Cutter Geometry Research Articles

Hydraulic micromotor powered dissector for minimally invasive therapy

To address the challenges of biopsy and intratumoral drug delivery using microdevices, a miniature multifunctional tethered device that has tissue cutting, biopsy and drug delivery capabilities is presented in this paper. The cutting module in the prototype is hydraulically powered and has an outside diameter (OD) of 2 mm at the tip and a cutter attached to 500 µm drive shaft. The hydraulic micromotor prototype was fabricated using micro additive manufacturing. It was tested using a benchtop set-up and had an average speed greater than 100,000 RPM at a water flowrate of 45 mL/min and a speed of about 34,000 RPM at 15 mL/min flowrate. This micromotor design was numerically modeled using 3D-transient simulations in ANSYS CFX to determine its performance characteristics and internal resistance. Preliminary testing was performed using cutting modules with five cutter geometries on agar tissue phantoms of different concentrations and other biological materials. The dissection ability of the cutting module, its ability to deliver particles, and collect biopsy samples were successfully demonstrated. Scaling the 2 mm OD device further, a 1 mm OD micromotor, with a nominal output shaft diameter of 250 µm, was fabricated and operated with air establishing the proof of concept.Graphical

Generalized eXtended Finite Element Method for Deformable Cutting via Boolean Operations

AbstractTraditional mesh‐based methods for cutting deformable bodies rely on modifying the simulation mesh by deleting, duplicating, deforming or subdividing its elements. Unfortunately, such topological changes eventually lead to instability, reduced accuracy, or computational efficiency challenges. Hence, state of the art algorithms favor the extended finite element method (XFEM), which decouples the cut geometry from the simulation mesh, allowing for stable and accurate cuts at an additional computational cost that is local to the cut region. However, in the 3‐dimensional setting, current XFEM frameworks are limited by the cutting configurations that they support. In particular, intersecting cuts are either prohibited or require sophisticated special treatment. Our work presents a general XFEM formulation that is applicable to the 1‐, 2‐, and 3‐dimensional setting without sacrificing the desirable properties of the method. In particular, we propose a generalized enrichment which supports multiple intersecting cuts of various degrees of non‐linearity by leveraging recent advances in robust mesh‐Boolean technology. This novel strategy additionally enables analytic discontinuous integration schemes required to compute mass, force and elastic energy. We highlight the simplicity, expressivity and accuracy of our XFEM implementation across various scenarios in which intersecting cutting patterns are featured.

Investigation of the Influence of Cutter Geometry on the Cutting Forces in Soft–Hard Composite Ground by Tunnel Boring Machine Cutters

Tunnel Boring Machines (TBMs) are integral to modern underground engineering construction, offering enhanced safety and efficiency. However, TBMs often face challenges in complex geological conditions, such as composite strata, resulting in reduced advancement speed and increased cutter wear. This study investigates the rock-breaking characteristics of TBM disc cutters in composite strata through numerical simulations using the Particle Flow Code (PFC) 5.0 software. Focusing on the Jinan Metro Line 6, the research analyzes cutter forces, rock crack propagation, and the impact of cutter edge shapes on rock-breaking efficiency. The discrete element method (DEM) is employed to simulate microscopic behaviors of rocks, providing insights into crack formation, expansion, and failure. This study’s findings reveal that cutter design and operational parameters can significantly influence cutter lifespan and efficiency. By modifying cutter spacing and penetration depth, enhancing rock-breaking efficiency, and grouting softer layers, TBMs can maintain effective excavation in composite strata. The study establishes a comprehensive understanding of the interplay between TBM cutters and complex geological conditions, offering actionable strategies to enhance TBM performance and mitigate cutter damage.

Programmable adhesion through triangular and hierarchical cuts in metamaterial adhesives.

Metamaterial design approaches, which integrate structural elements into material systems, enable the control of uncommon behaviours by decoupling local and global properties. Leveraging this conceptual framework, metamaterial adhesives incorporate nonlinear cut architectures into adhesive films to achieve unique combinations of adhesion capacity, release, and spatial tunability by controlling how cracks propagate forward and in reverse directions during separation. Here, metamaterial adhesive designs are explored with triangular cut features while integrating hierarchical and secondary cut patterns among primary nonlinear cuts. Both cut geometry and secondary cut features tune adhesive force capacity and energy of separation. Importantly, the size and spacing of cut features must be designed around a critical length scale. When secondary cut features are greater than a critical length, cracks can be steered in multiple directions, going both forward and backwards within a primary attachment element. This control over crack dynamics enhances the work of separation by a factor of 1.5, while maintaining the peel force relative to a primary cut. If hierarchical cut features are too small or too compliant, they interact and do not distinctly modify crack behaviour. This work highlights the importance of adhesive length scales and stiffness for crack control and attachment characteristics in adhesive films.This article is part of the theme issue 'Origami/Kirigami-inspired structures: from fundamentals to applications'.

DESIGNING A GEOMETRY OF LOWWALL SLOPE IN COAL MINING USING THE LIMIT-EQUILIBRIUM METHOD AT THE WORKING AREA OF PT. PETROSEA TBK, TARAKAN BASIN, NORTH KALIMANTAN, INDONESIA

Mining, which involves extracting minerals and utilizing natural resources, requires careful planning to ensure feasibility and safety. A critical aspect of open pit mine design is slope stability, influenced by geological characteristics, slope topography, and groundwater conditions. Slope stability analysis, using methods such as the Limit Equilibrium Method (LEM), which has been popular for decades for its convenience, evaluates the potential for slope failure and provides geometric slope design recommendations to reduce risk, improve operational efficiency, and ensure environmental sustainability. The research was conducted at PT Petrosea Tbk, with the mine site in Sebakis Village, Sebuku Subdistrict, Nunukan Regency, North Kalimantan, PT X region. The research object is a lowwall slope that requires stability analysis to prevent landslides. The slope safety criteria are based on the Minister of Energy and Mineral Resources Decree No. 1827 K/30/MEM/2018 guidelines, specifically 1.1. To perform the analysis, laboratory test data is required, including rock physical property tests and rock shear strength tests to obtain material property values. This data was then analysed using Rocscience Slide2 software by comparing three methods: Bishop, Janbu, and Morgenstern-Price. The analysis was conducted based on the actual conditions of each slope cut geometry. If the obtained safety factor does not meet the criteria of the Minister of Energy and Mineral Resources Decree No. 1827 K/30/MEM/2018, then designing a geometry of lowwall slope is required. The geometric slope design used on the lowwall slope includes creating benches to flatten the slope level, and installing drain holes to decrease the ground water level.

Experimental study on shale-breaking of special-shaped cutter PDC bit

To enhance the drilling efficiency and extend the service life of PDC (Polycrystalline Diamond Composite) bits in shale formations, this study delves into the rock-breaking mechanisms of special-shaped cutters through a comprehensive experimental approach. This involves optimizing the cutter designs, conducting laboratory experiment and field testing. Among the various cutter geometries considered, concave, axe, planar, and triangular cutters are chosen as the focal points for unit rock-breaking experiments. These tests aim to assess their cutting loads and cutting specific energy to gain a deeper understanding of their performance characteristics. Based on experimental, the debris characteristics are analyzed. Based on the understanding of the shale-breaking characteristics of special-shaped cutters, field testing is performed using a novel PDC bit with a special-shaped cutter. Compared with planar cutters, the concave cutter and the triangular cutter generate lower cutting loads and cutting specific energy. Under identical conditions, the average cutting force and cutting specific energy of concave cutter at different cutting depths are reduced by 16.1% and 19.6% Specifically, the concave cutter generates the largest debris when operated under similar conditions, which is beneficial for increasing rock-breaking efficiency. Laboratory experiment indicate that compared to conventional drill bits, the novel drill bit experiences an increase in torque of approximately 9.8% with increasing WOB (weight on bit). Under high WOB, the ROP (rate of penetration) increases by about 75.4%, while the mechanical specific energy decreases by nearly 40%. Additionally, the novel bit vibration characteristics remain superior to conventional drill bits. Field testing shows that the average ROP of the novel bit and total footage drilled increase by up to 13.3% and 27.2%, respectively, in comparison with those for the conventional bit. The research results are helpful to speed up the efficiency of shale gas drilling.

Multiparameter signal-to-noise ratio optimization for end milling cutting conditions of aluminium alloy 5083

Surface integrity problems during selective material removal processes are a very common limitation for process productivity and part quality, especially in difficult-to-machine materials like 5083 aluminium alloy (AA), which is known for its remarkable performance in extreme environments. In general, tuning the cutting-part material properties with cutter geometry and cutting parameters can optimize surface texture, increase parts accuracy and resistance in corrosion, and eliminate process noise and energy waste. This work is an experimental study of surface parameter optimization during finish end milling of an AA5083 under a specific range of three cutting parameters with an optimized two-flute carbide cutter by previous work. So, twenty-seven experiments were run having varied the radial depth of cut (RDOC), feed rate (f), and cutting speed (S). Surface roughness parameters (Ra and Rt) were measured in the direction of cutting speed at three different distances by the upper edge. The signal-to-noise (SN) ratios have been calculated, and the process was optimized following the analysis of means. Then, additive models with linear interactions were fitted on SN ratios, and the analysis of variances and residual normality plots were utilized to validate the models’ goodness. The SN approach and analysis of means conclude that 0.5 mm RDOC, 6000 rpm speed, and 0.082 mm/tooth feed optimize the process and can effectively predict the Ra and Rt responses. The newly produced machinability data can benefit further applications of AA5083 in industrial applications such as shipbuilding and vehicle bodies.

Hydrothermal performance analyses of an isothermal tube with punched twisted tape turbulator (PTT)

This study represents a pioneering investigation into the impact of a punched twisted tape turbulator on the hydrothermal parameters of a pipe operating under constant surface temperature conditions. The punched turbulator was specifically designed by incorporating cuts with diverse geometries, including semicircular, square, and triangular shapes, into the basic twisted tape turbulator. To evaluate the performance of the punched twisted tape, a comparative analysis was conducted with both a smooth tube and a tube equipped with a basic turbulator. The criterion for selecting the optimal cut geometry was the thermal enhancement factor. Subsequently, the influence of the cut area on the hydrothermal parameters was thoroughly elucidated. The enhancement factor was again utilized to identify the most optimal area. Based on the comprehensive evaluations, it was observed that the turbulator with a semicircular cut geometry and a diameter of 5 mm exhibited superior thermal performance compared to all other geometries. By employing this specific turbulator design, a remarkable enhancement in heat transfer and pressure drop within the heat exchanger was achieved, offering improvements of up to 1.63 and 3.65 times, respectively, when contrasted with the plain tube. The maximum enhancement factor value recorded during the investigation reached 1.09.

A Novel Approach for Determining Cutting Geometry for TBM Using Full-scale Laboratory Linear Rock Cutting and PFC3D-Based Numerical Simulations

Efficient rock excavation requires an optimal s-p ratio, where adjacent cuts interact to completely plane the rock surface. Traditionally, the specific energy (SE) methodology has been used to determine this ratio, but its U-shaped curve is sometimes incomplete or absent, making it difficult to find the optimal s-p ratio. In this research, an alternative methodology is proposed. This methodology relies on the morphology of the excavated rock surface, specifically, the amounts of overbreaks. To evaluate the proposed methodology, full-scale rock cutting experiments were conducted in the laboratory. Numerical simulations were also conducted in 3D particle flow code (PFC3D) and the results were validated by the full-scale laboratory rock cutting experimental data. The study also involved conducting sensitivity analyses to evaluate the effectiveness of downscaling and upscaling the PFC3D-based model to obtain results for full-scale applications. Following the excavation, laser profilometry was employed to characterize the excavated rock surfaces, and the resulting profiles were used to calculate the volume of overbreaks. Plots of these volumes against the s-p ratio were generated to identify the optimal s-p ratio. The findings indicated the presence of a noticeable optimal s-p ratio in both the PFC3D-based simulations and full-scale laboratory experiments, which was not evident when the specific energy methodology was employed. This proposed methodology exhibits considerable potential and can prove beneficial in determining cutting geometry that is optimal for site-specifc and TBM-specific, as well as in the design and production of tunnel boring machines.

Investigation of rack cutter geometry and trochoid curves at transverse section in gear manufacturing simulation

Investigation of rack cutter geometry and trochoid curves at transverse section in gear manufacturing simulation

Experimental study on the influences of cutter geometry and material on scraper wear during shield TBM tunnelling in abrasive sandy ground

When shield TBM tunnelling in abrasive sandy ground, the rational design of cutter parameters is critical to reduce tool wear and improve tunnelling efficiency. However, the influence mechanism of cutter parameters on scraper wear remains unclear due to the lack of a reliable test method. Geometry and material optimisation are often based on subjective experience, which is unfavourable for improving scraper geological adaptability. In the present study, the newly developed WHU-SAT soil abrasion test was used to evaluate the variation in scraper wear with cutter geometry, material and hardness. The influence mechanism of cutter parameters on scraper wear has been revealed according to the scratch characteristics of the scraper surface. Cutter geometry and material parameters have been optimised to reduce scraper wear. The results indicate that the variation in scraper wear with cutter geometry is related to the cutting resistance, frictional resistance and stress distribution. An appropriate increase in the front angle (or back angle) reduces the cutting resistance (or frictional resistance), while an excessive increase in the front angle (or back angle) reduces the edge angle and causes stress concentration. The optimal front angle, back angle and edge angle for quartz sand samples are α = 25°, β = 10° and γ = 55°, respectively. The wear resistance of the modelled scrapers made of different metal materials is related to the chemical elements and microstructure. The wear resistances of the modelled scrapers made of 45#, 06Cr19Ni10, 42CrMo4 and 40CrNiMoA are 0.569, 0.661, 0.691 and 0.728 times those made of WC-Co, respectively. When the alloy hardness is less than 47 HRC (or greater than 58 HRC), scraper wear decreases slowly with increasing alloy hardness as the scratch depth of the particle asperity on the metal surface stabilizes at a high (or low) level. However, when the alloy hardness is between 47 HRC and 58 HRC, scraper wear decreases rapidly with increasing alloy hardness as the scratch depth transitions from high to low levels. The sensitive hardness interval and recommended hardness interval for quartz sand are [47, 58] and [58, 62], respectively. The present study provides a reference for optimising scraper parameters and improving cutterhead adaptability in abrasive sandy ground tunnelling.

Inf uence of the variable geometry of the diverter nozzle on the metrological characteristics of a calibration unit with weighing devices

This article discusses the issues of improving the metrological characteristics, weight-dimensional and technical and economic indicators of calibration installations with weighing devices due to the introduction of a fl ow switch with a variable nozzle exit geometry into their design. It is assumed that the use of this design of the fl ow switch will solve the problem of fi lling the nozzle exit with water, reduce the dimensions of the hydraulic path, simplify the maintenance procedure, and reduce the cost of installations. A description of the design, principles of operation and a timing diagram of a fl ow switch with a variable nozzle exit geometry are presented. The local hydrodynamic characteristics of the water fl ow by a Pitot tube in the nozzle exit are studied with a change in its width in the mass fl ow rate range from 25 to 550 t/h. The optimal values of the nozzle cut width are experimentally determined depending on the value of the mass fl ow rate of the liquid, at which it is completely fi lled with liquid. A study of the metrological characteristics of a calibration installation with weighing devices, which includes a fl ow switch with a variable nozzle exit geometry, methods of indirect measurements and comparisons using a comparison standard in a wide range of liquid mass fl ow rates, has been carried out. The impact on the metrological characteristics of a calibration installation with weighing devices of the nozzle cut width in the investigated range of liquid fl ow is established. Graphical dependences of the expanded measurement uncertainty of the installation when reproducing the unit of liquid mass fl ow rate on the measurement time interval and on the mass fl ow rate of the liquid are presented. Based on the research results, the optimal values of the nozzle cut width and measurement time intervals were determined depending on the mass fl ow rates of the liquid when using a fl ow switch with a variable nozzle cut geometry. The expansion of the range of operation of weighing devices, which are part of the verifi cation installations with weighing devices, is justifi ed. According to the results of the research, the proposed design of the fl ow switch with a variable geometry of the nozzle exit is recommended for use in the design of new and modernization of installations for calibration with weight devices of fl ow switches.

Influence of Cutting-Edge Microgeometry on Cutting Forces in High-Speed Milling of 7075 Aluminum Alloy.

In the present study, the impact of cutting-edge microgeometry on the cutting forces in the finish milling of a 7075-aluminium alloy was analysed. The influence of selected values of the rounding radius of cutting edge, and the size of the margin width, on the cutting-force parameters was analysed. Experimental tests were carried out for different cross-sectional values of the cutting layer, changing the feed per tooth and radial infeed parameters. An analysis of the various statistical parameters of the force signal was performed. Experimental mathematical models of the relationship of the force parameters to the radius of the rounded cutting edge and the width of the margin were developed. The cutting forces were found to be most strongly influenced by the width of the margin and, to a minor extent, by the rounding radius of the cutting edge. It was proved that the effect of margin width is linear, and the effect of radius R is nonlinear and nonmonotonic. The minimum cutting force was shown to be for the radius of rounded cutting edge of about 15-20 micrometres. The proposed model is the basis for further work on innovative cutter geometries for aluminium-finishing milling.

Mechanistic force model for double-phased high-feed mills

Being able to predict cutting forces, torque and power in machining applications allows to check their influence on the quality of the product, to assess the feasibility of the process and to compare different operations for sustainability purposes. In this paper, the analytical development of a mechanistic model for cutting forces prediction for high-feed mills is carried out. High-feed cutters are featured by extremely low lead angles, leading to a gradual engagement of the cutter inside the workpiece. This fact prevents the mechanistic literature formulation to accurately compute the undeformed instantaneous chip section of each cutter, and thus to correctly predict the spindle torque and power. A closed analytical formulation for the mechanistic cutting force model, including an improved chip thickness formulation with variable entry and exit angles and double-phased cutter geometry, is presented. Experimental cutting tests using double-phased high-feed mills were carried out on Ti6Al4V with variable feed rate per tooth, cutting speed and axial depth of cut. The model was assessed by comparing the performances of the literature model and the developed high-feed one in the identification of specific force coefficients — SFC. The identified SFC resulted to belong to two statistically different populations. SFC 95% confidence intervals were found to be significantly narrower with respect to the literature ones. Kt,c 95% confidence intervals were equal to (1085; 1426) MPa and (970; 2423) MPa for the proposed and literature model, respectively. The validity of the proposed model was assessed in terms of mean forces, mean spindle torque and mean spindle power prediction capabilities. The Root Mean Squared Prediction Error for the proposed model resulted to be remarkably lower (15 N, 0.33 Nm, 29 W) with respect to literature model (41 N, 1.25 Nm, 120 W).

Optimal tool path generation and cutter geometry design for five-axis CNC flank milling of spiral bevel gears

Abstract Computer numerical control milling provides greater flexibility and universality for machining complex gears compared to dedicated gear manufacturing. A critical challenge in popularizing the use of five-axis flank milling to spiral bevel gears is to achieve acceptable machining accuracy that ensures the meshing performance of the finished gears. Previous studies, which used approaches such as gear design modification, using multiple tool paths, and end milling, failed to resolve this issue. Thus, this paper proposes a computational scheme to improve the machining accuracy of five-axis flank milling of spiral bevel gears by optimizing the tool path and cutter geometry. The scheme minimizes the geometric deviations between the machined surface and original design using heuristics and optimization algorithms. A simplified tooth contact analysis method was developed to quantitatively evaluate the contact path of the meshing gears. The simulation results of real gears show that the proposed scheme outperforms previous methods in reducing machining errors and further enhance the meshing performance by optimizing the design of form cutters. This work developed an effective approach for flexible and low-cost manufacturing of complex gears.

Instantaneous cutting force model considering the material structural characteristics and dynamic variations in the entry and exit angles during end milling of the aluminum honeycomb core

The structural characteristics of the material and dynamic changes in the entry and exit angles are of great significance for the accurate prediction of the cutting force during milling of the aluminum honeycomb core. In this study, an instantaneous cutting force prediction model for the aluminum honeycomb core that comprehensively considers the porous structural characteristics of the material and dynamic changes in the entry and exit angles during the machining process was developed. A unified structural model for an aluminum honeycomb core with a regular hexagonal cell structure and excellent mechanical property was established. Based on the structural characteristics of the aluminum honeycomb core, three types of thin-walled edges were considered, and the dynamic changes in their entry and exit angles were investigated by considering the cutter radius, cutting width, honeycomb core wall thickness, and relative position between the cutter and thin-walled edge. An orthogonal-to-oblique cutting transformation approach that can effectively reflect the cutting characteristics of the material was adopted to calibrate the cutting force coefficients in which cutting experiments using different cutter geometries and parameters were conducted. The aluminum honeycomb core was fixed using green, high-efficiency cryogenic liquid nitrogen. To verify the reliability of the proposed model, a series of milling experiments were carried out and the experimental and simulation results were compared. It was found that the simulated cutting force is highly consistent with the experimental result. The proposed model can accurately predict the peak values of the cutting force in the x, y, and z directions, with an average prediction error of less than 10%.

Acousto-optic interaction in LGS and CTGS crystals

Based on the matrices of elastic and elasto-optic coefficients, the extreme surfaces of the spatial distribution of the acousto-optic (AO) figure-of-merit М2 for langasite and calcium-tantalum gallosilicate crystals are constructed and analyzed. The determined maximal achievable values of М2 for these crystals are commensurate and twice the maximal value of М2 for quartz. The most effective AO interaction geometries and geometry of cuts for optimized AO cells are given. The investigated crystals, due to the temperature stability, excellent optical quality, resistance to environmental aggression and high optical damage threshold can be used for AO modulators of the ultraviolet spectral range.

Experimental analysis on waterjet-guided Nd: YAG laser thin wood machining

Waterjet-Guided Laser (WJGL) machining is an advanced technique providing efficiency and precision for wood machining. The present study investigates the practical demonstration and analysis of laminated object manufacturing (LOM) WJGL for thin wood machining. A theoretical process of wood laser cutting was established, expressing relations between the cut kerf width and the influencing parameters. WJG Nd: YAG laser system was utilized for machining Korean pine and Northeast China ash specimen of 3 mm thickness, each with 7.21 and 7.13% of water content, respectively, under different machining conditions. The effects of process parameters and influences on woodcut surface geometry were analyzed via analysis of variance (ANOVA) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The investigated parameters include the laser cutting speed, power, kerf width, heat-affected zone (HAZ), and cut surface roughness. The study shows that the kerf width and surface were significantly influenced by WJGL power, followed by the cutting speed. For both wood specimens, at a fixed laser cutting speed of 2.36 mm/s, the kerf width increases significantly with laser power, affecting the cut surface quality accordingly. At 6 W and 8 W, the cut kerf geometry and surface quality were excellent for the Pinus Koraiensis, with kerf widths of 0.79 and 0.852 mm, respectively. At a fixed laser power of 8 W, the kerf width decreases with the cutting speed, affecting the cut surface quality. At a cutting speed of 4.33 mm/s, an excellent cut surface of Fraxinus mandshurica was observed with 0.808 mm of kerf width. Depending on the machining conditions, the kerf width variations of Korean pine were more significant than the Northeast China ash. LOM-WJGL is an efficient and eco-friendly technique for thin wood processing.Graphical abstractArticle HighlightsPractical modeling demonstration of waterjet guided laser (WJGL) wood machining.Experimental investigation of different wood specimens under influenced process parameters and machining conditions.Characterization and identification of suitable wood types for efficient and eco-friendly applications.

The Effect of Laser Ablation Pulse Width and Feed Speed on Necrosis and Surface Damage of Cortical Bone

Bone cutting is of importance in orthopaedic surgery but is also challenging due to its nature of brittleness—where severe mechanical and thermal damages can be introduced easily in conventional machining. Laser machining is a new technology that can allow for complex cut geometries whilst minimising surface defects i.e., smearing, which occur in mechanical methods. However, comparative studies on the influence of lasers with different pulse characteristics on necrotic damage and surface integrity have not been reported yet. This paper for the first time investigates the effects of laser type on the necrotic damage and surface integrity in fresh bovine cortical bone after ex-situ laser machining. Three lasers of different pulse widths, i.e., picosecond, nanosecond and continuous wave lasers have been investigated with different feed speeds tested to study the machining efficiency. The cutting temperature, and geometrical outputs have been measured to investigate the thermal influence on the cooling behaviour of the bone samples while high-speed imaging was used to compare the material removal mechanisms between a pulsed and continuous wave laser. Furthermore, an in-depth histological analysis of the subsurface has revealed that the nanosecond laser caused the largest necrotic depth, owing to the high pulse frequency limiting the dissipation of heat. It has also been observed that surface cracks positioned perpendicular to the trench direction were produced after machining by the picosecond laser, indicative of the photomechanical effect induced by plasma explosions. Therefore, the choice of laser type (i.e., in terms of its pulse width and frequency) needs to be critically considered for appropriate application during laser osteotomy with minimum damage and improved healing.

Prediction of turning performances using an equivalent oblique cutting model

The main purpose of this paper is to predict the performances of the turning process using an equivalent oblique cutting model. Based on the real tool, an equivalent cut geometry is performed considering the effects of nose and edge radii. Edge direction and normal cutting angles, uncut chip thickness, and depth of cut were redefined by their equivalent values and then used as new inputs. Turning performances, such as cutting force components, cutting temperatures, and tribology parameters at the tool/chip interface, were predicted over a wide range of cutting conditions. The position of the maximum temperature at the tool/chip interface and its value are determined by solving the heat equation in the chip using the Finite Difference Method. Different assumptions were concluded, and the thermal problem is simply resolved using Laplace transform. It was determined that the maximum tool/chip interface temperature is situated far from the cutting edge about \(0.317{\mathrm{l}}_{\mathrm{c}}\). It was also found that the partition coefficient is strongly related to sliding speed and it decreases about 20% when chip velocity increases from 1 to 5 m/s. Acceptable agreement was concluded between experimental cutting force components and those predicted from the equivalent oblique cutting model. It can thus be concluded that the equivalent model of cut is highly recommended to predict turning performances.