Samples Of Cv Research Articles

First report of Cigar Tobacco Root Rot Caused by Setophoma terrestris in China.

Cigar tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) is widely planted in Yunnan, which is becoming an important economic crop in China. In March 2023, root rot of cigar tobacco (cv. Yunxue 38) was observed in Baoshan (98°51'E, 24°58'N), and in July 2022 root rot of tobacco (cv. Yunyan 87) was observed in Dali (99°54'E, 26°30'N), Yunnan Province, China. The average disease incidences surveyed in the fields reached 10%. At the early stage, the bottom leaves showed wilting and turned yellow, and the roots became brown. Following the disease development, the color of roots turned to dark brown and ultimately necrosis. To isolate the causal agent, small pieces (5×5 mm) of diseased root from 6 symptomatic plant samples (three samples of cv. Yunxue 38 and three samples of cv. Yunyan 87) were cut. Pieces were surface-sterilized by dipping in 75% ethanol for 30 s, rinsed three times with sterile distilled water, then transferred to potato dextrose agar (PDA) medium and incubated at 28°C in the dark. Six fungal isolates cultured for 14 days were obtained. They were morphologically similar, so a representative isolate was selected for the following experiment. The colonies grew slowly on PDA, and their color were light pink initially, then changed to amaranth. Hyphae were hyaline and septate. Microconidia were hardly produced on PDA plates. After 14 days of culture on V8 juice agar, the colonies showed white aerial mycelia, and ellipsoidal and transparent conidia were observed, which measured 6.5 to 8.3 × 3.4 to 5.0 μm (n=20). Also, the pycnidia were measured 150 to 220 μm, that were subglobose in dark brown with brown setae. These morphological characteristics of 22DL91 were identical to S. terrestris (Boerema et al. 2004). For molecular identification, DNA was extracted and the PCR products of ITS region and polymerase II second largest subunit (RPB2), amplified with the primers ITS1/ITS4 and RPB2-5F/RPB2-7cR, were sequenced. By BLASTn analysis, the obtained ITS sequences showed 100% homology and the RPB2 sequences showed 95% homology with S. terrestris strains in GenBank (accession ON006851 and OM417590). The sequences were deposited in NCBI with accession numbers OR539491 (ITS) and OR554276 (RPB2), respectively. Based on the morphology and phylogenetic analysis, the isolate was 22DL91 identified as S. terrestris. Pathogenicity was evaluated on 50-day-old cigar tobacco seedlings (cv. Yunxue 38) and tobacco seedlings (cv. Yunyan 87). Ten plants were inoculated with 20 mL of conidial suspension of 105 conidia/mL poured onto the roots and ten control seedlings dipped in sterile water as controls (Luo et al. 2023). After 14 days, all inoculated seedlings showed the symptoms with leaves yellowing and root rot, whereas the control seedlings had no symptoms. Moreover, the fungus S. terrestris was reisolated from the infected roots, fulfilling Koch's postulates. This fungus was previously known to cause pink root on garlic in China (Zhang et al. 2019). To our knowledge, this is the first report of S. terrestris causing root rot of Nicotiana tabacum in China. Therefore, this finding will provide valuable information for prevention and management of root rot on tobacco.

LATER-ADULTHOOD TRAUMA RE-ENGAGEMENT AMONG VIETNAM VETERANS: A COORDINATED ANALYSIS

Abstract Later-Adulthood Trauma Reengagement (LATR) is a framework for understanding the later-life emergence of trauma-related memories among aging veterans. LATR unfolds within the context of aging-related challenges such as retirement, physical decline, and bereavement. We developed a scale to assess LATR, the late-onset stress symptomatology short form (LOSS-SF). In this study, we compare the LOSS-SF scale across multiple samples of Vietnam veterans. Samples were surveyed between 2001 and 2020; all completed the LOSS-SF scale as well as measures of combat exposure and PTSD. We studied three male samples (256 repatriated US prisoners of war [RPW], 260 combat veterans [CV], and 507 deployed American Legion [AL] members) and one sample of 1956 women deployed to Vietnam, mostly nurses [WV]. Across samples, we examined three questions: 1) How prevalent is LATR? 2) Is LATR correlated with combat exposure and PTSD? 3) Using a regression framework, what factors (military characteristics, combat, PTSD) are related to LATR? Prevalence of LATR ranged from 5% to 38%. Mean LATR scores were higher among AL and CV samples than among the RPW and WV. LATR was modestly related to combat exposure (rs = .08 - .36) and moderately related to current PTSD symptoms (rs = .56 - .79). Regressions demonstrated the importance of PTSD to LATR across samples, and combat exposure was related to LATR only for WV. This study indicates that LATR varies across samples differing in gender and warzone experience and suggest further exploration of the overlap between PTSD and LATR among aging Vietnam veterans.

Micro‐XCT chondrule classification for subsequent isotope analysis

AbstractChondrules are microscopic, recrystallized melt droplets found in chondritic meteorites. High‐resolution isotope analyses of minor elements require large enough element quantities which are obtained by dissolving entire chondrules. This work emphasizes the importance of X‐ray computed tomography (XCT) to detect features that can significantly affect the bulk chondrule isotope composition. It thereby expands on other works by looking into chondrules from a wide range of chondrites including CR, CV, CB, CM, L, and EL samples before turning toward complex and time‐consuming chemical processing. The features considered are metal and igneous rims, compound chondrules, matrix remnants, and metal contents. In addition to the identification of these features, computed tomography prevents the inclusion of non‐chondrule samples (pure matrix or metal) as well as samples where two different chondrule fragments with potentially different isotope compositions are held together by matrix. Matrix surrounding chondrules is also easily detected and the affected chondrules can be omitted or reprocessed. The results strongly encourage to perform XCT before dissolution of chondrules for isotope analysis as a non‐invasive method.

Assessment of petrologic subtypes, subgroups, and pairing within CV chondrites in the US Antarctic meteorite collection

AbstractCarbonaceous chondrites of the Vigarano group (CV) are primitive (nearly un‐metamorphosed) meteorites that provide a wealth of information about the early solar system, including constraints on chondrule formation, origin of calcium‐aluminum inclusions, stability of organic compounds, and redox conditions. The US Antarctic meteorite collection contains 119 CV samples from 15 dense collection areas (DCAs) from the TransAntarctic Mountains; these samples have been assigned a preliminary classification as CVs, but not to the subgroups oxidized A, oxidized B, and reduced. Furthermore, variation in petrologic grade can be determined non‐destructively using Raman spectroscopy. To update the classification of both subgroups and petrologic types in the collection, we have acquired magnetic susceptibility, metal and sulfide compositions, and Raman spectra. Overall, there are 55 oxidized A samples, 18 oxidized B samples, and 46 reduced samples. Several of the CVs are quite primitive (Lewis Cliffs Ice Tongue and MacAlpine Hills) but are also very small. Multiple pairing groups have been identified in the Miller Range (MIL), Queen Alexandra Range, and Larkman Nunatak DCAs, including all of the subgroups. In MIL 090981, there is evidence for multiple lithologies. We make suggested updates for all the samples, knowing that this information will help to better guide researchers interested in studying the CV chondrites in the US Antarctic meteorite collection.

Untargeted metabolites and chemometric approach to elucidate the response of growth and yield attributes on different concentrations of an amino acid based biostimulant in two lettuce cultivars

• Application of Phytostim® biostimulant at 3% dose improved growth and yield components in lettuce cv ‘Lara’ and ‘Elisa’. • Application of Phytostim® biostimulant at 6% dose retarded growth and yield components in lettuce cv ‘Lara’ and ‘Elisa’. • There was major heterogeneity on untargeted metabolites profile in control (untreated) samples of both cv ‘Lara’ and ‘Elisa’ using the LC-MS data and chemometrics techniques. • Targeted metabolites including total phenols, flavonoids, carotenoids and chlorophyll elucidated the antioxidant activity in studied treatments. • Obtained results is practically beneficial on sustainable strategies to improve productivity. The study aims to underpin biochemical mechanisms induced by the application of different concentrations of an amino-acid based Phytostim® biostimulant on growth and yield attributes. Different concentrations of Phytostim® biostimulant: 0 (untreated), 1, 3, and 6% were foliar applied on lettuce cultivars (‘Lara’ and ‘Elisa’). After 45 days of transplanting, analysis growth and yield attributes, biochemical analysis and LC-MS untargeted metabolites profile were performed. Application of 3% dose improved both growth and yield parameters in both cultivars in comparison to the 6% dose which inhibited growth. Similar trend was observed for biochemical and antioxidant analysis (phenolic, flavonoids, carotenoids, chloroplyll a and b and scavenging activity). The PCA and OPLS-DA score-plot clustered the metabolome profile of biostimulant treated vs untreated samples with major heterogeneity distinction observed in the untreated samples. Obtained results validate the use of biostimulants in agriculture while giving information on the effects of the treatments towards changes in the chemical composition within the studied cultivars.

Statistical properties of cataclysmic variables in the local galactic disc: a joint analysis of Gaia and XMM–Newton data

ABSTRACT Cataclysmic variables (CVs) represent a key evolutionary phase of many low-mass stellar binaries and appear to collectively dominate the galactic X-ray background above ∼1 keV. Statistical properties of CVs, however, remain poorly understood, even in the solar neighbourhood. We aim to obtain an X-ray luminosity-complete sample of local CVs whose distances put them within three volumes. Here we present a pilot investigation on the X-ray and optical properties of local CVs or their candidates, mainly by cross-correlating the 3XMM DR8 and Gaia DR2 source catalogues. We first examine a nearly complete sample of CVs within 150 pc by characterizing their X-ray luminosity, X-ray to Gaia G-band flux ratio, and X-ray hardness ratio distributions, as well as their locations in the Gaia colour–magnitude diagram. We show that these distributions of this very local sample are consistent with those of a CV sample obtained at distances between 150 and 300 pc. We also present a catalogue of 15 new CV candidates within 500 pc based primarily on their X-ray to Gaia G-band flux ratios. The X-ray luminosities of these candidates are between 1029 to several 1031 erg s−1, and their stacked X-ray spectrum can be well described by a multitemperature optically thin thermal plasma model with a maximum temperature $T_{\rm max}=7.5^{+6.3}_{-2.4}$ keV. These properties are consistent with those of the very local CVs. In particular, one of the CV candidates is within 150 pc, indicating that a considerable number of local CVs are yet detected. These results provide a base for a more complete statistical understanding of CVs and their quantitative contribution to the galactic X-ray background.

P-547 Confined placental mosaicism for inherited segmental aneuploidies in miscarriages traces early karyotype self-correction events

Abstract Study question Does tissue-specific compartmentalization of segmental aneuploidies in first-trimester miscarriages reflect their postzygotic de novo origin or correction of inherited copy number variants (CNV)? Summary answer Most of mosaic CNVs (84%) in spontaneous abortions with normal karyotype arose de novo, but 16% resulted from postzygotic tissue-specific correction of maternally inherited variants. What is known already Chromosomal mosaicism is a hallmark of early human embryogenesis affecting significantly developmental potential of blastocysts, it’s implantation and delivery rates. Most of the currently available data are related to mosaic aneuploidies for a whole chromosome in IVF cycles, whereas little is known about origin and fate of mosaic segmental CNVs due to inherent limitations of NGS and aCGH for detection of copy number changes less for 5-10 Mb in size after single-cell whole genome amplification. Study design, size, duration Chorionic villi (CV) and extraembryonic mesoderm (EM) of miscarriages as well as maternal and paternal peripheral blood DNA samples were evaluated by aCGH+SNP arrays to detect the prevalence and tissue-specific distribution of segmental aneuploidies. As far as CV and EM are derivatives of trophectoderm and inner cell mass lineages, comparative analysis of both tissues allows to investigate the origin of mosaic CNVs by postzygotic de novo appearance or correction of the inherited variants. Participants/materials, setting, methods Eleven trios (mother, father, CV and EM samples from spontaneous abortion with normal karyotype by G-banding) were included in the study. Mean gestational age was 7.9 weeks. Mean maternal and paternal ages were 30.8 and 30.5 years, respectively. aCGH+SNP analysis was performed by SurePrint G3 Human CGH + SNP 4 × 180K microarrays (Agilent Technologies) with 13 kb median aCGH probes spacing. Main results and the role of chance Altogether 116 CNVs were detected in CV and EM samples from 11 abortions. Fifty four (46.6%) variants were present in both tissues, while 29 (25%) were confined by CV and 33 (28.4%) by EM. Most of tissue-specific segmental aneuploidies in CV (90%) and EM (79%) arose de novo, whereas others were inherited from parents. It is important that 5 maternally inherited microduplications in some clinically significant regions like 1p21.1 (103 kb in size), 2p21 (3.56 kb), 3p22.3 (128 kb), 7q36.3 (42.7 kb), and Xq28 (182 kb) were confined by EM, whereas two at 4p16.3 (22.3 kb) and 19q13.43 (2.2 kb) by CV. No cases of tissue-specific maternally inherited microdeletions or paternal CNVs were observed in our study. One can suggest that confined placental mosaicism for inherited maternal microduplications arisen by trisomy rescue mechanism with loss of additional maternal chromosome copy in CV or EM after its divergence around the time of blastocyst implantation. This hypothesis is confirmed by comparative SNP-haplotype analysis of DNA samples from both CV and EM tissues as well as parental samples in the subchromosomal regions of microduplications and adjusted loci. Limitations, reasons for caution Control group of induced (social) abortions of the same developmental terms are required to estimate the prevalence and distribution of mosaic segmental aneuploidies in embryonic and extraembrionic tissues during normal human embryo development. Wider implications of the findings Tracing of tissue-specific mosaic segmental aneuploidies in first-trimester miscarriages allows to estimate the level of karyotype instability and self-correction during human embryo development. This study was supported by the Russian Science Foundation, № 21-65-00017, https://rscf.ru/project/21-65-00017/ Trial registration number not applicable

Yield and Quality of Romaine Lettuce at Different Daily Light Integral in an Indoor Controlled Environment

In this study, the effect of different photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) provided by LEDs (Light Emitting Diodes) and photoperiod on biomass production, morphological traits, photosynthetic performance, sensory attributes, and image texture parameters of indoor cultivated romaine lettuce was evaluated. Two cultivars of lettuce Lactuca sativa var. longifolium namely ‘Casual’ (Syngenta)—midi romaine lettuce with medium-compact heads—and ‘Elizium’ (Enza Zaden)—a mini type (Little Gem) with compact heavy heads—were used. PPFD of 160 and 240 µmol m−2 s−1 and photoperiod of 16 and 20 h were applied, and Daily Light Integral (DLI) values were 9.2, 11.5, 13.8, and 17.3 mol m−2 day−1. The experiment lasted 30 days in the Indoor Controlled Environment Agriculture facility. DLI equal to 17.3 mol m−2 per day for cv. ‘Casual’ and 11.5–17.3 mol m−2 per day for cv. ‘Elizium’ allowed to obtain a very high fresh weight, 350 and 240 g, respectively, within 30 days of cultivation in an indoor plant production facility. The application of the lowest PPFD 160 µmol m−2 s−1 and 16 h photoperiod (9.2 mol m−2 per day DLI) resulted in the lowest fresh weight, the number of leaves and head circumference. The level of nitrate, even at the lowest DLI, was below the limit imposed by European Community Regulation. The cv. ‘Elizium’ lettuce grown at PPFD 240 µmol m−2 s−1 and 16 h photoperiod had the highest overall sensory quality. The cv. ‘Casual’ lettuce grown at PPFD 160 µmol m−2 s−1 and 20 h photoperiod had the lowest sensory quality. The samples subjected to different photoperiod and PPFD were also successively distinguished in an objective and non-destructive way using image features and machine learning algorithms. The average accuracy for the leaf samples of cv. ‘Casual’ lettuce reached 98.75% and for cv. ‘Elizium’ cultivar—86.25%. The obtained relationship between DLI and yield, as well as the quality of romaine lettuce, can be used in practice to improve romaine lettuce production in an Indoor Controlled Environment.

Surface Properties of Polymer Resins Fabricated with Subtractive and Additive Manufacturing Techniques.

This study aimed to compare the surface roughness, hardness, and flexure strength of interim indirect resin restorations fabricated with CAD-CAM (CC), 3D printing (3D), and conventional techniques (CV). Twenty disk (3 mm × Ø10 mm) and ten bar specimens (25 × 2 × 2 mm) were fabricated for the CC, 3D, and CV groups, to be used for surface roughness, micro-hardness, and flexural strength testing using standardized protocol. Three indentations for Vickers micro-hardness (VHN) were performed on each disk and an average was identified for each specimen. Surface micro-roughness (Ra) was calculated in micrometers (μm) using a 3D optical non-contact surface microscope. A three-point bending test with a universal testing machine was utilized for assessing flexural strength. The load was applied at a crosshead speed of 3 mm/min over a distance of 25 mm until fracture. Means and standard deviations were compared using ANOVA and post hoc Tukey–Kramer tests, and a p-value of ≤0.05 was considered statistically significant. Ra was significantly different among the study groups (p < 0.05). Surface roughness among the CC and CV groups was statistically comparable (p > 0.05). However, 3D showed significantly higher Ra compared to CC and CV samples (p < 0.05). Micro-hardness was significantly higher in 3D samples (p < 0.05) compared to CC and CV specimens. In addition, CC and CV showed comparable micro-hardness (p > 0.05). A significant difference in flexural strength was observed among the study groups (p < 0.05). CC and 3D showed comparable strength outcomes (p > 0.05), although CV specimens showed significantly lower (p < 0.05) strength compared to CC and 3D samples. The 3D-printed provisional restorative resins showed flexural strength and micro-hardness comparable to CAD-CAM fabricated specimens, and surface micro-roughness for printed specimens was considerably higher compared to CAD-CAM and conventional fabrication techniques.

Antioxidants Characterization of the Fruit, Juice, and Pomace of Sweet Rowanberry (Sorbus aucuparia L.) Cultivated in Estonia.

This study aimed to identify promising candidates of rowanberry cultivars for a wider cultivation and utilization. Antioxidant properties and phenolic content were evaluated for fruit, juice, and pomace samples of 16 different sweet rowanberry cultivars (cvs) and wild rowanberry (S. aucuparia L.), while the antioxidant potential was assessed using three different methods, based on the capacity to scavenge ABTS●+ and DPPH● and measure the oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC). In general, the radical scavenging capacity was higher for hybrid cultivars, e.g., for cvs Likernaja, Burka, Granatnaja, and Rubinovaja in all assays. The highest value in the ABTS●+ assay was determined for the fruit sample Likernaja, and in DPPH● assay in the pomace sample of cv. Likernaja, at 527.55 and 1068.28 µM TE/g dw, respectively. The highest ORAC value was found in the fruit sample of Burka (456.53 µM TE/g dw). Among the Nevezhino rowans, the highest radical scavenging values of all fractions were determined in cv. Solnechnaja. Regarding the total phenolic content (TPC), higher values were obtained in the whole fruits than in separated fractions, juice, and pomace. The tested hybrids had higher TPC values, either in fruit and pomace or in juice extracts, than those in the other analyzed S. aucuparia L. cultivars. While the fruit and juice samples showed higher anthocyanin (ACY) values, the pomace samples had higher hydroxycinnamic acid (HCA) contents on average. The results revealed that the different fractions of selected rowanberry cultivars can be a promising source of antioxidants and polyphenols for further potential applications. It is envisaged that the results of this study will serve in valorizing sweet rowanberry cultivars as value-added functional ingredients for food and non-food applications.

The occurrence of strawberry virus 1 infecting strawberry in Shandong province, China.

Strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.) is one of the most important horticultural plants worldwide with high economic and nutritional value. Strawberry associated virus 1 (SaV1) is a putative Cytorhabdovirus isolated from strawberry in Fujian province, China (Ding et al., 2019). Strawberry virus 1 (StrV-1) is another putative Cytorhabdovirus characterized from F. ananassa and F. vesca in Czech Republic (Fránová et al., 2019). The complete genomes of isolates of SaV1 and StrV-1 share 79 to 98% nucleotide (nt) identities. In August 2020, foliar chlorotic spots or streaks were observed in four strawberry cultivars (cv. Honeoye, Mibao, 8128 and All Star) in Yantai, Shandong province, China. To identify the associated viruses, symptomatic leaves from two plants of each cultivar (8 samples) were pooled for high-throughput sequencing (HTS). Total RNA was extracted from the composite sample and used for constructing a cDNA library after ribosomal RNA (rRNA)-depletion. Sequencing was carried out on Illumina Hiseq 4000 (Novogene, China). Raw reads were filtered, trimmed and de novo assembled as described previously (Grabherr et al., 2013; Zhou et al. 2020). The resulting contigs were screened by BLASTn and BLASTx against GenBank database. Subsequent analyses indicated the presence of strawberry vein banding virus, strawberry pallidosis associated virus and strawberry mottle virus in the analyzed sample, which had been reported previously in strawberry (Martin and Tzanetakis, 2013; Shi et al., 2018; Bhagwat et al., 2016). Besides, five contigs ranging from 266 to 6,057 nt were obtained. They shared 87 to 91% nt sequence identity with StrV-1 isolate B (GenBank accession no. MK211271). To confirm StrV-1 infection in the strawberry plants, total RNA was isolated from all eight samples using RNAprep Pure Plant Plus Kit (Tiangen, China). Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was conducted with two pairs of specific primers StrVp1 (Forward: 5'-CATTACTGAAGCATTCCGTG-3'/Reverse: 5'-AGATATCACGCACAGTGAC-3'), and StrVp2 (Forward: 5'-TTGCGCGAAGCGGATGTCCG-3'/Reverse: 5'-GGCTGCCAGAGCGTTGGATG-3'), targeting nt positions 70-1,231 and 7,825-9,348 of StrV-1 isolate B, respectively. Fragments with the expected sizes were amplified from two samples of cv. All Star. The amplicons were cloned, sequenced, and deposited in GenBank under accession no. MW419123-124 and MW645247-248. Both protein encoding sequences shared 91 to 92% and 80 to 84% nt identities with the corresponding sequences of StrV-1 isolate B and SaV1, respectively, indicating that the isolates from this study are genetic variants of StrV-1 and distantly related to SaV1. Crude sap was prepared by homogenizing leaf tissues of StrV-1 infected strawberry in 0.02 mol/L sodium phosphate buffer with 0.45% (w/v) sodium diethyldithiocarbamate thihydrate, then gently rubbed onto five healthy Nicotiana benthamiana plants. Neither the inoculated leaves nor the systemically infected leaves showed obvious symptoms seven days post inoculation. However, StrV-1 was detected by RT-PCR in all five N. benthamiana plants as described above. In addition, a survey of strawberry greenhouses was conducted in August 2020 and approximately 10% of plants in a 667 m2 greenhouse in Yantai had StrV-1-like symptoms. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of the occurrence of StrV-1 infecting strawberry in Shandong province, China. Our findings expand the geographic range and genetic diversity of StrV-1 and indicate it could be a potential virus threat to strawberry production in China.

Electronic-Nose as Non-destructive Tool to Discriminate "Ferrovia" Sweet Cherries Cold Stored in Air or Packed in High CO2 Modified Atmospheres.

This study aimed to explore the applicability of electronic-nose (E-nose) as a rapid method in discriminating samples of sweet cherry cv “Ferrovia” stored in high-CO2 (16% O2 + 20% CO2 + 64% N2) or air (control) up to 21 days. Projection to Latent Structures (PLS) methods applied to E-nose data showed that fresh fruit and the packaged or unpackaged samples can be distinguished, according to both the storage condition and the storage days. Moreover, a correlation analysis between E-nose sensors and 45 volatile compounds were overall, obtained from all the investigated sweet cherry samples by Headspace Solid-Phase Microextraction (HS SPME) coupled to Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). These methods allowed to associate samples with a specific flavour profile to one or more E-nose sensors. Finally, quality attributes (visual quality, colour, firmness, antioxidant activity, total phenols, and sugar content) were assessed during storage. Among these, visual quality and berry deformation resulted affected by storage conditions, showing that high-CO2 treatment better preserved the fruit quality than control.

Volatile Composition of Industrially Fermented Table Olives from Greece.

Table olives represent one of the most important fermented products in Greece. Their highly appreciated flavor is directly associated with the volatile composition. However, extensive data on the volatile profile of table olives from Greek cultivars are scarce in the literature. For this reason, the volatile components of industrially fermented table olives from Kalamata, Conservolea and Halkidiki cultivars grown in different geographical areas within Greece were determined using headspace solid-phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. More than 100 volatile compounds were identified and distributed over different chemical classes. All samples were rich in esters, alcohols and acids, whereas the samples of cv. Halkidiki were also characterized by increased levels of volatile phenols. Both qualitative and quantitative differences were observed, which resulted in the discrimination of the table olives according to olive cultivar and growing location. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first systematic study on the volatile profiles of table olives from Greek cultivars that also highlights the pronounced effect of olives’ growing location.

Evaluation and Origin Discrimination of Two Monocultivar Extra Virgin Olive Oils, Cultivated in the Coastline Part of North-Western Greece

Extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) quality and authenticity are important and challenging factors nowadays for the assurance of consumers’ protection, prevention of unfair competition, and disruption of the national economy by a false declaration of origin. Hence, the recognition of EVOO authenticity is of great interest in terms of commercial and quality aspects. The objective of this study was to evaluate and discriminate monovarietal extra virgin olive oils of the two dominant olive cultivars, Lianolia Kerkyras and Koroneiki, produced in the coastline part of Western Greece, based on their chemical characteristics, followed by statistical and chemometric analysis in order to profile for the first time the typical characteristics of Lianolia Kerkyras as well as to identify possible markers for authenticity purpose. A total of 104 olive oil samples were collected. Both cultivars had an overall high quality profile as far as their basic qualitative parameters (free fatty acid, peroxide value, and UV spectrometric indices) are concerned. A higher concentration in the mono-unsaturated oleic acid characterize olive oils of cv. Koroneiki compared to cv. Lianolia Kerkyras, while a clearly higher concentration in the poly-unsaturated linoleic acid was observed in olive oils of cv. Lianolia Kerkyras. In addition, olive oil samples of cv. Koroneiki showed a clear lower total sterols concentration with a percentage of 40.9% not surpassing the required EU Regulatory limit of 1000 mg/kg, an observation which strengthens previous published results of our research group and depicts an overall “intrinsic characteristic” of cv. Koroneiki. As far as the profile of the individual sterols is concerned, Lianolia Kerkyras samples exhibited higher mean value for the total sterol content as well as for β-sitosterol, the major phytosterol in olive oils, compared to the relative values of Koroneiki. Significant differences in the sterolic and fatty acid composition of the examined olive oil samples were shown by means of statistical analysis demonstrating a strong botanical effect and depicting that those compositional markers can be suggested as possible authenticity tools.

First report of virulence to the septoria tritici blotch resistance gene Stb16q in the Irish Zymoseptoria tritici population

In June 2019 high levels of septoria tritici blotch (STB), caused by the fungal pathogen Zymoseptoria tritici were observed in Recommended List evaluation plots of winter wheat cv. Cellule (Fig. 1) in the Republic of Ireland. Levels of STB were unexpected as Cellule has the STB resistance gene Stb16q and previous evaluations confirmed its high level of resistance (Table 1). Septoria tritici blotch is the most destructive disease of winter wheat in Western Europe and control is heavily reliant on fungicides (O'Driscoll et al., 3). Due to increased regulations on the use of fungicides in Europe varietal resistance is regarded as key to managing STB, with 21 resistance genes identified and mapped (Brown et al., 1). Amongst these, Stb16q is unique, providing high levels of resistance equally at both the seedling and adult plant stages (Ghaffary et al., 2). As such it is important to determine if the levels of disease observed in 2019 were due to the emergence of virulence to Stb16q. A collection of Z. tritici isolates were established from infected leaf samples of the Stb16q-resistant cv. Cellule (n=10) and the moderately susceptible cv. Costello (n=10). All isolates were from fungicide-untreated commercial crops or trial plots. To determine if those isolates retrieved from Cellule exhibited virulence on Cellule when compared to those isolated from Costello, glasshouse seedling assays were performed. Two-week old seedlings of both Cellule and the susceptible cv. KWS Lumos were inoculated with spore suspensions (106 spores/ml) of each isolate until runoff; placed in a clear polyethylene bag for 48 hr and subsequently moved into a glasshouse. Levels of disease were assessed 21 days post inoculation. The experiment was conducted twice. A beta generalised mixed-effects model (block and source cultivar as fixed and test cultivar as a random component) was fitted to the data and the estimated marginal means were separated using Tukey's Honest Significant Difference (α=0.05). All isolates infected the susceptible variety, with no differences observed between isolate collections (Fig. 2). Significant differences (P<0.0001) were observed between the collections in their ability to cause infection on Cellule, with almost no disease detected following inoculation with Costello isolates (Figure 2). High levels of disease were observed on Cellule following inoculation with the Cellule isolates, confirming the presence of virulence to Stb16q in the Irish Z. tritici population. Whilst the prevalence of virulence in the wider Z. tritici population is unknown, its presence in the population must be taken into account when considering cultivating varieties reliant on Stb16q as the source of STB resistance. The authors thank Eleanor O'Gorman, Seamus Kearney and Lucie-Ann Lamard for assistance and Teagasc (0154) for funding.

Blanket-like Co(OH)2/CoOOH/Co3O4/Cu(OH)2 composites on Cu foam for hybrid supercapacitor

Novel blanket-like Co(OH)2/CoOOH/Co3O4/Cu(OH)2 composites on Cu foam are prepared through the electrochemical conversion of the precursors synthesized using hydrothermal method, named as CV sample. After the electrochemical conversion, flatbread-like precursors changes to blanket-like Co(OH)2/CoOOH/Co3O4/Cu(OH)2 consisting of many nanowires. The CV sample has a specific area of 228.4 m2 g−1, which is obviously larger than 24.5 m2 g−1 for the precursors. The CV sample has a specific capacity of 290.8 μAh cm−2 (1.94 F cm−2) at 1 mA cm−2 and a capacity retention of 80.9% after 10000 cycles at 64 mA cm−2. A hybrid supercapacitor consisting of CV sample as a positive electrode and heated carbon cloth as a negative electrode has an areal capacity of 245.1 μAh cm−2 (0.552 F cm−2) at 2 mA cm−2, an energy density of 196.1 μW h cm−2 at 1.6 mW cm−2. The initial phase conversion from the precursors to Co(OH)2/CoOOH/Co3O4/Cu(OH)2 induced by alkaline electrolyte resulted in smaller charge transfer and ion diffusion resistance, larger surface area, more active sites and better structural compatibility, which were demonstrated to be the critical factors for the capacity enhancement.

Bioactive compounds and total antioxidant capacity of cane residues from different grape varieties.

Every year, the viticulture activity generates considerable amounts of underused lignocellulosic residues as grape cane, which are generally composted or burned despite their potential value as a source of bioactive compounds. Determination of their phytochemical composition and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) may be a useful way of exploiting different high-added value applications. Twenty-one phenolic compounds (PC) and two carotenoids (Car) were quantified by high performance-liquid chromatography-diode array detection in eight grape varieties from different locations in Mendoza, Argentina. The maximum concentrations corresponded to the stilbene ϵ-viniferin [10 552 μg g-1 dry weight (DW)], followed by the flavanols (+)-catechin (3718 μg g-1 DW) and (-)-epicatechin (2486 μg g-1 DW). In addition, lutein and β-carotene were quantified at levels ranging between 350 and 2400 ng g-1 DW. The TAC of the extracts was assessed by oxygen radical absorbance capacity, 2,20-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl assays, with a good correlation between TAC and total PC for each sample (r ≥ 0.82). Samples of cv. Malbec, the most representative variety of Argentina's winemaking industry, presented high contents of PC, particularly ϵ-viniferin, (+)-catechin and (-)-epicatechin. Quercetin-3-galactoside, OH-tyrosol and Car were reported for the first time in grape canes of the eight varieties. The results add to the existing knowledge related to this inexpensive source of high-value bioactive compounds, which could be used as functional ingredients. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.

Grapevine virus I, a putative new vitivirus detected in co-infection with grapevine virus G in New Zealand.

A novel virus, with characteristics of viruses classified within the genus Vitivirus, was identified from a sample of Vitis vinifera cv. Chardonnay in New Zealand. The virus was detected with high throughput sequencing (small RNA and total RNA) and its sequence was confirmed by Sanger sequencing. Its genome is 7507 nt long (excluding the polyA tail) with an organisation similar to that described for other classifiable members of the genus Vitivirus. The closest relative of the virus is grapevine virus E (GVE) with 65% aa identity in ORF1 (65% nt identity) and 63% aa identity in the coat protein (66% nt identity). The relationship with GVE was confirmed with phylogenetic analysis, showing the new virus branching with GVE, Agave tequilina leaf virus and grapevine virus G (GVG). A limited survey revealed the presence of this virus in multiple plants from the same location where the newly described GVG was discovered, and in most cases both viruses were detected as co-infections. The genetic characteristics of this virus suggest it represents an isolate of a new species within the genus Vitivirus and following the current nomenclature, we propose the name "Grapevine virus I".

First Report of Cowpea mild mottle virus Infecting Cultivated and Wild Phaseolus in the Central-Western Region of Mexico

In the context of a regional project with the aim of identifying viruses infecting cultivated Phaseolus vulgaris (CB) and wild bean (WB): P. vulgaris, P. coccineus and P. leptostachyus species in the central-western region of Mexico, six leaves from 394 CB and 245 WB plants with (74%) and without (26%) viral symptoms were collected in the Mexican states of Guanajuato, Jalisco and Nayarit between 2013-2015. The symptoms observed were chlorotic lesions, mild and severe mottling, mild mosaics and leaf deformation. To identify the viruses, small RNA sequencing and an assembly technique was used (Kreuze, 2014). Small RNA (sRNA) reads with identity to Cowpea mild mottle virus (CPMMV) and Bean common mosaic necrosis virus (BCMNV) were identified in the sRNA library CN2Ls prepared from one sample of Phaseolus vulgaris cv. ‘Coranay’ collected in Nayarit state (CN2, NCBI BioProject: PRJNA362733), whose leaves exhibited mottling, mild mosaic and slight deformation symptoms. After bioinformatic processing and assembl...

Fusarium head blight incidence and mycotoxin accumulation in three durum wheat cultivars in relation to sowing date and density

Durum wheat (Triticum turgidum var. durum) is an important crop in Europe, particularly in the Mediterranean countries. Fusarium head blight (FHB) is considered as one of the most damaging diseases, resulting in yield and quality reduction as well as contamination of grain with mycotoxins. Three winter durum wheat cultivars originating from Austria, Slovakia, and Poland were analyzed during 2012–2014 seasons for FHB incidence and Fusarium mycotoxin accumulation in harvested grain. Moreover, the effects of sowing density and delayed sowing date were evaluated in the climatic conditions of Southern Poland. Low disease severity was observed in 2011/2012 in all durum wheat cultivars analyzed, and high FHB occurrence was recorded in 2012/2013 and 2013/2014 seasons. Fusarium graminearum was the most abundant pathogen, followed by Fusarium avenaceum. Through all three seasons, cultivar Komnata was the most susceptible to FHB and to mycotoxin accumulation, while cultivars Auradur and IS Pentadur showed less symptoms. High susceptibility of cv. Komnata was reflected by the number of Fusarium isolates and elevated mycotoxin (deoxynivalenol, zearalenone, and moniliformin) content in the grain of this cultivar across all three seasons. Nivalenol was identified in the samples of cv. Komnata only. Genotype-dependent differences in FHB susceptibility were observed for the plants sown at optimal date but not at delayed sowing date. It can be hypothesized that cultivars bred in Austria and Slovakia show less susceptibility towards FHB than the cultivar from Poland because of the environmental conditions allowing for more efficient selection of breeding materials.