Cyanidin-3-glucoside Research Articles

Cellular uptake, transport mechanism and anti-inflammatory effect of cyanidin-3-glucoside nanoliposomes in Caco-2/RAW 264.7 co-culture model.

Cyanidin-3-glucoside (C3G), which is the widest and richest anthocyanin (ACN) found in the edible fruit and vegetables, has been illustrated to perform a wide range of bioactivities. Nanoliposomes can inhibit C3G degradation and enhance the absorption rate of C3G as tools for conveying materials to particular locations. This experiment aims to study the absorption, transport and anti-inflammatory effects of C3G nanoliposomes in Caco-2/RAW 264.7 co-culture model, which symbolizes an intestinal inflammation system. The results indicated that the uptake and transport of C3G nanoliposomes by Caco-2/RAW 264.7 co-culture model were concentration-dependent as well as affected by temperature (37 and 4°C) and endocytic inhibitors, which revealed C3G nanoliposomes penetrate cells via endocytosis. Moreover, compared with C3G, C3G nanoliposomes significantly decreased pro-inflammatory cytokine expression (tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-8), suggesting a stronger anti-inflammatory potential. Conclusively, the uptake of C3G nanoliposomes by Caco-2/RAW 264.7 co-culture model is mainly involved in macropinocytosis and endocytosis mediated by carrier protein (clathrin). C3G nanoliposomes may play a better role in the treatment of LPS-induced intestinal inflammation diseases.

Targeted Metabolomics Provide Chemotaxonomic Insights of Medicago ruthenica, with Coupled Transcriptomics Elucidating the Mechanism Underlying Floral Coloration.

Medicago ruthenica, a wild legume forage widely distributed in the Eurasian steppe, demonstrates high genetic and phenotypic variation. M. ruthenica with a purely yellow flower (YFM), differing from the general phenotype of M. ruthenica with a purple flower (PFM), was recently discovered. The similar characteristics of YFM with Medicago falcata have led to conflicting opinions on its taxonomy using traditional morphological methods. The lack of chemotaxonomy information about M. ruthenica species and the unclear flower coloration mechanisms have hampered their study. Here, we investigated M. ruthenica using targeted metabolomics based on the chemotaxonomy method and elaborated the floral coloration mechanisms using transcriptomics. The identified flavonoids were the same types, but there were different contents in YFM and PFM, especially the contents of cyanidin-3-O-glucoside (C3G), an anthocyanin that causes the purple-reddish color of flowers. The over-accumulation of C3G in PFM was 1,770 times more than YFM. Nineteen anthocyanin-related genes were downregulated in YFM compared with their expression in PFM. Thus, YFM could be defined as a variety of M. ruthenica rather than a different species. The loss of purple flower coloration in YFM was attributed to the downregulation of these genes, resulting in reduced C3G accumulation. The taxonomic characteristics and molecular and physiological characteristics of this species will contribute to further research on other species with similar external morphologies.

Effect of ultrasound on cyanidin‐3‐O‐glucoside and β‐lactoglobulin binding interaction and functional properties

SummaryUltrasound provides an approach for improving the conjugation efficiency of cyanidin‐3‐O‐glucoside (C3G) and β‐lactoglobulin (βLG), thereby increasing cyanidin stability and imparting some characteristics to proteins. In the present study, the effects of ultrasound on C3G conjugation efficiency was investigated by exploring the binding mechanism and shifts in functional properties. Ultrasound enhanced conjugation efficiency by increasing binding affinity from 5.7 × 105 to 10.6 × 105 m−1, and binding number of C3G from two to three, as well as the maximum peak temperature of C3G from 84.7 to 88.4 °C in βLG–C3G complexes, implying improved C3G thermostability. Furthermore, C3G conjugation imparted antioxidant properties to the complexes, and altered the conformation of βLG, which enhances emulsifying ability and emulsification stability. Such changes further improved conjugation efficiency. The results of this study could facilitate the application of C3G as a natural additive in food products.

Anthocyanin Encapsulated Nanoparticles as a Pulmonary Delivery System.

Anthocyanins are known for their therapeutic efficacy for many human diseases, including cancer. After ingestion, anthocyanins degrade due to oxidation and enzymatic breakdown, resulting in reduced therapeutic efficacy. Direct delivery to target tissues and entrapment of anthocyanins increases their stability, bioavailability, and therapeutic efficacy. The objective of the present study was to develop a direct delivery system of anthocyanins into pulmonary tissues via encapsulated nanocarriers. A cyanidin-3-O-glucoside (C3G)-rich anthocyanin extract was prepared from well-ripened haskap (Lonicera caerulea L.) berries (HB) and encapsulated in three different polymeric nanocarrier systems: polyethylene glycol-poly(lactide-co-glycolide), maltodextrin, and carboxymethyl chitosan (CMC). The anthocyanin encapsulation efficiency was significantly higher in CMC (10%) than in the other two polymers. The cytotoxicity and cytoprotective effect of HB anthocyanin-encapsulated CMC (HB-CMC, 4 μg of C3G equivalent anthocyanin in 2 mg/mL nanoparticle) and anthocyanin-free CMC (E-CMC, 2 mg/mL) were tested for cytotoxicity using human normal lung epithelial BEAS-2B cells. The CMC nanoparticles were not cytotoxic for BEAS-2B cells. The HB-CMC nanoparticles reduced carcinogen-induced oxidative stress in BEAS-2B cells and restored the expression of superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase enzymes. The HB-CMC nanoparticles also reduced carcinogen-induced DNA single-strand breaks and alkaline-labile sites but not the double-strand breaks. The E-CMC, HB-CMC (28 μg C3G equivalent/mouse/day for six days), or the same dose of free HB anthocyanin was administered to A/JCr mice through a nose-only passive inhalation device. C3G and its metabolites, cyanidin, peonidin-3-O-glucoside, and cyanidin-3-O-glucuronide, were detected by UPLC/ESI/Q-TOF-MS in the lungs of mice after one hour of exposure. Therefore, the CMC could be a promising noncytotoxic candidate to encapsulate HB anthocyanin. Direct delivery of anthocyanin to lung tissues enhances tissue retention, slows phase 2 metabolism, and improves therapeutic efficacy.

Caracterización y evaluación de colorantes de Monnina vargassi y Vaccinium floribundum por espectroscopia infrarroja FTIR-ATR y UV Visible

Polyphenols and anthocyanins have been determined in fresh native fruits of Vaccinium floribundum and Monnina vargassi, for which their pigments were extracted with 0.01% acidified methanol, filtered, concentrated, centrifuged, decanted and scored to a defined volume for later evaluation.The anthocyanin spectra were identified by FTIR-ATR and Visible UV spectroscopy and the content of total anthocyanins (CAT) was evaluated by the differential pH method, total polyphenols (PFT) by the Folin-Ciocalteu method, found in the Visible and UV spectra. FTIR - ATR strong absorption signals at different values of vibration frequencies (cm-1) that correspond to functional groups of anthocyanins. The highest value in CAT corresponds to the extract of alaybili and the lowest to the condorusa with 108.12 and 56.07 (mg of cyanidin 3-glucoside / 100 g of fresh weight) respectively. Similarly, the highest value in PFT corresponds to alaybili and the lowest to condorusa with 627.13 and 342.24 (mg of gallic acid / 100 g of fresh weight) respectively. Therefore, it is concluded that the extracts of these fruits can be a source of functional foods as natural colorants in the food industry due to their high content of antioxidants. Keywords: Anthocyanins, Polyphenols, Antioxidants, Free Radicals, Flavonoids

Cyanidin-3-O-glucoside impacts fecal discharge of polystyrene microplastics in mice: Potential role of microbiota-derived metabolites

Microplastic particles degraded from plastic litters are recognized as a global environmental pollutant, which can be transferred and enriched via the food chain to impact ecosystems and human health. A balanced gut microbiota contributes to human health through host–gut interactions, environmentally-driven factors such as microplastic exposure would disturb the gut bacteria and affect its functionality. Dietary compounds can remodel the compositions of gut microbes, and interact with bacteria exerting profound effects on host physiology. This study explored the effects of bayberry-derived anthocyanin cyanidin-3-O-glucoside (C3G) and microplastic polystyrene (PS) on the gut microbiome in C57BL/6 mice, especially the alterations in gut bacteria and its metabolites. Using 16S rRNA high-throughput sequencing, variations in gut bacterial composition and enrichment of functional pathways were found upon PS and C3G administration. Meanwhile, the differential metabolites and metabolic pathways were identified by metabolomic analysis. Importantly, colonic and fecal PS levels were found to be strongly correlated with key microbiota-derived metabolites, which are associated with xenobiotic metabolism via regulation of xenobiotics-metabolizing enzymes and transporters. These results may offer new insights regarding the protective effects of C3G against xenobiotic PS exposure and the roles of gut bacterial metabolites.

Cyanidin-3-O-glucoside mediated photodegradation of profenofos in water

Flavonoids can sensitize and quench the photolysis of pesticides such as profenofos in surface water. Profenofos has been frequently detected in surface and underground water. The present study investigated the photolysis of profenofos under various conditions, including natural and artificial light illumination, with and without cyanidin-3-O-glucoside (Cy3G) and in pure and surface water. The degradation half-lives of profenofos in distilled water with 10 equivalents Cy3G of profenofos were 21.7 min, 9.5 h, 12.5 h and 180 h under high-pressure mercury light, UV, Xenon lamp and solar irradiation, respectively, while those without Cy3G were 8.1 min, 6.1 h, 8.2 h and 89.9 h, respectively. The photolysis rate of profenofos under sunlight and artificial light was reduced by 1.5–2.7 times due to Cy3G, compared to the Cy3G-free control. Under sunlight irradiation, the effects of Cy3G on profenofos photolysis were larger than those under high-pressure mercury lamp irradiation. Cy3G also significantly reduced the photolysis rate of profenofos under different pH conditions and in natural water. In addition, Cy3G exhibited a significant capacity of scavenging hydroxyl radicals and quenching 1O2 in water. The effect of Cy3G on profenofos photolysis was demonstrated through their interrelations in the natural environment. These findings can help understanding of the effect of flavonoids on profenofos photolysis and are of significance for predicting the degradation kinetics of profenofos and accurately assessing its potential biological impacts.

Stability Enhancement of Anthocyanins from Blackcurrant (Ribes Nigrum L.) Pomace through Intermolecular Copigmentation.

Intermolecular copigmentation denotes the interaction between colored anthocyanins and the colorless copigment, which is not bound covalently to the anthocyanin molecule. This is the first study to investigate the effect of intermolecular copigmentation on the stability of individual anthocyanins from dried blackcurrant pomace (DBP) using four pure phenolic acids as copigments (ferulic, caffeic, chlorogenic, and rosmarinic acid). Studies were performed at pH 3.0 and pH 6.0, with a copigment/anthocyanin extract molar ratio of 5:1, during storage at 20 °C. At both pH 3.0 and 6.0, rosmarinic acid showed the strongest hyperchromic and bathochromic effects (p < 0.05) on day 0. However, rosmarinic acid showed low stability during storage. At pH 3.0, chlorogenic acid and control samples were capable of maintaining very high levels of total anthocyanin stability during storage (p < 0.05). On the other hand, ferulic acid and control samples had the longest estimated half-life during storage at pH 6.0. Intermolecular copigmentation successfully increased the half-life, color retention, and antioxidant activity of the anthocyanin solution, with cyanidin-3-O-glucoside (C3G) exhibiting the highest stability at both pH values. Overall, anthocyanins from DBP, in combination with chlorogenic or ferulic acid, showed potential for use in commercial food applications.

In Vitro Release of Anthocyanins from Microencapsulated Natal Plum (Carissa macrocarpa) Phenolic Extract in Alginate/Psyllium Mucilage Beads.

Natal plum (Carissa macrocarpa) contains anthocyanins, cyanidin 3-O-β-sambubioside (Cy-3-Sa), and cyanidin 3-O-glucoside (Cy-3-G) that possess great bioactive properties. During in vitro gastrointestinal digestion, Cy-3-Sa and Cy-3-G are highly sensitive to pH changes and have low bioaccessibility rates of 7.9% and 22%, respectively. This study aimed to therefore use microencapsulation techniques to improve the bioaccessibility of Cy-3-Sa and Cy-3-G. The crude anthocyanin-rich extract was extracted from freeze-dried Natal plum fruit using ultrasonic-assisted ethanol extraction. The anthocyanin-rich extract was encapsulated using the ionic gelation method. Four distinct carrier agents, namely sodium alginate, pectin, xanthan gum and psyllium mucilage were used to form the wall materials. Encapsulation efficiency was highest for alginate/psyllium mucilage beads (93.67%), while alginate showed the least efficiency (86.80%). Scanning Electron Microscopy revealed a cracked and porous structure for the Natal plum extract and a continuous smooth structure for all the beads. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy showed peaks at 3300 and 1610 cm−1, confirming the presence of polyphenols and polysaccharides in all beads. Thermal stability was higher for the alginate/psyllium mucilage beads and the observed thermal transitions were due to the bonds formed between the polymers and the polyphenols. Alginate beads combined with xanthan gum, pectin, and psyllium mucilage showed a prolonged release of anthocyanins compared to alginate in vitro alone. The highest anthocyanin bioaccessibility was obtained from alginate/psyllium mucilage beads (85.42 ± 1.03%). The results showed the effectiveness of alginate/psyllium mucilage beads in improving stability and in vitro anthocyanin release.

Cyanidin-3-O-glucoside promotes stress tolerance and lifespan extension of Caenorhabditis elegans exposed to polystyrene via DAF-16 pathway

Microplastic pollution has attracted growing attention due to its prevalent and persistent exposure to general population through the food chain, but few reports have focused on the toxicological prevention of polystyrene (PS). Using the wild-type and mutant strains, this study explored the impacts of PS and cyanidin-3-O-glucoside (C3G) on stress tolerance and lifespan of Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans). In N2 nematodes, PS exposure initiated the oxidative stress and subsequent lifespan reduction, while these adverse impacts could be positively improved by C3G treatment. Considering the pivotal role of DAF-16 pathway in stress tolerance and lifespan regulation, the expression of the daf-16 gene and its downstream antioxidant genes (clt-2, hsp-16.1, sod-3, sod-5) were examined, and found to be significantly enhanced by C3G. Since the sod-3 gene was up-regulated the most fold by C3G, the activity of SOD enzyme that encoded by the sod-3 was examined, and could be obviously enhanced upon C3G treatment. This explained the improved oxidative stress and delayed oxidation-associated aging after C3G intervention. Nevertheless, these positive effects of C3G were weakened in daf-16(-) mutant strain (with deleted DAF-16 gene), for which the beneficial effects of C3G in promoting stress resistance and lifespan extension were inhibited. These findings suggested that the DAF-16 gene and its downstream antioxidant genes, have participated in C3G’s regulations on redox balance and lifespan that impacted by nano-polystyrene particles. This study highlighted the link between dietary components and environmentally driven disturbance.

PhUGT78A22, a novel glycosyltransferase in Paeonia ‘He Xie’, can catalyze the transfer of glucose to glucosylated anthocyanins during petal blotch formation

BackgroundFlower color patterns play an important role in the evolution and subsequent diversification of flowers by attracting animal pollinators. This interaction can drive the diversity observed in angiosperms today in many plant families such as Liliaceae, Paeoniaceae, and Orchidaceae, and increased their ornamental values. However, the molecular mechanism underlying the differential distribution of anthocyanins within petals remains unclear in Paeonia.ResultsIn this study, we used an intersectional hybrid between the section Moutan and Paeonia, hereafter named Paeonia ‘He Xie’, which has purple flowers with dark purple blotches. After Ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-diode array detector (UPLC-DAD) analysis of blotched and non-blotched parts of petals, we found the anthocyanin content in the blotched part was always higher than that in the non-blotched part. Four kinds of anthocyanins, namely cyanidin-3-O-glucoside (Cy3G), cyanidin-3,5-O-glucoside (Cy3G5G), peonidin-3-O-glucoside (Pn3G), and peonidin-3,5-O-glucoside (Pn3G5G) were detected in the blotched parts, while only Cy3G5G and Pn3G5G were detected in the non-blotched parts. This suggests that glucosyltransferases may play a vital role in the four kinds of glucosylated anthocyanins in the blotched parts. Moreover, 2433 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were obtained from transcriptome analysis of blotched and non-blotched parts, and a key UDP-glycosyltransferase named PhUGT78A22 was identified, which could use Cy3G and Pn3G as substrates to produce Cy3G5G and Pn3G5G, respectively, in vitro. Furthermore, silencing of PhUGT78A22 reduced the content of anthocyanidin 3,5-O-diglucoside in P. ‘He Xie’.ConclusionsA UDP-glycosyltransferase, PhUGT78A22, was identified in P. ‘He Xie’, and the molecular mechanism underlying differential distribution of anthocyanins within petals was elucidated. This study provides new insights on the biosynthesis of different kinds of anthocyanins within colorful petals, and helps to explain petal blotch formation, which will facilitate the cultivar breeding with respect to increasing ornamental value. Additionally, it provides a reference for understanding the molecular mechanisms responsible for precise regulation of anthocyanin biosynthesis and distribution patterns.

The Effects of Various Drying Techniques on Physicochemical and Nutritional Qualities of (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) Roselle Calyx

The calyx of the roselle plant (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) has been extensively studied for its anthocyanins. Roselle calyces are exceedingly perishable, making the process of drying and extracting them without sacrificing quality quite difficult. Similarly, there are several commercial drying procedures available, each with its own set of benefits and drawbacks on nutritional and physicochemical qualities in the final product. The goal of this study was to examine the effects of sun, oven and freeze drying on the physicochemical and nutritional properties of roselle calyx. The antioxidant (%RSA), total anthocyanin content (TAC) and their HPLC identification, physicochemical as well as proximate composition were determined. The results showed that freeze drying increased the drying rate significantly and retained the antioxidant activity (32 mg/100 g QE) then fresh calyx, sun and oven drying, freeze-dried calyx also have higher TAC (176.9 mg/l) than sun and oven dried calyx, the HPLC analysis revealed two anthocyanidin cyanidine glucoside and cyanidin glucoside. phytochemicals and proximate of roselle calyces were higher in freeze-dried than oven and sun drying techniques employed. The findings demonstrated that freeze drying the roselle calyces preserve their quality characteristics.

Copigmentation effect of flavonols on anthocyanins in black mulberry juice and their interaction mechanism investigation

Copigmentation effect of flavonoids on black mulberry juice and its main anthocyanin, cyanidin-3-O-glucoside (C3G), was evaluated. Results showed that the hyperchromic effect of flavonols, such as kaempferol (KAE), hyperoside (HYP), rutin (RUT), quercetin (QTI) and isoquercitrin (IQT), was better than that of quercitrin (QTR) and catechin (CAT). The degradation rate constant (k) of C3G decreased by 8.6 %∼50.0 % when KAE, HYP, RUT, QTI and IQT were added, whilst half-life (t1/2), activation energy (Ea) and hydration reaction equilibrium constant (pKh) increased by 7.4 %∼99.0 %, 60.0 %∼95.7 % and 8.3 %∼37.8 % respectively. Meanwhile, the maximum absorption wavelength of the mixture displayed bathochromic shift. Molecular simulation indicated that the interaction energy with C3G was KAE > HYP > RUT > QTI > IQT > QTR > CAT. The main driving force forming C3G-flavonol complex were hydrogen bond and Van der Waals interaction. These results will provide theoretical reference to enhance color stability of food rich in anthocyanins.

Computational design of a chitosan derivative for improving the color stability of anthocyanins: Theoretical calculation and experimental verification

The objective of this study was to design a chitosan (CS) derivative with good protective effect on the color stability of anthocyanins (ACNs) under accelerated storage. The binding affinities and interactions of 12 organic acids with cyanidin-3-O-glucoside (C3G) were evaluated using quantum mechanics method. Sinapic acid (SinA) showing the strongest interaction with C3G was selected for the synthesis of SinA-grafted-CS (SinA-g-CS), which was further characterized by FTIR and 1H NMR. Under accelerated storage conditions (40 °C), SinA-g-CS significantly improved the color stability of black rice anthocyanins (BRA) in the presence of l-ascorbic acid (pH 3.0), and showed a better protective effect than that of CS. Moreover, molecular dynamics simulation analysis showed SinA-g-CS formed more hydrogen bonds with C3G than CS. Our study demonstrated that SinA-g-CS designed by computational methods can effectively protect ACNs from degradation, and has the potential to be used in ACN-rich beverages as a replacement for CS.

Investigation of flavonoid components and their associated antioxidant capacity in different pigmented rice varieties

Black and red rice are flavonoid-rich and nutritious. However, comprehensive information of flavonoid components in different pigmented rice varieties remain unclear. Here, we analyze the differences in flavonoid components in black, red, and white rice by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) and metabolome analysis. Cyanidin-3-glucoside (Cy-3-G), peonidin-3-glucoside (Pe-3-G), quercetin, dihydromyricetin, naringin, and taxifolin contents were significantly high in black rice. By contrast, catechin and epicatechin contents were substantial in red rice. Cy-3-G was the main anthocyanin and its content was more than four times that of Pe-3-G in black rice varieties. Trifolin hardly showed specificity and exhibited a high content in all rice varieties. The antioxidant capacity of the red and black rice varieties was significantly higher than that of white rice. Moreover, in black and red rice, quercetin and catechin respectively exhibited the strongest antioxidant capacity and a good contribution toward the total flavonoid content, and mean time, white rice possessed antioxidant capacity main derived from quercetin and trifolin. Besides, the study also found that there was slightly inconsistent results between UPLC and metabolome, because certain components with trace by metabolome were not detected by UPLC, but their combination could play a complementary role in the exploration of metabolic components to confirm the ingredients.

Phytochemical Profile and Chemopreventive Properties of Cooked Glutinous Purple Rice Extracts Using Cell-Based Assays and Rat Model.

Purple rice has gained attention for its health promoting potential due to a high content of bioactive phytochemicals. The heat generated during cooking alters the quality and quantity of nutrients and phytochemicals in food. This study aimed to investigate the phytochemical profile and chemopreventive properties of cooked glutinous purple rice using cell-based assays and a rat model. Purple rice was cooked in a rice cooker and was then further extracted with solvents to obtain dichloromethane and methanol extracts. The methanol extracts of glutinous purple rice contained great amounts of phenolics, flavonoids, and anthocyanins. Protocatechuic acid (2.26–5.40 mg/g extract) and cyanidin 3-glucoside (34.3–65.7 mg/g extract) were the major phenolic acid and anthocyanin contents, respectively. After cooking, the content of anthocyanins, γ-oryzanols, and phytosterols decreased, while the amount of some phenolic acid and tocol contents increased. Methanol extracts of glutinous purple rice inhibited reactive oxygen species production about 60% in PMA-treated peripheral blood mononuclear cells, reduced nitric oxide formation in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells (26–39% inhibition), and exhibited antimutagenicity against several mutagens using the Ames test, but dichloromethane extracts presented only mild anti-inflammatory activities. Although methanol extracts induced mild mutagenicity (mutagenic index 2.0–2.5), they did not induce micronucleated hepatocyte formation and certain hepatic CYP450 isozyme activities in rats. However, the mutagenicity of the methanol extract significantly declined after cooking. In summary, the methanol extract of the cooked glutinous purple rice might be a promising cancer chemopreventive fraction, which was neither genotoxic nor posing adverse effects on phytochemical–drug interaction in rats.

Entrapment of cyanidin-3-O-glucoside in β-conglycinin: From interaction to bioaccessibility and antioxidant activity under thermal treatment

The thermal-induced interaction between β-conglycinin (7S) and cyanidin-3-O-glucoside (C3G) on the bioaccessibility and antioxidant capacity of C3G was investigated. High ratio of 7S to C3G (1:100) led to a more ordered secondary structure of 7S. Thermal treatment promoted the formation of 7S-C3G complexes via hydrophobic and hydrogen bonds but did not induce the formation of 7S-C3G covalent products. Thermal treatment at 65 °C and 121 °C enhanced the binding affinity of 7S-C3G complexes by 46.19 % and 1203 % compared with 25 °C. The 7S-C3G interaction decreased C3G bioaccessibility by 4.37 %, 8.74 %, and 46.37 % at 25 °C, 65 °C, and 121 °C. Diphenylpicrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and ABTS antioxidant capacity assay indicated an antagonistic effect between 7S and C3G. The increased binding affinity of C3G to 7S limited the bioaccessibility of C3G and promoted the antagonism of antioxidant capacity between 7S and C3G. 7S addition was detrimental to the antioxidant capacity and bioaccessibility of C3G in vitro after thermal processing.

Glucoside-3-cyanidin (Cy3G) and its importance in cancer therapy

When analyzing the structure of cancer incidence in Poland, it is extremely important to take chemopreventive actions as early as possible, which are aimed at reducing the incidence of the most common cancers, focusing on the prevention and use of natural bioactive factors contained in food. Anthocyanins are a large group of ingredients contained in plants that do not have a nutritional function, but play a significant role in the regulation of metabolic processes in the human body, which has a multidirectional pro-health and preventive effect in relation to many diseases, especially cancer. High hopes in chemoprevention are associated with the biological activity of the most common representative of anthocyanins, i.e. cyanidin-3-glucoside (Cy3G). Most of the studies on Cy3G bioactivity come mainly from in vitro cell line tests and in vivo experimental studies on rodents. Studies of the biological activity of Cy3G most often include: the process of free radical absorption, anti-inflammatory, anticoagulant, insulinotropic, antimicrobial, chemotherapeutic and epigenetic effects. This publication summarizes the results of in vitro studies conducted on various cancer cell lines, which prove the antiproliferative, anti-inflammatory and chemopreventive activity of Cy3G.

Effects of organic acids on color intensification, thermodynamics, and copigmentation interactions with anthocyanins

Anthocyanins are attractive alternatives to synthetic colorants, but their low stability impedes practical applications. Intermolecular copigmentation can enhance both color intensity and stability. Herein, the copigmentation interactions of Kyoho grape skin anthocyanins (KSA) or cyanidin-3-O-glucoside (Cy-G) with organic acids were investigated. Color enhancement was evaluated at different acid molar ratios and treatment temperatures. The optimal copigmentation effects were observed for KSA/tannic acid (1:150) and Cy-G/tannic acid (1:100). Based on enthalpy variation, KSA/ferulic acid and Cy-G/ferulic acid exhibited the highest stability. The distinct color differences observed in the presence of different acids were attributed to structural effects. The influence of ferulic acid on various anthocyanins was also evaluated using theoretical approaches. Owing to steric hindrance, the acyl groups in KSA affected the spatial conformation, hydrogen bonding, and van der Waals interactions of the complexes. Further, hydroxyl groups decreased complex stability. These findings contribute to furthering the understanding of copigmentation effects.

Role of Inflammation, Oxidative Stress, and Mitochondrial Changes in Premenstrual Psychosomatic Behavioral Symptoms with Anti-Inflammatory, Antioxidant Herbs, and Nutritional Supplements.

Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) significantly lowers the quality of life and impairs personal and social relationships in reproductive-age women. Some recommendations are that inappropriate oxidative stress and inflammatory response are involved in PMS. Various nutritional supplements and herbs showed neuro-psycho-pharmacological activity with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. This study aims to determine the systematic review of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of herbal medicine and nutritional supplements in PMS. We also comprehensively highlighted the role of oxidative stress, inflammation, and mitochondrial changes on PMS with the application of computational intelligence. We used PRISMA and research question-based techniques to collect the data for evaluation of our study on different databases such as Scopus, PubMed, and PROSPERO from 1990 to 2022. The methodological quality of the published study was assessed by the modified Jadad scale. In addition, we used network visualization and word cloud techniques to find the closest terms of the study based on previous publications. While we also used computational intelligence techniques to give the idea for the classification of experimental data from PMS. We found 25 randomized controlled studies with 1949 participants (mean ± SD: 77.96 ± 22.753) using the PRISMA technique, and all were high-quality studies. We also extracted the closest terms related to our study using network visualization techniques. This work has revealed the future direction and research gap on the role of oxidative stress and inflammation in PMS. In vitro and in vivo studies showed that bioactive molecules such as curcumin, allicin, anethole, thymoquinone, cyanidin 3-glucoside, gamma-linoleic acid, and various molecules not only have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties but also other various activities such as GABA-A receptor agonist, serotonergic, antidepressant, sedative, and analgesic. Traditional Unani Herbal medicine and nutritional supplements can effectively relieve PMS symptoms as they possess many bioactive molecules that are pharmacologically proven for the aforementioned properties. Hence, these biomolecules might influence a complex physical and psychological disease process like PMS. However, more rigorous research studies are recommended for in-depth knowledge of the efficacy of bioactive molecules on premenstrual syndrome in clinical trials.