Cutting-edge Methodology Research Articles

Employee Stock Options Accounting - A Solution for Everyone

The recent ruling by the Financial Accounting Standards Board to expense employee stock options has re-ignited a decade long debate that has divided the new Congress. Institutional investors are calling for expensing, while the technology sector is voicing alarm. Both sides of the debate are arguing over the wrong thing: valuing employee stock options. This ongoing debate in Congress, in the regulatory community, and in academia has missed the most critical issue because the accounting theory underlying the argument to expense equity-based compensation is seriously flawed. One primary flaw is that such expensing fails to distinguish shareholder interests from the corporation's interests. By failing to distinguish between original and new shareholders, the interests of both groups are confounded when determining per share earnings. The second flaw is that expensing misapplies the concept of opportunity cost and erroneously treats opportunity cost as a cost that diminishes realized gain. Both flaws result in price-to-earnings ratio analysis - the most basic type of investment analysis - being invalid. A solution is presented that solves the fundamental issue of how to account for employee stock options and addresses the critical flaws in the accounting theory as well. This cutting-edge methodology, known as SSEq, fully and accurately accounts for equity-based compensation, and provides a more realistic per-share earning power metric for the investor. By finally bringing sound financial and scientific principles to the stock options debate, SSEq creates a win-win situation for businesses and investors.

Diagnostic Value of Fluorescent Antibodies

<h3>Abstract</h3> In this article we advance a cutting-edge methodology for the study of the dynamics of plant movements of nutation. Our approach, unlike customary kinematic analyses of shape, period, or amplitude, is based on three typical signatures of adaptively controlled processes and motions, as reported in the biological and behavioral dynamics literature: harmonicity, predictability, and complexity. We illustrate the application of a dynamical methodology to the bending movements of shoots of common beans (<i>Phaseolus vulgaris</i> L.) in two conditions: with and without a support to climb onto. The results herewith reported support the hypothesis that patterns of nutation are influenced by the presence of a support to climb in their vicinity. The methodology is in principle applicable to a whole range of plant movements.