanin content. Minor amounts of flavonols (rutin and quercetin 3-glucoside) were detected in all cultivars. Total antioxidant capacity varied from 814 to 290 micromol of Trolox 100 g(-1) of fresh weight. Measurement of total phenolic content in terms of Prussian blue complex formation revealed a method failure of magnitude order compared to results obtained by HPLC. Comparison of the response factors of a range of phenolic compounds obtained upon analysis by the Prussian blue and Folin-Ciocalteu assays revealed that the latter method returned higher yields in terms of gallic acid (GAE).

A rapid and sensitive LC–MS/MS method for quantification of four anthocyanins and its application in a clinical pharmacology study of a bioadhesive black raspberry gel

Cyanidin 3-glucoside (C3GLU), cyanidin 3-rutinoside (C3RUT), cyanidin 3-sambubioside (C3SAM) and cyanidin 3-(2 G-xylosyl) rutinoside (C3XRUT) are the four constituent black raspberry anthocyanins that contribute significantly to the chemopreventive effects of freeze-dried black raspberries (FBR). A highly sensitive and specific LC–MS/MS assay was developed and validated to simultaneously quantify these four FBR anthocyanins in human saliva, plasma and oral tissue homogenates. In saliva, the lower limit of quantification (LLOQ) for these anthocyanins was 1.0 ng/mL. The within-run and between-run coefficients of variations (CVs) at the quality control concentrations (1.0, 5.0, 50 and 500 ng/mL) were all <12%, except for C3SAM and C3RUT at the LLOQ, which showed a within-run CV of 18.3% and between-run CV of 16.0%, respectively. The accuracy values ranged from 87.5 to 110%. In plasma, the LLOQ for C3GLU and C3RUT was 1.0 ng/mL and for C3SAM 5.0 ng/mL. The CVs at the above concentrations were <15%, except for C3GLU at the LLOQ, which showed the between-run CV of 16.9%. The accuracy values ranged from 90.7% to 112.7% except for C3GLU at the LLOQ, which showed 119.3%. In tissue homogenates, the LLOQ for C3GLU and C3RUT was 2.0 ng/mL, and C3SAM 5.0 ng/mL. The CVs and accuracy values at concentrations (2.0, 5.0, 50 and 500 ng/mL) were similar to those in human plasma. This assay was subsequently used in a pilot pharmacology study to evaluate the effects of topical application of a 10% (w/w) FBR bioadhesive gel to selected mucosal sites in the posterior mandibular gingiva. Measurable saliva and tissue levels of the FBR anthocyanins confirmed that gel-delivered anthocyanins are readily distributed to saliva and easily penetrate human oral mucosa.

Pharmacokinetic study of the absorption and metabolism of Montmorency tart cherry anthocyanins in human subjects

Anthocyanins found in tart cherries have been shown to function as antioxidants and anti‐inflammatory agents. The in vivo bioavailability of anthocyanins from the ingestion of whole fruits or vegetables and their potential biologic effects have not been well characterized.This study was designed to investigate the pharmacokinetics of anthocyanins in healthy human subjects following the ingestion of a measured dose of tart cherries. We quantified five major anthocyanin compounds in Montmorency cherries as cyanidin 3‐glucosylrutinoside, followed by cyanidin 3‐rutinoside, cyanydin sophoroside, peonidin 3‐glucoside and pelargonidin for the estimation of the tart cherry dose. Samples from human subjects were collected at specified time points over a 14 hour time period. Our preliminary results indicate that anthocyanin metabolites can be identified and quantified in human blood and urine using Liquid Chromatography‐Mass Spectrometry (LC‐MS) analysis. The consumption of whole fruit tart cherries resulted in the appearance of two unmodified anthocyanins in plasma: cyanidin 3‐glucosylrutinoside and cyanidin‐3‐rutinoside, and three modified anthocyanins in urine: cyanidin‐xylosylxyloside, pelarogonidin‐xylosylxyloside, and methylated peonidin‐xylosyloside. In order to determine clinical relevance, further work is planned to evaluate the antioxidant capacity of human plasma after ingestion of tart cherries.

Determination of Anthocyanins, Total Phenolic Content, and Antioxidant Activity in Andes Berry (Rubus glaucus Benth)

Anthocyanins, total phenolic content, ascorbic acid content, and the antioxidant activity were determined in extracts of Andes berry fruit (Rubus glaucus Benth). Anthocyanis (ACNs) were isolated and characterized by means of high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with photodiode array detection and electro spray ionization/mass spectrometry (PDA-ESI/MS/MS) analysis. The anthocyanin (ACN) content was 45 mg/100 g FW. The isolated anthocyanins were characterized as cyanidin 3-sambubioside, cyanidin 3-glucoside, cyanidin 3-xylorutinoside, cyanidin 3-rutinoside, pelargonidin 3-glucoside, and pelargonidin 3-rutinoside. The ascorbic acid content was 10.1 mg/100 g FW. The total phenolic content as determined by the Folin-Ciocalteau method was 294 mg GAE/100 g FW while the antioxidant activity as measured by ABTS(.) (+) radical scavenging capacity and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) was 2.01 and 4.50 mmol TE/100 g FW or 8.22 mmoles ferric iron reduced/100 g FW, respectively. The high phenolic content and antioxidant capacity of Andes berry suggest that this fruit could be a rich source of natural pigments, nutraceuticals, and natural antioxidants.

Antioxidant activity versus cytotoxic and NF-κ B regulatory activities on HT-29 cells by natural fruit juices

The antioxidant activity (free radical scavenging ability and lipid oxidation inhibitory activity) and the activity in cell culture (influence on HT-29 human colon cancer cell viability and NF-κ B activation) of natural fruit juices from red grape, strawberry, cherry and sour cherry were investigated in vitro. Analysis of polyphenolic composition of fruit juices showed the dominant presence of anthocyanins (cyanidin-3-glucoside, cyanidin-3-rutinoside, peonidin-3-rutinoside, pelargonidin-3-glucoside), anthocyanidins (procyanidins B1, B2 and B3), flavonoids (glucosides of myricetin, quercetin and kaempferol), and phenolic acids (neochlorogenic acid, chlorogenic acid, ellagic acid, p-coumaroylquinic acid) in juices. DPPH test and β -carotene bleaching method indicated that grape, strawberry, cherry and sour cherry natural juices (at the concentration of 2.5%) showed very strong free radical scavenging (75-92%) and antioxidant activity (71-94%). In addition, at the concentration of 0.01% they showed complete inhibition of copper-induced oxidation of human LDL (low density lipoprotein). In contrast, selected fruit juices did not show cytotoxic effects on HT-29 cells and NF-κ B inhibitory activity (at the concentrations of 0.5% and 2%). Results of this study showed no correlation between the antioxidant activity of natural fruit juices from red grape, strawberry, cherry and sour cherry and their effect on HT-29 cell viability and NF-κ B inhibitory activity.