Samples Of Cv Research Articles

Effects of cold storage on aroma compounds of white- and yellow-fleshed peaches

The stir bar sorptive extraction (SBSE) technique was used to determine volatile constituents in two peach cultivars, one yellow-fleshed (cv. Spring Lady) and one white-fleshed (cv. Regina Bianca). For both cultivars four distinct experimental samples were considered, each formed by fruits obtained with four different cultivation practices. In order to investigate the effects of cold storage on the volatile profile, on all peach experimental samples changes in aroma compounds after 1 and 2 weeks of storage at 1°C, plus 1 day at ambient temperature, were monitored; moreover, only on the four experimental samples from cv. Regina Bianca, the effect of a prestorage hot water treatment (46°C for 25 min) was also evaluated. On the isolate obtained by SBSE, 24 compounds were identified and quantified by GC-MS: saturated and unsaturated lactones, aldehydes, C13 norisoprenoids, monoterpenes, alcohols and esters. The profile of the white-fleshed cultivar was characterised by a higher level of C13 norisoprenoids, and, in particular, of 8,9-dehydrotheaspirone. In all experimental samples after 1 week of storage, plus 1 day at ambient temperature, a marked increase (on average by 89%) in total lactones was observed. This increase was due to a noticeable accumulation of saturated lactones with longer side chains (γ- and δ-decalactone) and unsaturated lactones ((Z)-dec-7-en-5-olide and γ-jasmolactone). Peaches analysed after 2 weeks of storage showed total lactone levels close to those detected in the samples at harvest, suggesting that increasing storage times reduced fruit ability to accumulate these character impact compounds of peach aroma. A similar effect of cold storage, although less marked, was also observed on C13 norisoprenoid fraction, but only on cv. Regina Bianca. On the other hand, we did not find univocal effects of cold storage on C6 aldehydes, whereas linalool, detected only in samples of cv. Spring Lady at harvest, disappeared quickly during the first days of storage. In samples of cv. Regina Bianca peaches subjected to hot water treatment, after 1 week of storage, lactone level was significantly reduced in comparison with untreated fruits, denoting a possible inhibition effect on lactone accumulation and on aroma development.

MYCOTOXIN PREVENTION AND CONTROL IN LINSEED

The present paper analyses mycotoxin contamination in six oil flax seed of the flax varieties differing in the length of the growing season. The flax seed grown in precision field trials was analyzed for mycotoxin contamination at harvesting and during storage period.The analyses done at harvesting revealed the traces of aflatoxin were identified only in the seed samples of cvs. Lu-5 and Gold Merchant, while those of ochratoxin A (2.3 µg kg'1) in the seed sample of cv. Szaphir. All the seed samples tested were found positive for DON contamination, except for cv. Blue Chip, but the levels identified were very low. After 8 months of storage the levels of aflatoxin and ochratoxin A. in flax seed samples increased. Mycotoxin increasing immediately concerned with seed fungi contamination. These indicators could be determining by moisture control such as seed drying.

The influence of selection effects on the observed cataclysmic variable population: modelling and application to the Palomar-Green sample

Large differences between the properties of the known sample of cataclysmic variable stars (CVs) and the predictions of the theory of binary star evolution have long been recognized. However, because all existing CV samples suffer from strong selection effects, observational biases must be taken into account before it is possible to tell whether there is an inconsistency. In order to address this problem, we have modelled the impact of selection effects on observed CV samples using a Monte Carlo approach. By simulating the selection criteria of the Palomar-Green (PG) Survey, we show that selection effects cannot reconcile the predictions of standard CV evolution theory with the observed sample. More generally, we illustrate the effect of the biases that are introduced by magnitude limits, selection cuts in U - B and restrictions in Galactic latitude.

Effects of Removal and Remixing of Heavyweight Pigs on Performance to Slaughter Weights

An experiment was conducted to determine the effects of heavyweight pig removal and remixing on performance. The experiment used a total of 450 pigs (31kg initial BW) that were sorted and remixed at a mean replicate BW of 73kg. Treatments were 15 pigs/pen from initial BW to slaughter (15S), 20 pigs/pen from initial BW to time of sort and remix, then reduced to 15 pigs/pen (20/ 15), and 15 pigs/pen from time of sort and remix to slaughter, comprised of the 5 heaviest pigs from each of three 20/15 pens per replicate (15M). Space allocation was 0.56m2/pig to the day of remixing and 0.74m2/pig thereafter. There was no effect (P > 0.1) of treatment on ADG before 73kg BW when pens were the experimental units. There was no effect (P > 0.1) of treatment on ADG or feed conversion to slaughter BW following removal and remixing using the contrast 20/15 + 15M vs. 15S. The average of the replicate for 20/15 and 15M was used as the experimental unit in a second statistical analysis. Daily feed was less (P = 0.079) from placement to 73kg BW for the 20/15 + 15M population vs. the 15S population resulting in a lesser (P = 0.067) overall ADG (0.875 vs. 0.887 kg/d, respectively) with no effect (P > 0.1) on feed conversion or CV sample population BW. Removal and remixing of heavyweight pigs at a midpoint in the growth process had minimal effects on performance to slaughter and CV for BW at slaughter.

Role of a Phytotonic-Dravya in the Induction of Resistance of Paddy to Bipolaris oryzae Infection

In order to trigger defense mechanisms in plants, abiotic or biotic factors can be used as inducers/elicitors. In the present study, Dravya (a sea weed extract) was evaluated for its compatibility with common synthetic fungicides like Bavistin and Dithane M-45. Dravya was found to be highly compatible with Dithane M-45, in which the incidence of Bipolaris oryzae and Alternaria padwickii was reduced to a greater extent in the paddy seed sample of Cv. IR-64, a popular variety for popped rice in South India. In parallel, seed germination and seedling vigour were also enhanced over control. Treated seedlings also indicated the enhanced peroxidase and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase activities upon challenge inoculation with Bipolaris oryzae. Challenged seedlings showed higher activity of enzymes on second and fourth day after inoculation. The suppression in disease incidence of the seedlings was also noticed in the growing plants indicated the promising effects of Dravya with Dithane M-45 under green house conditions.

First Report of Erwinia persicina from Phaseolus vulgaris in Spain.

A previously unreported leaf spot disease of common bean, which caused losses as much as 50% of the crops, was observed in southeastern Spain (Almería, Granada, and Málaga provinces) in November 2003. In 2004, samples of cv. Donna with chlorotic and necrotic leaf spots were collected from Granada and processed for microbiological analysis. Bacteria isolated from the symptomatic leaves were determined to be fermentative on the basis of the ability to metabolize glucose in aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Three isolates were selected for pathogenicity tests. Bacterial suspensions (108 CFU/ml) were spray inoculated on bean seedlings (3 true leaves) of cv. Andecha. Beans were covered with transparent plastic bags for 2 days and held in an incubation chamber at 22°C and 80% relative humidity with a 12-h photoperiod. Assays were repeated at least twice. Symptoms that developed on plants inoculated with the three isolates were similar to those originally observed, while symptoms did not occur on control plants (inoculated with distilled water). The pathogenic isolates were identified by sequencing of the 16S rDNA after amplification (2). The amplified sequences were compared to available DNA sequences in databases by using BLAST (1); 99% homology with 16S rDNA of Erwinia persicina was shown. Microbiological characteristics (gram staining, motility, morphology, and results of biochemical tests) were in agreement with the molecular identification of the isolates. E. persicina has been isolated from bean in the United States (4) and described on tomato, banana, and cucumber in Japan (3). To our knowledge, this is the first report of E. persicina from common bean in Spain and in Europe.

The influence of sample site on intraoperative PTH monitoring during parathyroidectomy

Intraoperative parathyroid hormone (IOPTH) monitoring is common during parathyroidectomy. We hypothesized that sample site (peripheral vs central vein) may impact IOPTH interpretation. Two hundred and one patients underwent curative parathyroidectomy for single-gland disease. IOPTH was drawn peripherally (PV) in 114 patients and centrally (CV, jugular vein) in 87 patients. Decrease from baseline IOPTH and the presence of a normal value at 10 and 15 minutes were determined. The slope of IOPTH decay was calculated. These data were compared between sample sites. Median baseline IOPTH was 268 pg/mL (CV) and 191 pg/mL (PV, P = .003). The mean IOPTH decay slopes were -0.75 (PV) and -0.76 (CV, P = NS), and the mean percent IOPTH decrease at 10 minutes was 79% PV and 80% CV (P = NS). At 10 minutes, a > or =50% drop from baseline was seen in 94% (CV) versus 97% (PV) of patients ( P = NS), resulting in a median IOPTH of 40 pg/mL (CV) versus 34 pg/mL (PV, P = .09). By 15 minutes, the central IOPTH had decreased by > or =50% of baseline in 98% of patients ( P = NS when compared to the 10-minute PV site). IOPTH kinetics are largely the same for PV and CV sample sites, but baseline values are higher with central sampling. Consequently, CV IOPTH levels are generally higher at 10 minutes, but this discrepancy resolves by 15 minutes. The surgeon utilizing CV samples may need to extend the sampling period.

Compositional nutrient diagnosis and main nutrient interactions in yellow pepper grown on desert calcareous soils

AbstractMineral‐nutrient stress is one of the main factors limiting crop production, especially in arid lands. The mineral requirement of a crop is difficult to determine, and the interpretation of foliar chemistry composition is not easy. This study was conducted to compute the minimum yield target for fresh fruit of yellow pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) and the corresponding Compositional Nutrient Diagnosis (CND) as well as to identify significant nutrient interactions of this crop in desert calcareous soils. Preliminary CND norms were developed using a cumulative variance‐ratio function and the chi‐square distribution function. From a small database, we computed means and standard deviations of row‐centered log ratios, VX, of five nutrients (N, P, K, Ca, and Mg) and a filling value, R, which comprises all nutrients not chemically analyzed and quantified them in 54 foliar samples of the popular yellow pepper cv. ‘Santa Fé’. This cultivar is widely grown in northwest Mexico under arid conditions. These norms are associated to fresh fruit yields higher than 15.04 t ha–1. Principal‐component analyses, performed using estimated CND nutrient indexes, allowed us to identify four interactions: negative P‐Ca, P‐Mg, and N‐K, and positive Ca‐Mg. Pepper plants growing on calcareous soils tend to take up more Ca and Mg than considered as optimum in other soil conditions.

First Report of an Elm Yellows Subgroup 16SrV-C Phytoplasma Infecting Grapevine in Serbia.

During a 2002 survey in Serbia, samples of grapevine (Vitis vinifera) were collected from plants showing typical phytoplasma-like symptoms: leaf roll, leaf redness, vein chlorosis and necrosis, and absence of lignification. The material was collected from one viticultural region (Zupa Aleksandrovac), where the disease was recorded in 2000 and showed an increasing percentage of symptomatic plants every year. Total nucleic acid was extracted separately from leaf midveins and stem bark collected from 10 symptomatic and 2 asymptomatic plants. Phytoplasma infection was detected using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays with universal primer pair P1/P7 for the amplification of phytoplasma 16S rRNA gene, and primer pair FD9f2/FD9r followed by FD9f3/FD9r2 in nested PCR for specific amplification of the FD9 nonribosomal DNA fragment of the EY-group (1). Phytoplasmas were detected in 9 of 10 midvein extracts from symptomatic grapevines (three of cv. Plovdina, two of cv. Smederevka, and four of cv. Gamé). Also, 6 of 10 bark preparations representing stem collections from the same plants were positive (two samples of cv. Plovdina, both samples of cv. Smederevka, and two samples of cv. Gamé). Both collections of midveins and bark tissues from asymptomatic plants were negative. Fragments amplified with universal P1/P7 primers (16S-23S rDNA) were analyzed by restriction fragment length polymorphism with TruI and TaqI restriction enzymes. The phytoplasmas produced identical restriction profiles to those of 16SrV Elm Yellows group and 16SrV-C Flavescence doreé subgroup (2). To our knowledge, this is the first report of phytoplasma infecting grapevines in Serbia, and the first survey in progress to verify the presence of Scaphoideus titanus to determine if this grapevine yellows could be defined as Flavescence dorée.

The minimum period problem in cataclysmic variables

We investigate if consequential angular momentum losses (CAML) or an intrinsic deformation of the donor star in CVs could increase the CV bounce period from the canonical theoretical value ~65 min to the observed value $P_{min} \approx77$ min, and if a variation of these effects in a CV population could wash out the theoretically predicted accumulation of systems near the minimum period (the period spike). We are able to construct suitably mixed CV model populations that a statisticial test cannot rule out as the parent population of the observed CV sample. However, the goodness of fit is never convincing, and always slightly worse than for a simple, flat period distribution. Generally, the goodness of fit is much improved if all CVs are assumed to form at long orbital periods. The weighting suggested by King, Schenker & Hameury (2002) does not constitute an improvment if a realistically shaped input period distribution is used. Put your abstract here.

Valuing Health Impacts from Air Pollution in Europe

Health impacts make up asignificant portion of the damage costs fromair pollution. In lack of European valuationstudies on morbidity impacts, cost-benefitanalyses, transport and energy externalitystudies, and green accounting exercises inEurope have all used values from more than tenyear old US valuation studies. Results from anew Contingent Valuation study, using animproved version of the survey design of themost transferred US morbidity study, show thatrespiratory symptom days and asthma attacks arevalued lower in Norway than in the US.Correction were made for differences inpurchase power between the two countries, butthe US values are still expressed in 1986dollar values; indicating that the differencebetween the two estimates could be even higher.Thus, the practise of transferring US estimatesand only adjusting the values with the consumerprice index could lead to highly biased valuesin the Norwegian case. The difference betweenthe US and Norwegian values can be explained byimproved CV survey and sample design, differentpreferences in Norway compared to the US, anddifferent public health care systems. We do notknow if we can generalise the results from thisNorwegian study to the rest of Europe, but thestudy clearly illustrates the uncertainty intransferring results from one country toanother.

SO 2-induced decrease in photosynthetic activity in two barley cultivars. Evidence against specific damage at the protein-pigment complex level

This research investigated the SO 2-induced effects on photosynthetic apparatus in two barley ( Hordeum vulgare L.) cultivars (cv), Panda and Express. Following a chronic treatment with SO 2 (80 ppb, 75 d) neither cv showed any visible signs of injury or chlorosis on leaf surfaces, while a significant reduction in A max and G w was detected in both cvs, although to different extents. Thylakoids of SO 2-treated plants showed a decrease in the electron transport activity at the whole chain, photosystem II (PSII) and photosystem I (PSI) level in both cvs. The high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis of leaf pigments revealed a significant decrease in both cvs, more pronounced in Panda than in Express. Deriphat-polyacrilamide gel electrophoresis (Deriphat-PAGE) and two dimensional (2-D) electrophoretic analyses of the pigment-protein complexes did not show differences in SO 2-treated samples of either cv. HPLC analysis of the green bands also showed no differences in the pigment content of fumigated samples of either cv, except for a decrease in β-carotene content and xanthophyll cycle pigment (VAZ) content respectively at band 1 (PSI) and band 5 (minor light-harvesting polypeptides of PSII) level in cv Panda, where the de-epoxidation index (DEP) significantly increased, while in Express, an increase in VAZ content and DEP value of band 5 was observed. These results suggest that the decrease in the photosynthetic activity can be ascribed, in addition to stomata closure induced by SO 2, to a generalised, rather than specific, pollutant effect on photosynthetic apparatus, which could be interpreted as an adaptation to the adverse environment.

Fusarium Head Blight Reactions and Accumulation of Deoxynivalenol (DON) and Some of its Derivatives in Kernels of Wheat, Triticale and Rye

Fifty‐three commercially grown cultivars and germplasm lines of winter triticale (n = 18), wheat (n = 13), and rye (n = 5) and spring triticale (n = 8), wheat (n = 7) and rye (n = 2) were inoculated at mid anthesis with a spore suspension consisting of a mixture of Fusarium culmorum, Fusarium avenaceum and Fusarium graminearum isolates of known toxinogenic activity. Reactions to Fusarium head blight were measured as disease severity, reductions of kernel number/head, kernel weight/head and 1000 kernel weight, number of Fusarium‐damaged kernels and kernel content of deoxynivalenol (DON) and its acetyl‐derivatives 3‐AcDON, 15‐AcDON, and moniliformin. None of the cereal genotypes was completely resistant to Fusarium head blight. Wheat suffered from the largest kernel weight reductions, and accumulated the largest amounts of deoxynivalenol (up to 39.5 mg/kg) and 3AcDON (up to 6.0 mg/kg) in kernels. Deoxynivalenol was not detected in grain samples of winter rye cv. Dańkowskie Z?ote, and spring rye cv. Ludowe. 15‐AcDON was only detected in genotypes of triticale, and 3AcDON only in a few genotypes of winter wheat and rye. Moniliformin was detected at low concentrations (up to 0.092 mg/kg) in kernels of some genotypes selected for the mycotoxin analysis. A moderately strong Pearson correlation was found between head blight severity parameters and the accumulation of deoxynivalenol and its derivatives in grain of the cereal genotypes studied. Fusarium head blight severity parameters were correlated with the percentage of Fusarium‐damaged kernels and reductions of yield components. However, some head blight‐susceptible genotypes realized their potential yields, but accumulated high levels of mycotoxins in kernels. Both Fusarium head blight resistant and susceptible genotypes of the three cereal species accumulated deoxynivalenol in kernels. This finding suggests that the system regulating deoxynivalenol accumulation may be independent of Fusarium head blight reaction.

Effect of various compounds on virgin olive oil stability measured by Rancimat.

Phenolic and orthodiphenolic compounds together with carotenoids, tocopherols, pigments, and fatty acids were tested for their antioxidant effect in 79 samples of virgin olive oils cv. Picual and Hojiblanca. A linear regression based on the oleic/linoleic ratio and the contents of phenols and tocopherols showed a good correlation (adjusted-R(2) = 0.91) with the stability measured by Rancimat, later verified with an external text set (adjusted-R(2) = 0.95). A tentative study on the percentage contribution of each chemical variable to stability is discussed. The contribution of phenolic and orthodiphenolic compounds was around 51%, the composition of fatty acids 24%, and in less percentage alpha-tocopherol, carotenoids, and chlorophylls. No effect, or very little, was shown by beta- and gamma-tocopherols.

Distribuição da sacarose-fosfato sintase e sacarose sintase em bananas durante o amadurecimento

The starch breakdown and synthesis of sugars are important biochemical transformations during banana fruit ripening and seem to happen in an homogeneous way in the fruit. To confirm this fact, samples of banana cv. nanicao (Musa spp.) harvested with 110 days after anthesis were collected during ripening and amounts of starch, hexoses and sucrose, and the activity of the enzymes sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS) and sucrose synthase (SS) were estimated. It could be observed that there is a bigger concentration of starch in the peripheric portion of green banana (18%) than in the central part (13%). However, the speed of starch degradation during maturation is the same, which results in different concentrations of residual starch in the ripe banana. In addition, the sucrose appearing and accumula-tion happened at the same time in both regions and coincided with the maximum values of SPS activity. Using the Tissue Print technic, it was possible to observe that SPS and SS are uniformily distributted in the hole pulp of both green and ripe tissues, and that there is an apparent correlation between the developed color and the activity variation.

Ascorbate Oxidase levels in Wheat and their Relationship to Baking Quality

Flour samples from 127 samples of wheat of 13 different cultivars grown throughout New Zealand during two seasons were extracted with 1mNa2SO4(pH 8·3) and assayed for ascorbate oxidase (AOX) at pH 6·2 by a continuous spectrophotometric method. The mean AOX activity of the cultivar with the greatest activity, Domino, was more than three times that of the cultivar with the lowest activity, Brock. The differences in AOX activity amongst cultivars were maintained for two seasons. The range of AOX activities of different wheat samples within each cultivar was about two-fold for most cultivars. A sample of cv. Domino with the highest activity was 14 times more active than the lowest activity sample of cv. Brock. There was a significant correlation between low AOX activity and bake score of cultivars or individual wheat samples. There was also a correlation between log AOX and protein content, and protein content was also correlated with bake score. Flour stored for 300 days at 20°C and wheat stored for two or more years had reduced AOX activities and bake scores. However, flour containing low endogenous AOX activity produced the same bake scores with ascorbic acid plus squash AOX as with ascorbic acid alone. It was concluded that the level of AOX in wheat was not critical to the ascorbic acid improver effect, provided sufficient oxygen was mixed into the dough by high-speed mixers.

Detection of Tobacco Rattle Virus in Potato Tubers and Roots by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)

AbstractTobacco rattle virus (TRV) was detected by PCR in potato tubers and in root samples. Oligonucleotide primers were synthesized to nucleotides of the 16 k protein gene of RNA‐1 of the TRV strain ‘SYM’. After phenol extraction of the total nucleic acids of the samples and reverse transcription. the PCR reaction mixture was subjected to 25 cycles and the amplification product was detected by electrophoresis. TRV RNA was found in roots and in freshly harvested tubers in September, as well as in tubers which were stored until March. This indicates that there was no elimination of TRV during the storage period. The field samples of potato cv. Désirée tested in September were symptomlessly infected. whereas the stored tubers of various cultivars showed, internal symptoms. Nucleic acids extracts of latently‐infected and spraing‐affected tubers inoculated on tobacco plants led to local necrotic rings. Nucleic acids from infected tobacco cv. Samsun plants led to systemic symptoms as well. TRV was identified by ISEM and ELISA only in the systemically‐infected tobacco plants, but not in the locally infected tobacco plants. This suggests the presence of the ‘NM’ type of TRV in tubers, which produces only RNA‐1 but no complete virus particles.

Systemic and colonic venous hemostatic alterations in horses during low-flow ischemia and reperfusion of the large colon

SUMMARY Twenty-four horses were randomly allocated to 3 groups. All horses underwent a ventral midline celiotomy, and the large colon was exteriorized and instrumented. Group-1 horses served as sham-operated controls, group-2 horses underwent 6 hours of colonic ischemia, and group-3 horses were subjected to 3 hours of ischemia and 3 hours of reperfusion. Baseline blood samples were collected, then low-flow colonic ischemia was induced in horses of groups 2 and 3 by reducing colonic arterial blood flow to 20% of baseline. All horses were monitored for 6 hours. Citrated systemic venous (sv) blood samples were collected from the main pulmonary artery, and colonic venous (cv) samples were collected from the colonic vein draining the ventral colon. Samples were collected at 0, and 2, 3, 3.25, 4, and 6 hours for determination of one-stage prothrombin time, activated partial thromboplastin time, antithrombin III activity, and fibrinogen concentration. Data were analyzed statistically, using two-way anova for repeated measures, and post-hoc comparisons were made by use of Student Newman Keul's test. Statistical significance was set at P < 0.05. There were significant decreases in all hemostatic variables by 2 hours in sv and cv samples from horses of all 3 groups, but there were no differences among the 3 groups for any of these variables. These hemostatic alterations could have been secondary to a hypercoagulable state or to fluid therapy-induced hemodilution. Colonic ischemia-reperfusion was not the cause of these alterations because these alterations also were observed in the sham-operated control horses. Significant temporal alterations existed even after accounting for the hemodilution. The most plausible explanation for these alterations is that hemostatic activation was incited by the celiotomy and manipulation of the colon during exteriorization and instrumentation. Comparison of paired sv and cv samples for each hemostatic variable revealed significant differences for the absolute values of one-stage prothrombin time and fibrinogen concentration, but not for activated partial thromboplastin time or antithrombin III activity. This indicates that monitoring sv hemostatic variables does not necessarily provide an accurate assessment of hemostatic function in regional vascular beds. Largecolon ischemia with or without reperfusion did not alter hemostatic function.

Systemic and colonic venous plasma eicosanoid and endotoxin concentrations, and colonic venous serum tumor necrosis factor and interleukin-6 activities in horses during low-flow ischemia and reperfusion of the large colon

SUMMARY Twenty-four horses were randomly allocated to 3 groups. Horses were anesthetized, subjected to a ventral midline celiotomy, and the large colon was exteriorized and instrumented. Group-1 horses served as sham-operated controls. Group-2 horses were subjected to 6 hours of low-flow colonic arterial ischemia, and group-3 horses were subjected to 3 hours of ischemia and 3 hours of reperfusion. Baseline (bl) samples were collected, then low-flow ischemia was induced by reducing ventral colonic arterial blood flow to 20% of bl. All horses were monitored for 6 hours after bl data were collected. blood samples were collected from the colonic vein and main pulmonary artery (systemic venous [sv]) for measurement of plasma endotoxin, 6-keto prostaglandin Flα (6-kPG), thromboxane B2 (txb2), and prostaglandin E2 (pge2) concentrations. Tumor necrosis factor and interleukin-6 activities were measured in colonic venous (cv) serum samples. Data were analyzed, using two-way anova, and post-hoc comparisons were made, using Dunnett's and Tu- key's tests. Statistical significance was set at P < 0.05. Endotoxin was not detected in CV or sv plasma at any time. There was no detectable tumor necrosis factor or interleukin-6 activity in CV samples at any time. There were no differences at bl among groups for CV or sv 6-kPG, pge2, or txb2 concentrations, nor were there any changes across time in group-1 horses. Colonic venous 6-kPG concentration increased during ischemia in horses of groups 2 and 3; CV 6-kPG concentration peaked at 3 hours in group-3 horses, then decreased during reperfusion, but remained increased through 6 hours in group-2 horses. Systemic venous 6-kPG concentration increased during reperfusion in group-3 horses, but there were no changes in group- 2 horses. Colonic venous pge2 concentration increased during ischemia in horses of groups 2 and 3, and remained increased for the first hour of reperfusion in group-3 horses and for the 6-hour duration of ischemia in group-2 horses. There were no temporal alterations in sv pge2 concentration. There was no difference in CV or sv ixb2 concentration among or within groups across time; however, there was a trend (P = 0.075) toward greater CV txb2 concentration at 3.25 hours, compared with bl, in group-3 horses. Eicosanoid concentrations were significantly lower in sv, compared with CV plasma. Prostaglandin E2 and 6-kPG concentrations were approximately 3 to 8 and 5 to 10 times greater, respectively, in CV than in sv plasma. The increased concentrations of 6-kPG and pge2 in CV plasma were likely attributable to their accumulation secondary to colonic ischemia. The increased values of these vasodilator eicosanoids may have a role in the reactive hyperemia observed during reperfusion. The increased 6-kPG concentration in sv plasma may represent spillover from the colonic vasculature, but more likely reflects systemic production.

The relationship between the state of maturity of raw coffee beans and the isomers of caffeoylquinic acid

A high level of statistical significance was found between the ratio % monocaffeoylquinic acid:% dicaffeoylquinic acid and the level of maturity in samples of Coffea arabica cv Catuai vermelho prepared by both the dry and wet processing methods. Results indicated that the inclusion of partially green berries could negatively affect beverage flavour due to their lower ratios. It was also shown that processing methods significantly affected the ratio, the wet method always presenting higher values than the dry method.