Plant Cuttings Research Articles

ДИНАМИКА РАЗВИТИЯ ПОБЕГОВ КУСТАРНИКОВЫХ ИВ (SALIX, SALICACEAE)

The article presents the results of observations of the seasonal dynamics of the growth of annual shoots of two species of shrub willows: Salix triandra and Salix viminalis. Object: genetically aligned model inbred-clonal populations of S. triandra and S. viminalis. Material: growing shoots on annual cuttings. Methods: comparative morphogenetic, chronobiological, numerical analysis of the series of dynamics. Results. Clones of two species of shrub willows, phylogenetically distant from each other, demonstrated high productivity along the length of shoots on annual cuttings. On the shoots of the strongest clone of S. triandra, the length of mature shoots was 176–215 cm, on the shoots of the strongest clone of S. viminalis - 132–192 cm. As the shoots grow, the differences in length between them increase. No significant influence of the clone factor on the dynamics of the daily growth of S. triandra shoots was revealed, and the effect of the clone factor on the dynamics of the daily growth of S. viminalis shoots is insignificant. In the seasonal dynamics of the daily growth of shoots, regardless of their species and clonal affiliation, three stages of shoot development were identified: spring, early summer, and late summer. The transitions between stages are synchronized in clones regardless of species. Qualitative interspecific and interclonal differences in the seasonal dynamics of daily shoot growth were not revealed. Quantitative interspecific differences in the seasonal dynamics of daily increment were revealed only at the second stage of shoot development, with high values of daily increment. Significant interclonal differences in the seasonal dynamics of daily growth were not found: differences between the trajectories of shoot development are due to intraclonal variability within each species. Recommendations. When planning, creating and operating pure and mixed cultures of S. triandra and S. viminalis, take into account the fundamental similarity in the seasonal dynamics of the development of shoots of different species of shrub willows. When harvesting and planting cuttings, use a homogeneous mother material. Culling of weak cuttings that are lagging behind in development should be carried out in the first year of life.

Use of growth inhibitor chlormequat chloride in potato culture in vitro

The publication presents data on the use of growth inhibitor chlormequat chloride in in vitro potato culture on varieties of different maturity groups: Meteor (early), Zekura (mid-early), and Northern Lights (mid-season). Five dosages of the investigational product were studied, ranging from 0.1125 to 1.8 g/l. It was found that in maximum doses of the product there was a strong inhibition of all growth processes in all varieties. The research results showed that the most optimal concentration of chlormequat chloride is 0.225 g per 1 liter of Murashige and Skoog medium. At this dose, on 30th day of cultivation, there was a decrease in the height of microplants from the control by 63.2-85.1%, in the root length - up to 15.0% and their number - up to 22.8% and an increase in the number of internodes by 6.5-22,0 % depending on the variety. The investigational product had an effect on formation of microtubers; in the Meteor variety, their largest number was 89.5% in the nutrient medium with a dose of 1.8 g/l, in the Zekura variety - 93.0% in the nutrient medium with a dose of 0.9 g/l. The new technique makes it possible to lengthen the periods between cuttings of test-tube plants by 2.3 times. This, in turn, reduces the cost of maintaining the in vitro collection material of potatoes in the summer-autumn period, and improves its quality, since each additional cutting cycle affects a more rapid degeneration of the variety. Also, microplants grown with growth inhibitor during subsequent relocation to a standard Murashige and Skoog medium did not show an aftereffect.

Control of Ailanthus altissima using cut stump and basal bark herbicide applications in an eighteenth‐century fortress

AbstractThe Cittadella di Alessandria (Italy) is a military fortification that was built in the 18th century. The site has recently been abandoned and is now colonised by weeds, including the invasive Ailanthus altissima. The aim of the study was to compare the efficacy of different herbicides (glyphosate, a mixture of aminopyralid + fluroxypyr and triclopyr + fluroxypyr) applied to cut stumps or to the basal bark of A. altissima. For the cut stump application, plants were first cut at the base and then immediately sprayed and for the basal bark application, the lower 50 cm of the plants was sprayed with the herbicides; untreated cut plants were used as a control, for comparison. Two runs per study were carried out (in summer 2015 and in spring 2016). Efficacy was assessed up to 2018 by counting the resprouts and their height in the cut stump application and, for the basal bark treatment, by measuring the variation in the plant circumference after treatment. The cut stump treatment carried out in summer greatly reduced the number of resprouts, compared to the spring treatment, to less than one sprout per plant when aminopyralid + fluroxypyr was used, and its efficacy lasted for about two years. The basal bark treatment did not control the species, but lower levels of variation in circumference and greater mortality were detected in plants treated with aminopyralid + fluroxypyr. Considering the high level of infestation of the site and the high risk of plant resprouting, repeated cut stump treatments with aminopyralid + fluroxypyr would be preferable to eradicate this invasive species.

To study the interaction effect of Fe×Mn on yield, chemical composition and nutrient uptake at various cuttings of spinach plants and grain, straw at maturity

A pot experiment was conducted at pot culture yard in Department of Agricultural Chemistry and Soil Science, R.B.S. College Bichpuri, Agra (UP). To study the interaction effect of (Fe × Mn) on yields, chemical composition of plants at different growth stages and uptake of nutrients by grain and the straw at maturity by spinach crop. Four levels (0, 5, 10, 20 ppm) of each iron and manganese were evaluated in factorial design with three replications. The results indicated that the interaction of effect of (Fe × Mn) on yields was found to be significant. The maximum values (19.5, 49.0 mg/pot) of green foliage and dry matter (2.4, 5.6 mg/pot) were noted under 10 ppm Fe + 10 ppm manganese dose. The highest dose (20 ppm iron and 20 ppm manganese) reduce the yields upto minimum levels. Nutrient composition of spinach plants grain and straw in respect of N, P, Fe, Mn content was consistently increase up to (10 ppm) dose of iron and manganese level. Thereafter, a deduction was noted with higher dose (20 ppm) iron and manganese. Similar tend was noted in case of nutrients uptake by spinach plants. It is concluded from the results that (Fe × Mn) with dose of 10 ppm was found to significantly superior over rest of the combinations. Investigations also revealed that Fe and Mn has antagonistic relation in respect their content and uptake in all the growth stages of spinach plants.

Respon Eksplan Vanili (Vanilla planifolia) dengan Stimulasi BAP dan NAA Melalui Teknik Mikropropagasi

Pengembangan tanaman vanili dengan perbanyakan vegetatif secara konvensional memiliki keterbatasan tanaman induk sebagai bahan setek sehingga vanili berpotensi dikembangkan melalui teknik mikropropagasi. Kemampuan eksplan vanili dalam beregenerasi dan berdiferensiasi untuk membentuk tunas dan akar secara in vitro perlu dikontrol melalui pengaturan auksin dan sitokinin. Tujuan dalam penelitian adalah: 1) menganalisis respon eksplan vanili dengan stimulasi BAP; 2) menganalisis respon eksplan vanili dengan stimulasi NAA dan 3) menganalisis interaksi stimulasi BAP dan NAA terhadap respon eksplan vanili melalui teknik mikropropagasi. Penelitian dilaksanakan di laboratorium Kultur Jaringan Politeknik Negeri Jember menggunakan Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL) faktorial. Faktor 1 adalah stimulasi BAP pada level konsentrasi 0.0, 1.0, 3.0 mg/L dan faktor 2 adalah stimulasi NAA pada level konsentrasi 0.0, 0.5 mg/L. Hasil penelitian memperlihatkan bahwa stimulasi BAP secara tunggal mempengaruhi multiplikasi tunas vanili dengan rerata jumlah tunas terbanyak 6.8 tunas/ eksplan pada stimulasi BAP 1 mg/L dan stimulasi NAA secara tunggal menginduksi pembentukan akar dengan rerata jumlah akar terbanyak 3.0 akar/eksplan pada stimulasi NAA 0.5 mg/L.

Effects of ectomycorrhizal fungal inoculation on growth and rooting of carob tree (Ceratonia siliqua L.)

The present work investigated the ability of the ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi, Pisolithus tinctorius (Pers.) Coker and Couch to improve the growth and root formation in carob seedlings (Ceratonia siliqua L.). Root initiation of hypocotyl cuttings in vitro was enhanced by treatments with different concentrations of either fungal culture filtrate or indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) or in combination. The ectomycorrhization protocol for carob seedlings comprised of three different treatments: in vivo or in vitro inoculation and non-inoculated seedlings. Results obtained after six months of acclimatization showed that inoculation had a positive effect on the growth and rooting of carob plants. Moreover, plants mycorrhized in vitro or in vivo outperformed non-mycorrhized ones in plant height, number of internodes, number of leaves, leaf length, number of roots, maximal root length, and fresh and dry weights of both stems and roots. Indeed, the optimum response was encountered in the seedlings inoculated in vitro. The application of culture filtrate on hypocotyl cuttings revealed significant differences between experimental treatments for the number and length of roots. The best response was recorded in medium containing fungal culture filtrate with 40%. Root formation of hypocotyl cuttings of carob plants was also enhanced by the use of IBA, where the best rooting was manifested in treatment with IBA at a concentration of 2 mg/l. The application of P. tinctorius culture filtrate to the culture medium of hypocotyl cuttings after pretreatment by immersing in IBA was even more effective in improving root formation than the treatment of hypocotyls base with IBA alone. The present study demonstrated the possibility of developing procedures to improve the rooting growth of carob plants by establishing a successful artificial symbiosis with P. tinctorius. Highlights from this work could play a crucial role in arid ecosystem rehabilitation and controlled mycorrhization programs.

Temporal and spatial pattern of endophytic fungi diversity of Camellia sinensis (cv. Shu Cha Zao)

BackgroundThe experimental materials were a 60-year-old tea tree (Camellia sinensis cv. Shu Cha Zao; SCZ) (the mother plant) and 1-year-old and 20-year-old plants of SCZ that originated as mother plant cuttings. The aim of this study was to use high-throughput sequencing to study the spatial and dynamic distribution of endophytic fungi in different leaf niches (upper leaves, middle leaves, lower leaves) and rhizosphere soil on tea plants of different ages in the same garden.ResultsAscomycota (83.77%), Basidiomycota (11.71%), and Zygomycota (3.45%) were the dominant fungal phyla in all samples. Cladosporium (12.73%), Zymoseptoria (9.18%), and Strelitziana (13.11%) were the dominant genera in the leaf. Alpha diversity analysis revealed that endophytic communities in leaves differed from those in rhizosphere soil and different leaf niches had similar fungal diversity. Shannon’s indices and NMDS analysis indicated significant differences in fungal diversity and composition among the SCZ trees of different ages (p ≤ 0.01). The abundance of Cladosporium and Zymoseptoria decreased with increasing SCZ age, whereas the abundance of Strelitziana increased.ConclusionsThe results illustrate variation in endophytic fungi among different niches on tea plants of different ages. The distribution of endophytic fungi in leaves of C. sinensis shows spatiotemporal variation.

Effect of γ-Aminobutyric Acid (GABA) on the Metabolome of Two Strains of Lasiodiplodia theobromae Isolated from Grapevine.

The effect of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) on the metabolome of two strains of Lasiodiplodia theobromae isolated from grapevine that hold a different degree of virulence to the host plant (LA-SOL3 (more virulent), LA-SV1 (less virulent)) was investigated. The culture filtrates and crude extracts from the two strains grown in the presence and absence of 10 mM of GABA were tested for phytotoxicity on tomato plant cuttings and leaves, respectively. Considering the opportunistic nature of this fungus for humans, crude extracts were also tested for cytotoxicity on mammalian cell lines. We found that culture filtrates and crude extracts have a decreased toxicity in the presence of GABA. Metabolomic analysis, conducted on both strains at both growth conditions, revealed the production of several compounds, such as indole-3-carboxylic acid (ICA, which is the main compound produced by L. theobromae), 3-indolecarboxyaldehyde, (3R,4S)-botryodiplodin, (R)-mellein. Finally, data demonstrate that GABA both induces a decrease in the amount of ICA, and a diversification of the metabolites produced by L. theobromae.

To study the effect of iron and manganese on yield, nutrients content and their uptake by spinach crop at various cuttings

A pot experiment was conducted at pot culture yard in Department of Agricultural chemistry and soil science of R.B.S. College Bichpuri, Agra, (U.P.). To study the effect of iron and and manganese on yield, nutrients content and their uptake by spinach crop at various cuttings. Four levels (0, 5, 10, 20 ppm) of each iron and manganese were evaluated in factorial design with three replications. The results revealed that the consistent and significant increase in green foliage and dry matter yield was noted with increasing levels of Fe and Mn at various cuttings. The highest green foliage (18.63 g/pot) and dry matter yield (2.08 g/pot) was recorded with 10 ppm iron and Mn treatments. Higher yield of green foliage and dry matter was noted with the advancement of growth. Highest dose (20 ppm) of iron and manganese caused reduction in yield of green foliage dry matter in both the cuttings. Nutrient composition of spinach plants at both cuttings in respect of N, P, Fe, Mn content was consistently and significantly increased up to (10 ppm) dose of iron and manganese level. Thereafter, decrement was noted. Similar tend was noted in nutrient uptake by spinach plants at various cuttings. Investigations also revealed that Fe and Mn has antagonistic relation in respect of their content and uptake in both the cuttings of spinach plants.

PENGARUH JENIS DAN KONSENTRASI ZPT ALAMI TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN STEK LADA (Piper nigrum L.)

Pepper (Piper nigrum L.) is a high economic value estate crop. Cuttings play animportant role in seedling pepper plants because it is more effective, an effort to overcome the failure in root growth in cuttings is to provide growth regulators. In its use, the effectiveness of ZPT is influenced by the type and concentration of ZPT used. This study aims to determine the effect of the type and concentration of natural PGR on the propagation of pepper by cuttings and the interaction of the two factors. This research was conducted in the experimental garden of theFaculty of Agriculture, Teuku Umar Meulaboh University from January to March 2020. The material used was cuttings of pepper plants obtained from pepper growers, shallots, bamboo shoots, banana weevil, alluvial soil, manure, polybags, hooded plastic and raffia. The tools used are: hoes, scissors, knives, gauges, fansticks, cameras, stationery and cameras. The design used in this study was a 3 x 6 factorial randomized block design (RBD) with three replications. Natural ZPT type factor (J) consists of three levels, namely: J1 = Shallot Extract, J2 = Bamboo Shoot Extract, J3 = Banana Weevil Extract. Variables observed were percentage of growth, number of shoots, number of leaves, root length, root wet weight and root dry weight. F test results on the analysis of variance showed that the type of natural PGR had a very significanteffect on root length. Significantly affect the growth potential, the number of shoots 45, 60 and 75 HST, the number of leaves 45, 60 and 75 HST, root wet weight and root dry weight. But no significant effect on the number of buds 30 HST and leaf number 30 HST. Keywords: Pepper cuttings, Type of ZPT, Concentration.

Growth Response of Melati Plant Plant (Jasminum Sambac L.) Against Types of Media Plants and Types of Growing Agents

Propagation of jasmine plants by cuttings often experience obstacles, especially to grow roots. Proper planting media and application of growth regulators (PGR) have an important role in the growth and development of plant cuttings roots. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of planting media types and PGR on the growth of jasmine cuttings. This research was conducted in the experimental garden of the Faculty of Agriculture, Teuku Umar University, in March - May 2019. This study used a completely randomized design (CRD) with a factorial pattern of 3x3 with three replications. The treatment factors studied were (1) the type of planting media consisted of 3 levels namely alluvial soil, sand and husk charcoal, and (2) the type of growth regulator (ZPT) consisted of 3 levels namely control (without zpt), chemical (growtone) and organic (shallot extract). F test results on the analysis of variance showed that the planting medium had a very significant effect on the number of shoots 35 and 45 HST, number of leaves 15, 35 and 45 HST number of roots, root length, percentage of live cuttings. But the planting media had no significant effect on the number of shoots of 15 DAP. Growth regulator substances have a very significant effect on the number of shoots 35 HST, number of leaves 15, 35 and 45 HST, number of roots and root length. Significantly affect the number of shoots 45 HST and percentage of live cuttings, but no significant effect on the number of shoots 15 HST. This shows that the difference in growth of jasmine plant cuttings due to different planting media does not depend on growth regulators, and vice versa.

Biological control of Aedes mosquito larvae with carnivorous aquatic plant, Utricularia macrorhiza

BackgroundBiological controls with predators of larval mosquito vectors have historically focused almost exclusively on insectivorous animals, with few studies examining predatory plants as potential larvacidal agents. In this study, we experimentally evaluate a generalist plant predator of North America, Utricularia macrorhiza, the common bladderwort, and evaluate its larvacidal efficiency for the mosquito vectors Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus in no-choice, laboratory experiments. We sought to determine first, whether U. macrorhiza is a competent predator of container-breeding mosquitoes, and secondly, its predation efficiency for early and late instar larvae of each mosquito species.MethodsNewly hatched, first-instar Ae. albopictus and Ae. aegypti larvae were separately exposed in cohorts of 10 to field-collected U. macrorhiza cuttings. Data on development time and larval survival were collected on a daily basis to ascertain the effectiveness of U. macrorhiza as a larval predator. Survival models were used to assess differences in larval survival between cohorts that were exposed to U. macrorhiza and those that were not. A permutation analysis was used to investigate whether storing U. macrorhiza in laboratory conditions for extended periods of time (1 month vs 6 months) affected its predation efficiency.ResultsOur results indicated a 100% and 95% reduction of survival of Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus larvae, respectively, in the presence of U. macrorhiza relative to controls within five days, with peak larvacidal efficiency in plant cuttings from ponds collected in August. Utricularia macrorhiza cuttings, which were prey-deprived, and maintained in laboratory conditions for 6 months were more effective larval predators than cuttings, which were maintained prey-free for 1 month.ConclusionsDue to the combination of high predation efficiency and the unique biological feature of facultative predation, we suggest that U. macrorhiza warrants further development as a method for larval mosquito control.

Features of energy willow biomass accumulation on floodplain soils of Polissia (Ukraine)

Purpose. To determine the parameters of the main factors affecting the productivity of energy plantations of willow on the floodplain soils of Polissya (Ukraine).Methods. The experimet with energy willow plantations were created using annual cuttings of the varieties ‘Zbruch’, ‘Ternopilska’ and a Salix triandra willow clone, planted in double rows with a distance of 0.75 m between them and with a row spacing of 1.5 m. Planting cuttings density: 10, 15 and 20 thousand pcs/ha.Results. After the first growing season in the 'Ternopilska' variety, the survival rate of cuttings on peat-bog soil ranged from 48.6 to 54.8 %, in the 'Zbruch' variety from 72.8 to 86.6 %, and in Salix triandra from 71.0 to 82.3 %. During the second growing season there was a significant decline in plants, especially in denser stands. On sandy soil, after the second year of vegetation, from 74.1 to 87.5 % of plants remained. Biomass productivity in the first 3 years on peat-bog soil was 0.58–1.10 t/ha/year in ‘Ternopilska’ variety, 0.80 to 3.28 t/ha/year in ‘Zbruch’ variety, and from 0.62 to 0.96 t/ha/year. At the same time, the density of plantations and edaphic conditions significantly affected the productivity of the dry mass of plants. In particular, on sandy loam soil, 'Ternopilska' variety in the first 2 years had productivity from 0.77 to 3.21 t/ha/year, which is significantly higher than on rich of organic substainces moistened peat-bog soils. The largest leaf area was in 'Ternopilska' variety on sandy loam soil, from 22.0 to 31.3 thousand m2/ha, and in 'Zbruch' variety (from 17.2 to 27.5 thousand m2/ha). The average photosynthetic potential according to the experimental options ranged from 1.67 to 5.06 million m2·day/ha, increasing with increasing planting density and leaf area. The highest net productivity of photosynthesis indicators are observed in 'Ternopilska' variety on sandy soil, from 0.98 to 1.62 g/m2 per day and in ‘Zbruch’ variety (0.70–1.16 g/m2 per day). At the same time, these indicators were maximum with a density of 15 thousand plants./ha.Conclusions. In floodplains of the Polissia, sandy loamy soils are more suitable for growing the willow energy biomass compared to peat-bog soils. Willow energy plantations have a large leaf surface area, high photosynthetic potential and net photosynthesis productivity, which provides relatively high biomass productivity indicators. On peat-bog soils from the studied varieties, it is advisable to use ‘Zbruch’ variety, which is characterized by high biomass productivity (3.28 t/ha/year), to create willow energy plantations.

The effects of UV-B radiation on genetic and biochemical changes of Pelargonium graveolens L'Her.

Ultraviolet radiation induces biochemical and genetic changes in plants. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of UV-B radiation on genetic stability, phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity of Pelargonium graveolens L'Her. Plant cuttings were exposed to 0, 0.12. 0.26 and 0.38W/m2 of UV-B radiation. Results indicated that by increasing the UV-B radiation intensity, total phenols, flavonoids and anthocyanin contents, Phenylalanine ammonia lyase activity and antioxidant capacity were increased. Analysis of four flavonols (quercetin, myricetin, kaempferol and rutin) contents of leaves extract by HPLC indicated that these four flavonols were enhanced in all treated plants and also the ratio of quercetin to kaempferol (Q/K) showed a significant increase (P ≤ 0.05) in UV-B treated plants in compare to control. To evaluate the genetic variation in treated plants, 10 ISSR primers were used. The highest level of percentage of polymorphism (P%), Shannon index (I), number of effective allele (Ne) and Nei' genetic diversity (He), were observed at the highest UV-B radiation (0.38W/m2). The AMOVA analysis also showed a significant genetic differentiation (P ≥ 0.001) among the studied groups, and confirmed the differentiation of groups obtained by the cluster analysis of molecular data. Overall, these results showed that biochemical changes in different intensities of UV-B were in line with genetic variations, so that the highest biochemical and genetic variations were observed in 0.38W/m2 treatment.

Economic evaluation of manual and robotic transplanting of plant cuttings

Economic evaluation of manual and robotic transplanting of plant cuttings

Tillage and rice mill wastes mulch and their effects on soil properties and yield of cassava (Manihot spp.) on a Typic psamment at Abakaliliki, Southeastern Nigeria

The experiment was undertaken using cassava (Manihot spp) to evaluate effects of different tillage practices and mulching (raised mulched bed, raised not mulched bed, flat mulched bed, flat not mulched bed, untilled mulched bed and untilled not mulched bed) on soil properties and cassava sprouting and yield in 2016 and 2017 planting seasons on a Typic psamment in Ikwo, Ebonyi State, Southeastern Nigeria. The experimental study is made up of six treatments, arranged in randomized complete block design and replicated four times. The results indicated significantly (P<0.05) higher (28.18 – 27.16%) GMC in beds mulched than corresponding values (17.10 – 15.26% and 16.20 – 15.10%) obtained in untilled mulched and untilled not mulched beds for both seasons. Results showed that available P, N, Ca and Mg were respectively higher (P<0.05) in mulched raised beds when compared to those of untilled mulched or untilled not mulched beds by 31 – 28%, 32 – 71%, 50 – 33%, 50 – 30%, 89 – 67% and 49 – 26%, 91–71%. At 28 DAP for 2016 and 2017 planting seasons results showed that 90–78% of the planted cassava cuttings sprouted between 14 – 17 days earlier in both tilled mulched beds and tilled not mulched beds compared to untilled mulched or untilled not mulched beds (5 – 48%). These were (P<0.05) 40 – 50% and 47–37% significantly higher in tilled mulched and tilled not mulched beds when compared to untilled mulched and untilled not mulched beds. At harvest (300 DAP), highest cassava tuber yield (7.5–7.3t ha-1 ) were obtained in raised mulched beds for 2016 and 2017. Cassava yields were (p<0.05) higher in raised mulched beds by 60 and 59% compared to their counterparts in untilled not mulched beds for the seasons. These findings imply that rice mill wastes mulch provide a good and conducive soil condition for cassava than unmulched or untilled environment and raised mulched beds provide more robust condition for cassava production relative to other treatments tested in this study

The Effects of Honey on Root Generation in Plant Cuttings

Plant propagation through cuttings has been practiced for a long time by plant enthusiasts. It is rapid, simple, and cheaper than other asexual or sexual methods (seeds) of plant propagation. One gets greater uniformity (clones) of plants and desired traits are not lost. Also, the plant reaches maturity at an earlier age. Several rooting hormones and media have been tested for effective propagation of plant cuttings. The development of quick roots without infection and necrosis in the plant cuttings is the key to success for propagation. In our experiments, we tested raw, unpasteurized honey and store bought pasteurized honey as growth media to support rooting in different plant specimens. Raw, unpasteurized honey solution proved to be an inexpensive and successful medium to propagate plants from cuttings.

Mechanized harvesting of 'Conilon' coffee clones

Abstract: The objective of this work was to evaluate the speed effect of a coffee harvester and its interaction with 'Conilon' coffee (Coffea canephora) clones on the mechanical harvesting efficiency. The experiment was installed in São Mateus, in the state of Espírito Santo, Brazil, in 2012, with 27 clones of early, intermediate, and late fruit ripening. The first harvest was performed after the plant cuttings at 0.5 m above the ground, in 2016, and the canopy renovation. The plants and the harvester were evaluated in 2018. The coffee harvester was tested at 0.6 and 0.8 km h-1. Measurements were performed for stripping and harvesting efficiencies, fruit loss on the ground, unstripped fruit, defoliation with manual and mechanized harvesting, fruit removal force, and fruit ripening degree. The tests with the coffee harvester indicated a technical feasibility of 88% average harvesting efficiency, and a 15% lower defoliation than the manual harvesting. The harvesting speed of 0.8 km h-1 results in higher stripping and harvesting efficiencies, in a lower percentage of loss on the ground, and in less unstripped fruit, regardless of the evaluated clones. Fruit removal force and ripening degree influence the stripping and harvesting efficiencies and the percentage of unstripped fruit of 'Conilon' coffee.

Collection period and indolebutyric acid on the rooting of adult pecan plant cuttings

Abstract: The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of the collection period and of the exogenous application of indolebutyric acid (IBA) on the rooting of cuttings from adult pecan (Carya illinoinensis) plants. The experiment was carried out in a greenhouse with intermittent mist irrigation, from December 2017 to October 2018. The experimental design was completely randomized, in a 4x5 factorial arrangement, with four collection periods (spring, summer, autumn, and winter) and five concentrations of IBA (0, 2,000, 4,000, 6,000, and 8,000 mg L-1). For the cuttings collected during summer and autumn, there was a linear relationship between rooting and the increase of the IBA concentration. The best results for rooting, callus formation, mean number of roots, mean root length, and root dry and fresh mass are obtained for the cuttings collected during summer, with the application of 8,000 mg L-1 IBA on the base of each cutting, under a mist irrigation system. The rooting of cuttings from adult pecan plants with the application of IBA is possible, being an alternative propagation method for the species.

PENGARUH PEMBERIAN ZAT PENGATUR TUMBUH ALAMI TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN STEK STEVIA (Stevia rebaudiana B.)

This study aims to determine the effect of the concentration of coconut water and onion extract on the growth of stevia plant cuttings. The research was conducted in Juli until November 2019 in trial garden of the Politeknik Wilmar Bisnis Indonesia. This research uses factorial randomized block design. The first factors are concentration of coconut water consisting of five levels is AK0 = control, AK1 = coconut water 25%, AK2 = coconut water 50%, AK3 = coconut water 75% and AK4 = coconut water 100%. The second factor was the treatment of onion extract consisting of five treatments namely BM0 = control, BM1 = concentration of onion extract 25%, BM2 = concentration of onion extract 50%, BM3 = concentration of onion extract 75% and BM4 = concentration of onion extract 100%. Observation of the percentage of live cuttings, stem height, number of leaves and root length was done at 2 MST, 3 MST and 4 MST. The highest percentage of cuttings found in plants treated with 100% coconut water and onion extract, the highest plant height was found in the treatment of 100% concentration of coconut water and onion extract (3 MST and 4 MST), the highest number of leaves found in the treatment 100% concentration of coconut water and shallot extract (3 MST) and the highest root length was found in the treatment of 100% concentration of coconut water and shallot extract (2 MST, 3 MST and 4 MST).